scholarly journals Fungicides Reduce the Abundance of Yeast-like Symbionts and Survival of White-Backed Planthopper Sogatella furcifera (Homoptera: Delphacidae)

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Kun Pang ◽  
Shengzhang Dong ◽  
Peiying Hao ◽  
Tongtong Chen ◽  
Xinlong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Sogatella Furcifera ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
Water Dispersible ◽  
Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Novel Strategy ◽  
And Function

The white-backed planthopper (WBPH) Sogatella furcifera is one of the most harmful pests of rice in Southeast Asia. The fat body of WBPH harbors intracellular yeast-like symbionts (YLS). YLS are vertically transmitted to WBPH offspring by transovarial infection. YLS play an important role in the WBPH life cycle. YLS diversity and function have been extensively studied in the brown planthopper (BPH) and small brown planthopper but not in WBPH, even though a novel strategy for controlling the BPH based on suppressing YLS has been proposed. Here, using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, we identified 12 unique fungal sequences among YLS of WBPH, and five of them represented uncultured fungi. We then fed WBPH with rice plants treated with different fungicides [70% propineb wettable powder (WP) (PR), 70% propamocarb hydrochloride aqueous solution (AS) (PH), 25% trifloxystrobin and 50% tebuconazole water-dispersible granules (WG) (TT), 40% pyrimethanil suspension concentrate (SC) (PY), and 50% iprodione SC (IP)] and evaluated their effects on YLS abundance and WBPH survival rate. Both YLS abundance and adult WBPH survival rate were significantly decreased upon feeding fungicide-treated rice plants, and exposure to 50% IP resulted in the strongest reduction. The abundance of two Sf-YLS species (Ascomycetes symbiotes and Cla-like symbiotes) was significantly reduced upon exposure to 50% IP. The counts of Ascomycetes symbiotes, the most abundant YLS species, were also suppressed by the other fungicides tested. In conclusion, 50% IP was the most effective fungicide, reducing YLS abundance and WBPH survival rate under controlled conditions, suggesting its potential use to control WBPH.

scholarly journals Changes in Activity and Community Structure of Methane-Oxidizing Bacteria over the Growth Period of Rice

2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 2395-2403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gundula Eller ◽  
Peter Frenzel
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Fish Analysis ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Methane Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
The Family ◽  
Gradient Gel Electrophoresis

ABSTRACT The activity and community structure of methanotrophs in compartmented microcosms were investigated over the growth period of rice plants. In situ methane oxidation was important only during the vegetative growth phase of the plants and later became negligible. The in situ activity was not directly correlated with methanotrophic cell counts, which increased even after the decrease in in situ activity, possibly due to the presence of both vegetative cells and resting stages. By dividing the microcosms into two soil and two root compartments it was possible to locate methanotrophic growth and activity, which was greatest in the rhizoplane of the rice plants. Molecular analysis by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with family-specific probes revealed the presence of both families of methanotrophs in soil and root compartments over the whole season. Changes in community structure were detected only for members of the Methylococcaceae and could be associated only with changes in the genusMethylobacter and not with changes in the dominance of different genera in the family Methylococcaceae. For the family Methylocystaceae stable communities in all compartments for the whole season were observed. FISH analysis revealed evidence of in situ dominance of the Methylocystaceae in all compartments. The numbers of Methylococcaceae cells were relatively high only in the rhizoplane, demonstrating the importance of rice roots for growth and maintenance of methanotrophic diversity in the soil.

scholarly journals Synergism Between Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus and Rice ragged stunt virus Enhances Their Insect Vector Acquisition

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (7) ◽  
pp. 794-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu Li ◽  
Han Wang ◽  
Guohui Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Nilaparvata Lugens ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Dwarf Virus ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Sogatella Furcifera ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
The Family ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Rice Ragged Stunt Virus

Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV), a tentative species in the genus Fijivirus, family Reoviridae, is a novel rice virus transmitted by the white-backed planthopper (Sogatella furcifera). Since its discovery in 2001, SRBSDV has spread rapidly throughout eastern and southeastern Asia and caused large rice losses in China and Vietnam. Rice ragged stunt virus (RRSV) (genus Oryzavirus, family Reoviridae) is a common rice virus vectored by the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens). RRSV is also widely distributed in eastern and southeastern Asia but has not previously caused serious problems in China owing to its low incidence. With SRBSDV's spread, however, RRSV has become increasingly common in China, and is frequently found in co-infection with SRBSDV. In this study, we show that SRBSDV and RRSV interact synergistically, the first example of synergism between plant viruses in the family Reoviridae. Rice plants co-infected with both viruses displayed enhanced stunting, earlier symptoms, and higher virus titers compared with singly infected plants. Furthermore, white-backed and brown planthoppers acquired SRBSDV and RRSV, respectively, from co-infected plants at higher rates. We propose that increased RRSV incidence in Chinese fields is partly due to synergism between SRBSDV and RRSV.

