scholarly journals Use of Flowering Plants to Enhance Parasitism and Predation Rates on Two Squash Bug Species Anasa tristis and Anasa armigera (Hemiptera: Coreidae)

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelius ◽  
Vinyard ◽  
Gates
Keyword(s):  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Anasa Tristis ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Squash Bug ◽  
Parasitism Rates ◽  
Adult Parasitoid ◽  
Egg Parasitism ◽  
Fagopyrum Esculentum Moench ◽  
Predation Rates

A two-year study evaluated the effect of a flowering border of buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum Moench on rates of egg parasitism, egg predation and adult parasitism on two squash bug species, Anasa tristis (DeGeer) and Anasa armigera Say, by comparing rates in squash fields with and without a flowering border. Furthermore, we evaluated whether there was an edge effect by comparing parasitism and predation rates in plots located in the corner of a squash field with plots located in the center of a squash field for fields with and without a flowering border. The egg parasitism rates were not affected by either treatment (flowering border or control) or plot location (edge or center). Anasa armigera egg masses only accounted for 4.3% of the total egg masses collected. The egg parasitism rates increased gradually throughout the season, peaking in the last week of August in 2017 at 45% for A. tristis egg masses. The most common egg parasitoid recovered was Gryon pennsylvanicum (Ashmead) followed by Ooencyrtus anasae (Ashmead). Adult parasitism was not affected by treatment, but A. tristis adult parasitism rates were higher in plots located on the edge of squash fields compared with plots located in the center of squash fields in 2016. Since adult parasitoid, Trichopoda pennipes (Fabricius) flies were observed visiting buckwheat flowers, future studies could explore the possibility that the flowering buckwheat may have a more impact on adult parasitism if there was a greater distance between fields with and without a flowering border.

scholarly journals Ovipositional Behavior of the Egg Parasitoid Gryon pennsylvanicum (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) on Two Squash Bug Species Anasa tristis (Hemiptera: Coreidae) and Anasa armigera: Effects of Parasitoid Density, Nutrition, and Host Egg Chorion on Parasitism Rates

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 1307-1315
Author(s):  
Mary L Cornelius ◽  
Bryan T Vinyard ◽  
Joseph D Mowery ◽  
Jing S Hu
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Anasa Tristis ◽  
Ovipositional Behavior ◽  
Squash Bug ◽  
Percent Parasitism ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Parasitism Rates

Abstract This study examined the ovipositional behavior of Gryon pennsylvanicum Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) on egg masses of two squash bug species Anasa tristis DeGeer and Anasa armigera Say (Hemiptera: Coreidae) by evaluating how parasitoid density and access to nutrition influenced percent parasitism on egg masses of different sizes in laboratory tests. When three parasitoids were exposed to A. tristis egg masses with only three to five eggs, 72.7% of parasitoids became trapped in the eggs and failed to emerge successfully. These results suggest that competition between larvae within the egg may have reduced the fitness of the surviving parasitoid. Continual access to honey water did not significantly influence parasitism rates on A. armigera egg masses and only increased parasitism on A. tristis egg masses with 20–25 eggs. Overall, parasitism rates were higher on A. armigera egg masses than on A. tristis egg masses, and parasitoids were more likely to emerge successfully from A. armigera eggs than from A. tristis eggs. Parasitoids spent the same amount of time probing eggs of the two species, but they spent significantly more time drilling into A. tristis eggs than A. armigera eggs. Measurements taken using transmission electron microscopy determined that the average combined width of the epicuticle and exocuticle of the egg chorion was significantly greater for A. tristis eggs than for A. armigera eggs. This difference may account for the lower rates of parasitism and parasitoid emergence and for the increased time spent drilling into A. tristis eggs compared with A. armigera eggs.

