scholarly journals Expression Dynamics of Core RNAi Machinery Genes in Pea Aphids Upon Exposure to Artificially Synthesized dsRNA and miRNAs

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Yang ◽  
Yuan Tian ◽  
Yuan-Yuan Peng ◽  
Jinzhi Niu ◽  
Jin-Jun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Rnai Pathway ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Rnai Machinery ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Pea Aphids ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Mirna Pathway ◽  
Pirna Pathway ◽  
Sirna Pathway ◽  
Core Genes

The pea aphid is an important pest of vegetables and causes serious losses worldwide. RNA interference (RNAi) is an effective pest control tool, and three sub-pathways have been described: The miRNA pathway, siRNA pathway, and piRNA pathway. A large number of genes in miRNA pathway and piRNA pathway are found to be expanded. To study the roles of these genes, the expression of 25 core RNAi genes was screened in spatiotemporal samples, artificially synthesized dsRNA and miRNA treated samples. The 25 genes were all expressed during different development stages and in different tissues. In dsRNA-treated samples and miRNA-treated samples, the expressions of genes in these three pathways were induced, especially the expanded genes. This suggests a complex network of RNAi core genes in the three sub-pathways. Treatment of miRNA seems to induce gene expression in a dosage-dependent manner. These results increase our knowledge of the siRNA pathway and related factors from RNAi pathway in aphids and promote the use of RNAi for the control of aphid pests.

Transcriptome analysis unravels RNAi pathways genes and putative expansion of CYP450 gene family in cotton leafhopper Amrasca biguttula biguttula(Ishida)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mridula Gupta ◽  
Satnam singh ◽  
Gurmeet Kaur ◽  
Suneet Pandher ◽  
Noorpreet Kaur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Rnai Pathway ◽  
Functional Categories ◽  
Rnai Machinery ◽  
Data Resource ◽  
Amrasca Biguttula Biguttula ◽  
Important Pest

Abstract Amrasca biguttula biguttula is an important pest of cotton and okra in the Indian subcontinent. Presently limited genomic/ transcriptomic information is available for this insect in any open source databases. To initiate molecular studies in this insect, we report first assembled and annotated de novo transcriptome of cotton leafhopper. Out of 75,551 transcripts, 39613 CDS (Coding Sequence) were predicted with 35282 showing positive blast hits with NCBI nr database . From the Gene ontology (GO) analysis, 7431 CDS were annotated. KEGG pathway analysis categorized CDS into 22 different functional categories. The majority of CDS were annotated in signal transduction and transport catabolism pathways. The sequence data was screened for RNAi pathway genes and presence of 37 transcripts associated with this process confirmed the existence of robust RNAi machinery in this insect. The role of core RNAi machinery genes ( Dicer-2 , Ago-2 , Piwi and Staufen ) has been validated through dsRNA feeding studies. The data resource has also been used to identify potential RNAi targets and genes associated with insecticide detoxification specifically CYP 450 family.

scholarly journals Experimental Assessment of Possible Factors Associated with Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccine Failure

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1172
Author(s):  
Ksenia Tuchynskaya ◽  
Viktor Volok ◽  
Victoria Illarionova ◽  
Egor Okhezin ◽  
Alexandra Polienko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Challenge Virus ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tbe Virus ◽  
The Brain

Currently the only effective measure against tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is vaccination. Despite the high efficacy of approved vaccines against TBE, rare cases of vaccine failures are well documented. Both host- and virus-related factors can account for such failures. In this work, we studied the influence of mouse strain and sex and the effects of cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression on the efficacy of an inactivated TBE vaccine. We also investigated how an increased proportion of non-infectious particles in the challenge TBE virus would affect the protectivity of the vaccine. The vaccine efficacy was assessed by mortality, morbidity, levels of viral RNA in the brain of surviving mice, and neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers against the vaccine strain and the challenge virus. Two-dose vaccination protected most animals against TBE symptoms and death, and protectivity depended on strain and sex of mice. Immunosuppression decreased the vaccine efficacy in a dose-dependent manner and changed the vaccine-induced NAb spectrum. The vaccination protected mice against TBE virus neuroinvasion and persistence. However, viral RNA was detected in the brain of some asymptomatic animals at 21 and 42 dpi. Challenge with TBE virus enriched with non-infectious particles led to lower NAb titers in vaccinated mice after the challenge but did not affect the protective efficacy.

