scholarly journals Wavelength-Specific Behavior of the Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis): Evidence for a Blue-Green Chromatic Mechanism

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 423
Author(s):  
Niklas Stukenberg ◽  
Markus Pietruska ◽  
Axel Waldherr ◽  
Rainer Meyhöfer
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Visible Spectral Range ◽  
Floral Resources ◽  
Mass Trapping ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Color Preferences ◽  
Flower Thrips

The western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) is a serious pest in horticulture, feeding on leaf tissue and floral resources. Blue and yellow sticky traps are commonly used for monitoring and control in greenhouses. The mechanisms underlying the color preferences are largely unknown. The use of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is a promising approach to increase the attractiveness of visual traps and to study the color choice behavior in insects. The color preferences of F. occidentalis were systematically investigated in a series of choice experiments with several LEDs from the ultraviolet (UV) and visible spectral range. Blue LEDs were most attractive, followed by green, while only a moderate attractiveness of UV was observed. Blue and green were identified as two separate attractive ranges. When light from blue and green LEDs was mixed, the attractiveness decreased compared to its single components. In conclusion, F. occidentalis exhibits two different wavelength specific behaviors towards blue and green. Compelling indications are provided that these behaviors are controlled by two photoreceptors maximally sensitive in the blue and green range with an inhibitory chromatic interaction between both. Since the known UV sensitive photoreceptor could be confirmed, a trichromatic photoreceptor setup is suggested for F. occidentalis. For advanced plant protection strategies, the results offer several opportunities to optimize monitoring or even develop mass trapping devices.

Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart Reitz
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
The World

Abstract Since the 1970s Frankliniella occidentalis has successfully invaded many countries to become one of the most important agricultural pests of ornamental, vegetable and fruit crops globally. Its invasiveness is largely attributed to the international movement of plant material and insecticide resistance, both of which have combined to foster the rapid spread of the species throughout the world (Kirk and Terry, 2003; Reitz et al., 2020). Individuals are very small and they reside in concealed places on plants; thus are easily hidden and hard to detect in transported plant material. They reproduce rapidly and are highly polyphagous, breeding on many horticultural crops that are transported around the world. F. occidentalis is species no. 177 on the list of A2 pests regulated as quarantine pests in the European Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO) region (version 2005-09). It has now reached many countries, and remains a serious threat to crops in those countries that it has not yet reached.

scholarly journals α-Ionone, an Apocarotenoid, Induces Plant Resistance to Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, Independently of Jasmonic Acid

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mika Murata ◽  
Tetsuya Kobayashi ◽  
Shigemi Seo
Keyword(s):  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Common Cutworm ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
As Stress

Apocarotenoids, such as β-cyclocitral, α-ionone, β-ionone, and loliolide, are derived from carotenes via chemical or enzymatic processes. Recent studies revealed that β-cyclocitral and loliolide play an important role in various aspects of plant physiology, such as stress responses, plant growth, and herbivore resistance. However, information on the physiological role of α-ionone is limited. We herein investigated the effects of α-ionone on plant protection against herbivore attacks. The pretreatment of whole tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants with α-ionone vapor decreased the survival rate of western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) without exhibiting insecticidal activity. Exogenous α-ionone enhanced the expression of defense-related genes, such as basic β-1,3-glucanase and basic chitinase genes, in tomato leaves, but not that of jasmonic acid (JA)- or loliolide-responsive genes. The pretreatment with α-ionone markedly decreased egg deposition by western flower thrips in the JA-insensitive Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutant coi1-1. We also found that common cutworm (Spodoptera litura) larvae fed on α-ionone-treated tomato plants exhibited a reduction in weight. These results suggest that α-ionone induces plant resistance to western flower thrips through a different mode of action from that of JA and loliolide.

scholarly journals Ultraviolet radiation modulates both constitutive and inducible plant defenses against thrips but is dose and plant genotype dependent

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rocío Escobar-Bravo ◽  
Charlotte Nederpel ◽  
Sofía Naranjo ◽  
Hye Kyong Kim ◽  
María José Rodríguez-López ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Plant Defenses ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Affected Plant ◽  
Mother Plants ◽  
Uv Dose

Abstract Ultraviolet (UV) radiation has emerged as an environmental cue with potential uses to enhance plant protection against arthropod pests in agriculture. UV can augment constitutive and inducible plant defenses against herbivorous arthropods. Here we investigated whether application of supplemental UV to chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat) cuttings during their rooting phase enhanced plant resistance to an important insect pest, Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). For this, we analyzed how several daily UV exposure times affected plant damage by thrips on three different chrysanthemum cultivars. The most effective UV dose and responsive cultivar were further used to determine the UV effects on host plant preference by thrips, leaf metabolome and the induction of jasmonic acid (JA)-associated defenses. Our results showed that while short UV daily exposure times increased chrysanthemum resistance to thrips, longer exposure times had the opposite effect. Furthermore, we showed that UV-mediated induction of chrysanthemum resistance to thrips was genotype dependent and can persist after the end of the of the UV treatment. Yet, this induction was not transferred to the next generation from mother plants to cuttings. Nontargeted metabolomic, enzymatic and hormone analyses further revealed that UV slightly affected the leaf metabolome of chrysanthemum plants, and it enhanced the induction of JA-associated signaling after thrips infestation. Taken together, our results suggest that supplemental UV might modulate both constitutive and inducible chrysanthemum defenses against thrips.