3.5 SUPPRESSION OF SPRUCE BUDWORM POPULATIONS BY TRICHOGRAMMA MINUTUM RILEY, 1982–1986

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (S153) ◽  
pp. 56-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Smith ◽  
D.R. Wallace ◽  
G. Howse ◽  
J. Meating
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Trichogramma Minutum ◽  
Egg Parasitism ◽  
Release Timing

AbstractThe ability of the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma minutum Riley, to suppress outbreak populations of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), was studied annually near Hearst, Ont., from 1982 through 1986. Timing of broadcast parasitoid-releases was linked to spruce budworm moth emergence and oviposition. These phenological relationships were predicted from a regression based on larval development at least 2 weeks before expected emergence; this allowed sufficient time to regulate (program) parasitoid emergence during mass-rearing. Emergence of caged spruce budworm adults was used to monitor moth eclosion in the field. Pheromone traps provided daily information on the activity of male moths and helped to synchronize the parasitoid releases with spruce budworm oviposition. Information on parasitoid activity was obtained from sentinel (laboratory-reared) and naturally occurring spruce budworm egg masses. A curvilinear relationship between the rate of parasitoid release and parasitism of sentinel egg masses was developed. Two parasitoid releases, 1 week apart, early in the oviposition period of spruce budworm, significantly increased parasitism of host eggs by 14–83% and reduced larval populations correspondingly from 42 to 82%. Single releases were less effective and increased parasitism by 0.3–52% (single ground release, 1986). Two parasitoid releases, combined with a spring application of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner to larval populations, was the most effective strategy and resulted in 83% egg parasitism and 93% larval reduction. Release rates greater than 12–16 × 106 ♀ ♀ T. minutum per hectare were not warranted based on impact and costs. The effects of release timing, weather, host density, and parasitoid quality on the future successful use of T. minutum are discussed.

scholarly journals Impact of the Egg Parasitoid,Gryon pennsylvanicum(Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), on Sentinel and Wild Egg Masses of the Squash Bug (Hemiptera: Coreidae) in Maryland

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary L. Cornelius ◽  
Matthew L. Buffington ◽  
Elijah J. Talamas ◽  
Michael W. Gates
Keyword(s):  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Squash Bug

scholarly journals Exploratory Survey of Spotted Lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) and Its Natural Enemies in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bei Xin ◽  
Yan-long Zhang ◽  
Xiao-yi Wang ◽  
Liang-ming Cao ◽  
Kim A Hoelmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Western China ◽  
Beijing City ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Parasitism Rates ◽  
Lycorma Delicatula ◽  
Biocontrol Program

Abstract An invasive population of spotted lanternfly (SLF), Lycorma delicatula White, was first noted in North America in Pennsylvania in 2014, and by September 2020 populations had spread to six additional states. To develop a biocontrol program to aid in the management of the pest, exploratory surveys for SLF natural enemies in its native range were carried out in 27 provinces and other administrative regions of China from 2015 to 2019. Naturally laid egg masses were collected and sentinel SLF egg masses were deployed to attract egg parasitoids, and yellow sticky traps were used to collect SLF nymphs to discover and determine the parasitism rates of nymphal parasitoids. Results show that SLF is widely distributed in China (22 provinces and regions) and that the population densities in northeast China are higher than in southern and western China. An egg parasitoid, Anastatus orientalis Yang (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), and a nymphal parasitoid, Dryinus sinicus Olmi (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae), were collected. Anastatus orientalis was reared from SLF eggs in seven provinces in China with parasitoid emergence rates ranging from 4.0 to 15.5% (or 17.6 to 37.3% if including only egg masses that had at least some parasitism). There were significant differences in parasitoid emergence rates between sites associated with factors including habitat and host plants. Dryinus sinicus was discovered in eight cities across six provinces. The percentage of SLF nymphs parasitized by D. sinicus were 31.1, 23.3, and 0% in Tai’an, Shandong Province, Beijing City, and Yan’an, Shaanxi Province, respectively. These two parasitoids are promising natural enemies that are being considered as potential biocontrol agents of invasive populations of SLF.

scholarly journals Implementing Mass Rearing of Trissolcus japonicus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) on Cold-Stored Host Eggs

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 840
Author(s):  
Barbara Bittau ◽  
Maria Luisa Dindo ◽  
Giovanni Burgio ◽  
Giuseppino Sabbatini-Peverieri ◽  
Kim Alan Hoelmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Progeny Production ◽  
Asian Origin ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Trissolcus Japonicus ◽  
Promising Solution