scholarly journals Role of Luteolin-Induced Apoptosis and Autophagy in Human Glioblastoma Cell Lines

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hye-Sung Lee ◽  
Bong-Soo Park ◽  
Hae-Mi Kang ◽  
Jung-Han Kim ◽  
Sang-Hun Shin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Glioblastoma Cell ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Green Pepper ◽  
Real Time Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Induced Apoptosis ◽  
Glioblastoma Cell Lines

Background and Objectives: Malignant glioblastoma (GBM) is caused by abnormal proliferation of glial cells, which are found in the brain. The therapeutic effects of surgical treatment, radiation therapy, and chemo-therapy against GBM are relatively poor compared with their effects against other tumors. Luteolin is abundant in peanut shells and is also found in herbs and other plants, such as thyme, green pepper, and celery. Luteolin is known to be effective against obesity and metabolic syndrome. The anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities of luteolin have been investigated. Most studies have focused on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of luteolin, which is a natural flavonoid. However, the association between the induction of apoptosis by luteolin in GBM and autophagy has not yet been investigated. This study thus aimed to confirm the occurrence of luteolin-induced apoptosis and autophagy in GBM cells and to assess their relationship. Materials and Methods: A172 and U-373MG glioblastoma cell lines were used for this experiment. We confirmed the apoptosis effect of Luteolin on GBM cells using methods such as 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, immunofluorescence, Flow cytometry (FACS) western blot, and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Results: In the luteolin-treated A172 and U-373MG cells, cell viability decreased in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. In addition, in A172 and U-373MG cells treated with luteolin at concentrations greater than 100 μM, nuclear fragmentation, which is a typical morphological change characterizing apoptosis, as well as fragmentation of caspase-3 and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), which are apoptosis-related factors, were observed. Autophagy was induced after treatment with at least 50 μM luteolin. Inhibition of autophagy using 3MA allowed for a low concentration of luteolin to more effectively induce apoptosis in A172 and U-373MG cells. Conclusions: Results showed that luteolin induces apoptosis and autophagy and that the luteolin-induced autophagy promotes cell survival. Therefore, an appropriate combination therapy involving luteolin and an autophagy inhibitor is expected to improve the prognosis of GBM treatment.

scholarly journals Gene Expression Profiling Indicated Diverse Functions and Characteristics of Core Genes in Pea Aphid

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
Ruizheng Tian ◽  
Yixiao Huang ◽  
Balachandar Balakrishnan ◽  
Maohua Chen
Keyword(s):  
Expression Profiling ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
The Core ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Pea Aphids ◽  
Core Genes

The pea aphid is a global insect pest, and variable phenotypes can be produced by pea aphids in the same genotype in response to changes in external environmental factors. However, detailed dynamic gene regulation networks and the core markers involved in different biological processes of pea aphids have not yet been reported. In this study, we obtained the published genomic and transcriptomic data, and performed transcriptome profiling of five pea aphid morphs (winged asexual female, wingless asexual female, wingless sexual female, winged male and wingless male) from each of three pea aphid genotypes, i.e., the transcriptomes from a total of 15 types of pea aphids were analyzed and the type-specific expression of genes in five different morphs was identified. The expression profiling was verified by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis. Moreover, we determined the expression features and co-expression networks of highly variable genes. We also used the ARACNe method to obtain 263 core genes related to different biological pathways. Additionally, eight of the identified genes were aligned with transcription factor families, indicating that they act as transcription factors and regulate downstream genes. Furthermore, we found reliable markers using random forest methodology to distinguish different morphs of pea aphids. Our study provides a systematic and comprehensive approach for analyzing the core genes that may play important roles in a multitude of biological processes from the insect transcriptomes.

scholarly journals Environmental RNA interference in two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, reveals dsRNA processing requirements for efficient RNAi response

