scholarly journals Aedes albopictus Adult Medium Mass Rearing for SIT Program Development

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 246 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Damiens ◽  
Lucie Marquereau ◽  
Cyrille Lebon ◽  
Gilbert Le Goff ◽  
Benjamin Gaudillat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Cellulose Membrane ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Membrane Type ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Rearing Methods

For the production of several hundred thousands of Aedes albopictus sterile males for the implementation of a Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) program, no costly mass-rearing equipment is needed during the initial phases, as optimized rearing at laboratory scale can be sufficient for the first steps. The aim of this study was to maximize the egg production by optimizing adult rearing methods for Ae. albopictus. The effect of parameters such as male/female ratio, density of adults, membrane type for blood feeding, quantity of blood delivered, continuous or discontinuous blood feeding, and surface of substrates for egg laying on overall egg production was tested to find optimized conditions. Based on the number of eggs produced per cage in response to the parameters tested, the optimum cage set-up was seen to be 1500 adults in a 30 × 30 × 30 cm cage with a male/female sex ratio of 1:3, fed by fresh bovine blood for periods of 30 min using a cellulose membrane covering a 10 cm stainless steel plate heated by a Hemotek device, and the provision of five oviposition cups to collect eggs. With this set-up, production per cage can reach a maximum of 35,000 eggs per week.

scholarly journals Assessment of a Novel Adult Mass-Rearing Cage for Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Anopheles arabiensis (Patton)

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 801
Author(s):  
Hamidou Maïga ◽  
Wadaka Mamai ◽  
Nanwintoum Séverin Bimbilé Somda ◽  
Thomas Wallner ◽  
Bèwadéyir Serge Poda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Anopheles Arabiensis ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Good Proxy ◽  
Rearing Techniques

Successful implementation of the sterile insect technique (SIT) against Aedes albopictus and Anopheles arabiensis relies on a continuous supply of sterile males. To meet this requirement, optimization of the mass-rearing techniques is needed. This study, therefore, aims to assess a new mass-rearing cage (MRC) in terms of egg production efficiency and egg hatch rate (quality). In addition, adult survival was evaluated based on a cage adult-index for Ae. albopictus. Moreover, the cage’s suitability for use in mass An. arabiensis egg production was compared to that of the FAO/IAEA Anopheles reference cage. In Ae. albopictus rearing, the new MRC produced 1,112,110 eggs per cage following six blood meals, with minimum loss of eggs in the egging water. Furthermore, the adult index gave a good proxy of daily mortality rates in Ae. albopictus. In An. arabiensis rearing, about 130,000 eggs per egg batch were collected both from the new and the reference MRC. These findings suggest that the new MRC prototype is efficient in terms of egg production and can be used for mass-rearing in SIT programs targeting Ae. albopictus as well as An. arabiensis. The adult index was also positively validated for the detection of unusual mortality rates in Ae. albopictus mass-rearing facilities. Overall, the new MRC has shown several advantages; however, further improvements are necessary to minimize escapes during the egg collection processes.

scholarly journals Aspirin inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis impairs egg development across mosquito taxa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Abdullah Al Baki ◽  
Shabbir Ahmed ◽  
Hyeogsun Kwon ◽  
David R. Hall ◽  
Ryan C. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Interference ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Prostaglandin E ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Egg Development ◽  
Egg Hatchability

AbstractSeveral endocrine signals are known to mediate mosquito egg development including insulin-like peptide, 20-hydroxyecdysone, and juvenile hormone. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) as an additional mediator of oogenesis in the mosquitoes, Aedes albopictus and Anopheles gambiae. The injection of aspirin (an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase) shortly after blood-feeding significantly inhibited egg development at choriogenesis in a dose-dependent manner in Ae. albopictus. Moreover, oral administration of aspirin to An. albopictus and An. gambiae also inhibited egg production. The aspirin treatment suppressed expression of the genes (Yellow-g and Yellow-g2) associated with exochorion darkening and led to the production of a malformed egg shell in Ae. albopictus. These inhibitory effects of aspirin on egg development were rescued by the addition of PGE2, confirming the specificity of aspirin in inhibiting prostaglandin production. To validate these results, we identified a putative PGE2 receptor (Aa-PGE2R) in Ae. albopictus. Aa-PGE2R expression was highly inducible in adult ovary after blood-feeding. RNA interference of Aa-PGE2R expression resulted in the significant suppression of choriogenesis similar to aspirin treatment, where the addition of PGE2 to Aa-PGE2R-silenced females failed to rescue egg production. Together, these results suggest that PG synthesis and signaling are required for egg development across diverse mosquito taxa.Author SummaryProgstaglandins (PGs) play crucial roles in mediating various physiological processes in insects. Aspirin (ASP) inhibits PG biosynthesis and has been used as an anti-inflammatory drug. ASP injection or feeding to mosquitoes of Aedes albopictus or Anopheles gambiae significantly inhibits egg production at chorion formation. This led to significant reduction in fecundity and egg hatchability. PG signal is interrupted by RNA interference (RNAi) of PGE2 receptor. The RNAi treatment also gave a similar damage to females in egg production as seen in ASP treatment. Thus, PG signal is required for egg production of these mosquitoes.Data Availability StatementAll relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information file.