scholarly journals Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus Alters Insect Vectors' Host Orientation Preferences to Enhance Spread and Increase Rice ragged stunt virus Co-Infection

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Wang ◽  
Donglin Xu ◽  
Lingling Pu ◽  
Guohui Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Host Preference ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Nilaparvata Lugens ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Dwarf Virus ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Sogatella Furcifera ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
Rice Ragged Stunt Virus

In recent years, Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV), a tentative species in the genus Fijivirus (family Reoviridae), has spread rapidly and caused serious rice losses in eastern and southeastern Asia. With this virus spread, Rice ragged stunt virus (RRSV, genus Oryzavirus, family Reoviridae) became more common in southern China, usually in co-infection with the former. SRBSDV and RRSV are transmitted by two different species of planthoppers, white-backed planthopper (WBPH, Sogatella furcifera) and brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens), respectively, in a persistent, circulative, propagative manner. In this study, using a Y-shape olfactometer-based device, we tested the host preference of three types of macropterous WBPH adults for healthy or SRBSDV-infected rice plants. The results showed that virus-free WBPHs significantly preferred infected rice plants to healthy plants, whereas both the viruliferous and nonviruliferous WBPHs preferred healthy plants to infected plants. In additional tests, we found that the BPHs significantly preferred healthy plants when they were virus free, whereas RRSV-carrying BPHs preferred SRBSDV-infected rice plants. From these findings, we propose that plant viruses may alter host selection preference of vectors to enhance their spread and that of insects vectoring another virus to result in co-infection with more than one virus.

scholarly journals Effects of Agronomic Treatments on Structure and Function of Ammonia-Oxidizing Communities

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 5410-5418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol J. Phillips ◽  
Dave Harris ◽  
Sherry L. Dollhopf ◽  
Katherine L. Gross ◽  
James I. Prosser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizer ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizers ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different agricultural treatments and plant communities on the diversity of ammonia oxidizer populations in soil. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), coupled with specific oligonucleotide probing, was used to analyze 16S rRNA genes of ammonia oxidizers belonging to the β subgroup of the division Proteobacteria by use of DNA extracted from cultivated, successional, and native deciduous forest soils. Community profiles of the different soil types were compared with nitrification rates and most-probable-number (MPN) counts. Despite significant variation in measured nitrification rates among communities, there were no differences in the DGGE banding profiles of DNAs extracted from these soils. DGGE profiles of DNA extracted from samples of MPN incubations, cultivated at a range of ammonia concentrations, showed the presence of bands not amplified from directly extracted DNA. Nitrosomonas-like bands were seen in the MPN DNA but were not detected in the DNA extracted directly from soils. These bands were detected in some samples taken from MPN incubations carried out with medium containing 1,000 μg of NH4 +-N ml−1, to the exclusion of bands detected in the native DNA. Cell concentrations of ammonia oxidizers determined by MPN counts were between 10- and 100-fold lower than those determined by competitive PCR (cPCR). Although no differences were seen in ammonia oxidizer MPN counts from the different soil treatments, cPCR revealed higher numbers in fertilized soils. The use of a combination of traditional and molecular methods to investigate the activities and compositions of ammonia oxidizers in soil demonstrates differences in fine-scale compositions among treatments that may be associated with changes in population size and function.

scholarly journals Isolation and Bioaugmentation of an Estradiol-Degrading Bacterium and Its Integration into a Mature Biofilm

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (11) ◽  
pp. 3734-3740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilach Iasur-Kruh ◽  
Yitzhak Hadar ◽  
Dror Minz
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Bacterial Community Composition ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Contaminated Site ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Degrading Bacterium ◽  
Treatment Stage ◽  
Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACTBioaugmentation can alter the potential activity as well as the composition of the naturally occurring microbial biota during bioremediation of a contaminated site. The focus of the current study is the pollutant 17β-estradiol (E2), which can cause endocrine effects and is potentially harmful to aquatic biota and to public health. The community composition and function of biofilms, originating from a wetland system, as affected by augmentation of an estradiol-degrading bacterium (EDB-LI1) under different conditions, were investigated. EDB-LI1 inoculation into biofilm from two wetland ponds representing early and advanced water treatment stages, respectively, yielded three significant observations, as follows: (i) EDB-LI1, enriched from a biofilm of a constructed wetland wastewater treatment system, was detected (by quantitative PCR [qPCR] analysis) in this environment in the augmented biofilm only; (ii) the augmented biofilm acquired the ability to remove estradiol; and (iii) the bacterial community composition (analyzed by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis [DGGE]) of the augmented biofilm differed from that of the control biofilm. Furthermore, EDB-LI1 bioaugmentation showed a higher level of removal of estradiol with biofilms that originated from the advanced-treatment-stage wetland pond than those from the early-treatment-stage pond. Hence, the bioaugmentation efficiency of EDB-LI1 depends on both the quality of the feed water and the microbial community composition in the pond.