scholarly journals Investigation of biological plant protection in protected culture of pepper

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Viktor József Vojnich ◽  
Hajnalka Darázsi Ledóné ◽  
Adrienn Szarvas ◽  
Árpád Ferencz ◽  
Zsuzsanna Deák ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Predatory Mites ◽  
Thrips Tabaci ◽  
Annual Plants ◽  
Orius Laevigatus ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Tobacco Thrips

The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of regularly applied biological control by continuous monitoring of pests with the help of color traps (sticky sheets) and flower tests with joint species identification of the useful insect to determine the extent to which native useful insects can settle next to the introduced predatory ones. The latter process is to be facilitated by growing a flowering mixture of annual plants at one of the experimental sites, which provides adequate feeding and hiding place for beneficial insects.The experiment was performed in one pepper forcing period. The main pest insects are: western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), tobacco thrips (Thrips tabaci).Useful insects in the experiment: predatory mites (Amblyseius spp.) and predatory flower bugs (Orius laevigatus).

scholarly journals Biological control of thrips pests (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) under greenhouse conditions in Transylvania, Romania

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Greenhouse Climate ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Beneficial Organisms

In present, vegetable cultivation faces significant challenges for two reasons: (i) cultivators have to produce healthy, first-class goods, and (ii) vegetables are allowed to contain only a specified pesticide residue. Development of insecticide resistance as a result of repeated insecticide treatments is causing difficulties to cultivators, who have paid attention to biological control methods over recent years. In Romania, pepper sprouting represents a prominent place in greenhouse vegetable production. Under greenhouse conditions, one of the most dangerous pests of peppers is the western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), which can trigger high economic losses. In recent years, several populations have been found resistant to insecticides and other active compounds, therefore, in our experiments, performed under greenhouse conditions, we used the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii and the pirate bug Orius laevigatus against the western flower thrips. In addition to thrips, we monitored the growth and spread of introduced beneficial organisms based on collected flower samples. We also evaluated the relationships between beneficial organisms and greenhouse climate data. Introduction of natural enemies has proven a success of biological plant protection, as thrips did not cause economic losses in our experiment.

scholarly journals Morphological and Chemical Factors Related to Western Flower Thrips Resistance in the Ornamental Gladiolus

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1384
Author(s):  
Dinar S. C. Wahyuni ◽  
Young Hae Choi ◽  
Kirsten A. Leiss ◽  
Peter G. L. Klinkhamer
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Host Plant Resistance ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Triterpenoid Saponins ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Highly Correlated

Understanding the mechanisms involved in host plant resistance opens the way for improved resistance breeding programs by using the traits involved as markers. Pest management is a major problem in cultivation of ornamentals. Gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus L.) is an economically important ornamental in the Netherlands. Gladiolus is especially sensitive to attack by western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera:Thripidae)). The objective of this study was, therefore, to investigate morphological and chemical markers for resistance breeding to western flower thrips in Gladiolus varieties. We measured thrips damage of 14 Gladiolus varieties in a whole-plant thrips bioassay and related this to morphological traits with a focus on papillae density. Moreover, we studied chemical host plant resistance to using an eco-metabolomic approach comparing the 1H NMR profiles of thrips resistant and susceptible varieties representing a broad range of papillae densities. Thrips damage varied strongly among varieties: the most susceptible variety showed 130 times more damage than the most resistant one. Varieties with low thrips damage had shorter mesophylls and epidermal cells, as well as a higher density of epicuticular papillae. All three traits related to thrips damage were highly correlated with each other. We observed a number of metabolites related to resistance against thrips: two unidentified triterpenoid saponins and the amino acids alanine and threonine. All these compounds were highly correlated amongst each other as well as to the density of papillae. These correlations suggest that papillae are involved in resistance to thrips by producing and/or storing compounds causing thrips resistance. Although it is not possible to distinguish the individual effects of morphological and chemical traits statistically, our results show that papillae density is an easy marker in Gladiolus-breeding programs targeted at increased resistance to thrips.

Stability of spinosad resistance inFrankliniella occidentalis(Pergande) under laboratory conditions

2008 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Bielza ◽  
V. Quinto ◽  
C. Grávalos ◽  
E. Fernández ◽  
J. Abellán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Strain ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Stability Of Resistance ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Successive Generations

AbstractThe stability of spinosad resistance in western flower thrips (WFT),Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande), populations with differing initial frequencies of resistance was studied in laboratory conditions. The stability of resistance was assessed in bimonthly residual bioassays in five populations with initial frequencies of 100, 75, 50, 25 and 0% of resistant individuals. There were no consistent changes in susceptibility of the susceptible strain after eight months without insecticide pressure. In the resistant strain, very highly resistant to spinosad (RF50>23,000-fold), resistance was maintained up to eight months without further exposure to spinosad. In the absence of any immigration of susceptible genes into the population, resistance was stable. In the case of the population with different initial frequency of resistant thrips, spinosad resistance declined significantly two months later in the absence of selection pressure. With successive generations, these strains did not change significantly in sensitivity. Spinosad resistance inF. occidentalisdeclined significantly in the absence of selection pressure and the presence of susceptible WFT. These results suggest that spinosad resistance probably is unstable under field conditions, primarily due to the immigration of susceptible WFT. Factors influencing stability or reversion of spinosad resistance are discussed.

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