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), a pest of Asian origin, has been causing severe damage to Italian agriculture. The application of classical biological control by the release of Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), an exotic egg parasitoid, appears to be one promising solution. In Italy, releases of T. japonicus in the field were authorized in 2020. In this study, some parameters that could influence the rearing of T. japonicus in insectaries were investigated. A significantly higher production of progeny was observed on host eggs stored at 6 °C (86.5%) compared to −24 °C (48.8%) for up to two months prior to exposure to parasitism. There were no significant differences in progeny production from single females in a vial provided with only one egg mass (83.2%) or 10 females inside a cage with 6 egg masses (83.9%). The exposure of parasitoids to refrigerated (6 °C) egg masses of H. halys for 72 h led to a significantly higher production of progeny (62.1%) compared to shorter exposures for 48 (44.0%) or 24 h (37.1%). A decline in production of progeny by the same female was detected between the first (62.1%) and the second parasitization (41.3%). Adult parasitoids stored at 16 °C for up to 90 days had an 87.1% survival rate, but a significant decrease in progeny production was detected. These parameters could be adjusted when rearing T. japonicus for specific aims such as the production of individuals for field release or colony maintenance.

scholarly journals Caterpillar-induced rice volatiles provide enemy-free space for the offspring of the brown planthopper

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyun Hu ◽  
Shuangli Su ◽  
Qingsong Liu ◽  
Yaoyu Jiao ◽  
Yufa Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Field Cage ◽  
Parasitism Rates ◽  
Enemy Free Space ◽  
Rice Pest ◽  
Herbivore Induced Plant Volatiles

Plants typically release large quantities of volatiles in response to herbivory by insects. This benefits the plants by, for instance, attracting the natural enemies of the herbivores. We show that the brown planthopper (BPH) has cleverly turned this around by exploiting herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) that provide safe havens for its offspring. BPH females preferentially oviposit on rice plants already infested by the rice striped stem borer (SSB), which are avoided by the egg parasitoid Anagrus nilaparvatae, the most important natural enemy of BPH. Using synthetic versions of volatiles identified from plants infested by BPH and/or SSB, we demonstrate the role of HIPVs in these interactions. Moreover, greenhouse and field cage experiments confirm the adaptiveness of the BPH oviposition strategy, resulting in 80% lower parasitism rates of its eggs. Besides revealing a novel exploitation of HIPVs, these findings may lead to novel control strategies against an exceedingly important rice pest.

scholarly journals First Report of Native Parasitoids of Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Mozambique

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 615
Author(s):  
Albasini Caniço ◽  
António Mexia ◽  
Luisa Santos
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Native Parasitoids ◽  
Cropping Season ◽  
Parasitism Rates ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

The alien invasive insect pest Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), commonly referred to as fall armyworm (FAW), is causing significant losses to maize production in Africa since its detection in 2016. As an emergency response, governments in several countries distributed and/or promoted massive use of synthetic insecticides among smallholder farmers to fight FAW. The inappropriate use of synthetic insecticides by non-trained and ill-equipped farmers raises environmental and health concerns. This study aimed to assess the occurrence of native parasitoids of FAW, their parasitism rates, and relative abundance in the central province of Manica, Mozambique. A field collection of FAW egg masses and larvae was conducted from May to August 2019 (dry season of the 2018/2019 cropping season) and in December 2019 and January 2020 (rainy season of 2019/2020 cropping season). A total of 101 egg masses and 1444 larvae of FAW were collected from infested fields. Five larval parasitoids were recorded, but no egg parasitism was observed. Coccygidium luteum Brullé (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Drino quadrizonula Thomson (Diptera: Tachinidae) were the primary parasitoids. Maximum parasitism of 23.68% and 8.86% and relative abundance of 100 and 96.3 were recorded for C. luteum and D. quadrizonula, respectively. Total parasitism by different parasitoid species was at 9.49%. Cultural practices favoring the action of these parasitoids should be advocated.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document