scholarly journals Influence of Effluent Irrigation on Community Composition and Function of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria in Soil

2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. 3426-3433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamar Oved ◽  
Avi Shaviv ◽  
Tal Goldrath ◽  
Raphi T. Mandelbaum ◽  
Dror Minz
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Ammonium Concentration ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Α Subunit ◽  
Irrigation Period ◽  
Effluent Irrigation ◽  
Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACT The effect of effluent irrigation on community composition and function of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in soil was evaluated, using techniques of molecular biology and analytical soil chemistry. Analyses were conducted on soil sampled from lysimeters and from a grapefruit orchard which had been irrigated with wastewater effluent or fertilizer-amended water (FAW). Specifically, comparisons of AOB community composition were conducted using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of PCR-amplified fragments of the gene encoding the α-subunit of the ammonia monooxygenase gene (amoA) recovered from soil samples and subsequent sequencing of relevant bands. A significant and consistent shift in the population composition of AOB was detected in soil irrigated with effluent. This shift was absent in soils irrigated with FAW, despite the fact that the ammonium concentration in the FAW was similar. At the end of the irrigation period, Nitrosospira-like populations were dominant in soils irrigated with FAW, while Nitrosomonas-like populations were dominant in effluent-irrigated soils. Furthermore, DGGE analysis of the amoA gene proved to be a powerful tool in evaluating the soil AOB community population and population shifts therein.

Histological examination of rat small intestine after surgical removal of obturation small bowel obstruction and peptide stimulation of lymph flow

2018 ◽  
pp. 157-162
Author(s):  
А.А. Коваленко ◽  
Г.П. Титова ◽  
В.К. Хугаева
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Small Bowel ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
And Function

Оперативное лечение различных заболеваний кишечника сопровождается осложнениями в виде нарушений микроциркуляции в области анастомоза кишки. Ранее нами показана способность лимфостимуляторов пептидной природы восстанавливать нарушенную микроциркуляцию, что послужило основой для настоящего исследования. Цель работы - оценка влияния стимуляции лимфотока в стенке кишки на процессы восстановления микроциркуляции, структуры и функции тонкой кишки в области оперативного вмешательства. Методика. В экспериментах на наркотизированных крысах (хлоралгидрат в дозе 0,6 г/кг в 0,9% растворе NaCl) моделировали различные поражения тонкой кишки (наложение лигатуры, перевязка 1-3 брыжеечных артерий, перекрут петли кишки вокруг оси брыжейки, сочетание нескольких видов повреждений). Резекция поврежденного участка через 1 сут. с последующим созданием тонкокишечного анастомоза завершалась орошением операционного поля раствором пептида-стимулятора лимфотока (40 мкг/кг массы животного в 1 мл 0,9% раствора NaCl). На 7-е сут. после операции проводили гистологическое исследование фрагмента кишки в области анастомоза. Результаты. На 7-е сут. после резекции у выживших животных (летальность вследствие кишечной непроходимости составляла 30%) имеют место морфологические признаки острых сосудистых нарушений стенки кишки, изменений кровеносных и лимфатических микрососудов, интерстициальный отек всех слоев стенки кишки, дилатация просвета кишки, повреждение всасывающего эпителия ворсин с истончением щеточной каемки клеток, морфологические признаки гиперфункции бокаловидных клеток. Использование лимфостимулятора пептидной природы после операции увеличивало выживаемость животных на 24%. У части животных отмечалось уменьшение расширения просвета кишки, у других практически полная его нормализация. Восстанавливалась форма кишечных ворсин и распределение бокаловидных клеток. Отсутствовали признаки внутриклеточного и межмышечного отека. Отмечено умеренное полнокровие венул. Заключение. Использование лимфостимулятора при хирургическом лечении кишечной непроходимости увеличивает выживаемость животных на 24% по сравнению с контролем, способствует более раннему восстановлению структуры и функции тонкой кишки. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о перспективности использования стимуляции лимфотока при операциях на кишечнике. Surgical treatment of bowel diseases is associated with complications that cause microcirculatory disturbances in the anastomosis area and may lead to a fatal outcome. This study was based on our previous finding that peptide-type lymphatic stimulators are able to restore impaired microcirculation. The aim of this work was stimulating the lymph flow in the intestinal wall to facilitate recovery of microcirculation, structure and function of the small intestine in the area of surgical intervention. Methods. In experiments on anesthetized rats (0.6 g/kg chloral hydrate in 0.9% NaCl), various small bowel lesions were modeled (bowel ligation, ligation of 1-3 mesenteric arteries, gut torsion, combination of several lesion types). In 24 h, the damaged area was resected, and a small intestine anastomosis was creased. The surgery was completed with irrigation of the operative field with a solution of lymph flow stimulating peptide (40 мg/kg body weight in 1 ml of 0.9% NaCl). A gut fragment from the anastomosis area was examined histologically on day 7 after the surgery. Results. On the 7th day after removing the intestinal obstruction, the surviving animals (lethality 30%) had morphological signs of acute vascular disorders in the intestinal wall; changes in blood and lymphatic microvessels; interstitial edema of all intestinal wall layers; dilatation of the intestinal lumen; damage to the absorptive epithelium of villi with thinning of the brush border, and hyperfunction of mucous (goblet) cells. The use of the peptide after surgery increased the survival rate of animals by 24% and provided a smaller dilatation of the intestinal lumen in some animals. In other animals, the lumen recovered. The shape of intestinal villi and distribution of goblet cells were restored. Signs of intracellular and intermuscular edema were absent. Moderate venular congestion was noticed. Conclusion. Using the lymphatic stimulator in surgical treatment of intestinal obstruction increases the survival rate of animals by 24% compared to the control, facilitates earlier restoration of the small intestine structure and function. The obtained results indicated the effectiveness of lymphatic stimulation in intestinal surgery.