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Bensoussan ◽  
Sameer Dixit ◽  
Midori Tabara ◽  
David Letwin ◽  
Maja Milojevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Interference ◽  
Tetranychus Urticae ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Spider Mite ◽  
26S Proteasome ◽  
Rnai Pathway ◽  
Rnai Machinery ◽  
Two Spotted Spider Mite ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract Comprehensive understanding of pleiotropic roles of RNAi machinery highlighted the conserved chromosomal functions of RNA interference. The consequences of the evolutionary variation in the core RNAi pathway genes are mostly unknown, but may lead to the species-specific functions associated with gene silencing. The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is a major polyphagous chelicerate pest capable of feeding on over 1100 plant species and developing resistance to pesticides used for its control. A well annotated genome, susceptibility to RNAi and economic importance, make T. urticae an excellent candidate for development of an RNAi protocol that enables high-throughput genetic screens and RNAi-based pest control. Here, we show that the length of the exogenous dsRNA critically determines its processivity and ability to induce RNAi in vivo. A combination of the long dsRNAs and the use of dye to trace the ingestion of dsRNA enabled the identification of genes involved in membrane transport and 26S proteasome degradation as sensitive RNAi targets. Our data demonstrate that environmental RNAi can be an efficient reverse genetics and pest control tool in T. urticae. In addition, the species-specific properties together with the variation in the components of the RNAi machinery make T. urticae a potent experimental system to study the evolution of RNAi pathways.

scholarly journals Knockdown of piRNA pathway proteins results in enhanced Semliki Forest virus production in mosquito cells

2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (7) ◽  
pp. 1680-1689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Schnettler ◽  
Claire L. Donald ◽  
Stacey Human ◽  
Mick Watson ◽  
Ricky W. C. Siu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
Semliki Forest Virus ◽  
Virus Production ◽  
Antiviral Responses ◽  
Mosquito Cells ◽  
Mosquito Cell Lines ◽  
Arbovirus Infection ◽  
Pirna Pathway ◽  
Sirna Pathway

The exogenous siRNA pathway is important in restricting arbovirus infection in mosquitoes. Less is known about the role of the PIWI-interacting RNA pathway, or piRNA pathway, in antiviral responses. Viral piRNA-like molecules have recently been described following infection of mosquitoes and derived cell lines with several arboviruses. The piRNA pathway has thus been suggested to function as an additional small RNA-mediated antiviral response to the known infection-induced siRNA response. Here we show that piRNA-like molecules are produced following infection with the naturally mosquito-borne Semliki Forest virus in mosquito cell lines. We show that knockdown of piRNA pathway proteins enhances the replication of this arbovirus and defines the contribution of piRNA pathway effectors, thus characterizing the antiviral properties of the piRNA pathway. In conclusion, arbovirus infection can trigger the piRNA pathway in mosquito cells, and knockdown of piRNA proteins enhances virus production.

scholarly journals Extract of Rhus verniciflua Stokes Induces p53-Mediated Apoptosis in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Sung Kim ◽  
Chul Won Lee ◽  
Jung-Hoon Kim ◽  
Jang-Cheon Lee ◽  
Won Gun An
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Annexin V ◽  
Food Supplement ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Rhus Verniciflua Stokes ◽  
Rhus Verniciflua ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Mcf 7

Rhus verniciflua Stokes has long been used as a food supplement and traditional herbal medicine for various ailments in East Asia. We evaluated the anticancer effects of Rhus verniciflua Stokes extract (RVSE) on MCF-7 cells by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, flow cytometry, annexin V/7-AAD staining, and western blotting. In addition, the gallic acid content of RVSE was assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography. RVSE inhibited the growth of MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner by inducing apoptosis in the sub-G1 phase. RVSE also significantly increased the number of apoptotic cells and increased the expression of p53 and p21 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, RVSE treatment increased the Bax:Bcl-2 ratio and the levels of apoptosis-related factors, such as cleaved caspase-3 and -9 and PARP, in MCF-7 cells. Our findings suggest that the proapoptotic effect of RVSE on MCF-7 cells is mediated by p53, p21, and the intrinsic mitochondrial cascade. Thus, RVSE shows promise for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer.

scholarly journals Loss of BAF Complex in Developing Cortex Perturbs Radial Neuronal Migration in a WNT Signaling-Dependent Manner

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Godwin Sokpor ◽  
Cemil Kerimoglu ◽  
Huong Nguyen ◽  
Linh Pham ◽  
Joachim Rosenbusch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Wnt Signaling ◽  
Neuronal Migration ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Gene Expression Program ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Baf Complex ◽  
Radial Migration ◽  
Expression Program