Allelopathic and Medicinal plant. 26. Millettia speciosa

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-146
Author(s):  
Nasiruddin Nasiruddin ◽  
Yu Zhangxin ◽  
Ting Zhao Chen Guangying ◽  
Minghui Ji
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Wiener Index ◽  
Pseudomonas Spp ◽  
Evenness Index ◽  
Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Rhizosphere Pseudomonas

We grew cucumber in pots in greenhouse for 9-successive cropping cycles and analyzed the rhizosphere Pseudomonas spp. community structure and abundance by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative PCR. Results showed that continuous monocropping changed the cucumber rhizosphere Pseudomonas spp. community. The number of DGGE bands, Shannon-Wiener index and Evenness index decreased during the 3rd cropping and thereafter, increased up to the 7th cropping, however, however, afterwards they decreased again. The abundance of Pseudomonas spp. increased up to the 5th successive cropping and then decreased gradually. These findings indicated that the structure and abundance of Pseudomonas spp. community changed with long-term cucumber monocropping, which might be linked to soil sickness caused by its continuous monocropping.

MICROBIAL COMMUNITY DURING BIOREMEDIATION EXPERIMENTAL ON OIL SPILL IN COASTAL OF PARI ISLAND

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lies Indah Sutiknowati
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Deoxyribonucleic Acid ◽  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Oil Degradation ◽  
Sequence Determination ◽  
Blast Search ◽  
Degrading Bacteria ◽  
Gradient Gel Electrophoresis

There is an information how to identify hydrocarbon degrading bacteria for bioremediation of marine oil spill. We have Bioremediation treatment for degradation of oil spill on Pari island and need two kind of experiment there are tanks experiment (sampling 0 to 90 days) and semi enclosed system (sampling 0 to 150 days). Biostimulation with nutrients (N and P) was done to analyze biodegradation of hydrocarbon compounds. Experiment design using fertilizer Super IB and Linstar will stimulate bacteria can degrade oil, n-alkane, and alkane as poly aromatic hydrocarbon. The bacteria communities were monitored and analyzed by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) and Clone Library; oil chemistry was analyzed by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) was extracted from colonies of bacteria and sequence determination of the 16S rDNA was amplified by primers U515f and U1492r. Strains had been sequence and had similarity about 90-99% to their closest taxa by homology Blast search and few of them suspected as new species. The results showed that fertilizers gave a significant effect on alkane, PAH and oil degradation in tanks experiment but not in the field test. Dominant of the specific bacteria on this experiment were Alcanivorax, Marinobacter and Prosthecochloris. Keywords: Bioremediation, Biostimulation, DGGE, PAH, Pari Island

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