Radial neuronal migration is a key neurodevelopmental event indispensable for proper cortical laminar organization. Cortical neurons mainly use glial fiber guides, cell adhesion dynamics, and cytoskeletal remodeling, among other discrete processes, to radially trek from their birthplace to final layer positions. Dysregulated radial migration can engender cortical mis-lamination, leading to neurodevelopmental disorders. Epigenetic factors, including chromatin remodelers have emerged as formidable regulators of corticogenesis. Notably, the chromatin remodeler BAF complex has been shown to regulate several aspects of cortical histogenesis. Nonetheless, our understanding of how BAF complex regulates neuronal migration is limited. Here, we report that BAF complex is required for neuron migration during cortical development. Ablation of BAF complex in the developing mouse cortex caused alteration in the cortical gene expression program, leading to loss of radial migration-related factors critical for proper cortical layer formation. Of note, BAF complex inactivation in cortex caused defective neuronal polarization resulting in diminished multipolar-to-bipolar transition and eventual disruption of radial migration of cortical neurons. The abnormal radial migration and cortical mis-lamination can be partly rescued by downregulating WNT signaling hyperactivity in the BAF complex mutant cortex. By implication, the BAF complex modulates WNT signaling to establish the gene expression program required for glial fiber-dependent neuronal migration, and cortical lamination. Overall, BAF complex has been identified to be crucial for cortical morphogenesis through instructing multiple aspects of radial neuronal migration in a WNT signaling-dependent manner.

scholarly journals Environmental RNA interference in two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, reveals dsRNA processing requirements for efficient RNAi response

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Bensoussan ◽  
Sameer Dixit ◽  
Midori Tabara ◽  
David Letwin ◽  
Maja Milojevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Interference ◽  
Tetranychus Urticae ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Spider Mite ◽  
26S Proteasome ◽  
Rnai Pathway ◽  
Rnai Machinery ◽  
Two Spotted Spider Mite ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractComprehensive understanding of pleiotropic roles of RNAi machinery highlighted the conserved chromosomal functions of RNA interference. The consequences of the evolutionary variation in the core RNAi pathway genes are mostly unknown, but may lead to the species-specific functions associated with gene silencing. The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is a major polyphagous chelicerate pest capable of feeding on over 1,100 plant species and developing resistance to pesticides used for its control. A well annotated genome, susceptibility to RNAi and economic importance, make T. urticae an excellent candidate for development of an RNAi protocol that enables high-throughput genetic screens and RNAi-based pest control. Here, we show that the length of the exogenous dsRNA critically determines its processivity and ability to induce RNAi in vivo. A combination of the long dsRNAs and the use of dye to trace the ingestion of dsRNA enabled the identification of genes involved in membrane transport and 26S proteasome degradation as sensitive RNAi targets. Our data demonstrate that environmental RNAi can be an efficient reverse genetics and pest control tool in T. urticae. In addition, the species-specific properties together with the variation in the components of the RNAi machinery make T. urticae a potent experimental system to study the evolution of RNAi pathways.

scholarly journals Natural Coinfection between Novel Species of Baculoviruses in Spodoptera ornithogalli Larvae

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2520
Author(s):  
Gloria Patricia Barrera ◽  
Laura Fernanda Villamizar ◽  
Gustavo Adolfo Araque ◽  
Juliana Andrea Gómez ◽  
Elsa Judith Guevara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Novel Species ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Biological Characterization ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Insecticidal Action ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Core Genes

Spodoptera ornithogalli (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an important pest in different crops of economic relevance in America. For its control, strategies that include chemicals are usually used; so, the description of entomopathogens would be very useful for the formulation of biopesticides. In this regard, two different baculoviruses affecting S. ornithogalli were isolated in Colombia, with one of them being an NPV and the other a GV. Ultrastructural, molecular, and biological characterization showed that both isolates possess the 38 core genes and are novel species in Baculoviridae, named as Spodoptera ornithogalli nucleopolyhedrovirus (SporNPV) and Spodoptera ornithogalli granulovirus (SporGV). The bioassays carried out in larvae of S. ornithogalli and S. frugiperda showed infectivity in both hosts but being higher in the first. In addition, it was observed that SporGV potentiates the insecticidal action of SporNPV (maximum value in ratio 2.5:97.5). Both viruses are individually infective but coexist in nature, producing mixed infections with a synergistic effect that improves the performance of the NPV and enables the transmission of the GV, which presents a slowly killing phenotype.

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