Oviposition preferences of dengue vectors; Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Sri Lanka under laboratory settings

2017 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 442-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Gunathilaka ◽  
T. Ranathunge ◽  
L. Udayanga ◽  
A. Wijegunawardena ◽  
W. Abeyewickreme
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Oviposition Behaviour ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Dengue Vectors

AbstractInvestigations on oviposition behaviour of dengue vectors are critical for effective controlling of vector breeding. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the oviposition behaviour of dengue vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Sri Lanka. Batches of 1000 adult mosquitoes (1 : 1, male: female ratio) housed in rearing cages were used for each experimental setup from Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Oviposition responses with respect to the size of the ovitrap, colours of the ovitrap, water source, sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration and presence/absence of larvae were evaluated by enumerating the number of eggs laid in the ovitraps. The analysis of variance and cluster analysis were used to investigate the significance in the variations among oviposition. The number of eggs laid by both species were improved with the increasing size of ovitraps. Ae. albopictus indicated the highest mean number of eggs in 0.2% of NaCl than in the ovitraps filled with distilled water. However, the egg laying preference was reduced with increasing salinity in both species. Drain water with low dissolved oxygen (DO) level (0.43 ± 0.12 mg l−1) was the preferred water source for both species, while a significantly high oviposition rate was observed in ovitraps with larvae. Black colour ovitraps attracted the majority of gravid females, while white was least preferred. There were no significant variations among oviposition behaviours of Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti. The ability of these vectors to breed in waste water with low DO levels may lead them to attain wide dissemination in the natural environment, enhancing their potential threat to human life.

Developing Mass Egg-Laying Medium for the Edible Ruspolia differens (Orthoptera: Tettigonidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 2157-2160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey M Malinga ◽  
Vilma J Lehtovaara ◽  
Anu Valtonen ◽  
Philip Nyeko ◽  
Heikki Roininen
Keyword(s):  
Oviposition Preference ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Preliminary Testing ◽  
Egg Hatchability ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Rearing Methods

Abstract The edible katydid, Ruspolia differens (Serville), is an economically and nutritionally important insect species that is common and widespread in Africa. Currently, there are aims to develop mass-rearing methods suitable for this species, but a critical first step would require a suitable oviposition medium to ensure economic and easy production of eggs with high hatchability. The objective of the present study was to determine the oviposition preference and egg hatchability in different oviposition media. Based on preliminary testing of a wide range of different materials, two oviposition media, namely, artificial (folded plastic cloth) and natural medium (leaf sheath of Pennisetum purpureum Schumach attached to a stem), were selected for a detailed experiment. A two-choice laboratory experiment was conducted in which R. differens females were able to select between the folded plastic cloth (one side covered with short fleece) and a leaf sheath of P. purpureum (wrapped in polyester fiber). The results show that R. differens laid almost three times more eggs on the plastic cloth (mean ± SE, 169.3 ± 18.0) than on the natural substrate, P. purpurem (69.0 ± 13.9). However, the hatchability (overall mean% ± SE, 56.5 ± 4.7) of eggs in the two media did not differ. Folded plastic cloth, therefore, provided a more effective medium for egg laying by R. differens, and is thus a promising oviposition medium for getting natural populations to start laying eggs in future mass rearing.

Probiotics in the diets of laying quails

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-66
Author(s):  
O. Merzlyakova ◽  
V. Rogachyev ◽  
V. Chegodaev
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Bacillus Licheniformis ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
The Cost

The efficiency of introducing probiotics based on strains of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and their consortium in the amount of 150 g/t of feed into the diets of laying quails has been studied. The experiment lasting 182 days has been carried out on four groups of quails with 30 heads in each. The quails have been housed in the broiler battery in compliance with the required microclimate conditions. Quails of all groups have been received the main diet (compound feed) developed taking into account their age and physiological characteristics. The quails of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd experimental groups in addition to the main diet received probiotics (150 g/t compound feed) based on strains Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and their consortium, respectively. It has been found that feeding the laying quails of the consortium of strains Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis had the most significant positive impact on their productive performance, it allowed to increase egg production by 7,81 %, egg laying intensity by 5,0 %, egg mass yield by 9,77 %, while reducing feed expenditures for 10 eggs by 13,35 %. The yield of hatching eggs has been increased by 7,03 %, hatchability of chickens from laid and fertilized eggs by 8,33 and 8,35 %, brooding waste decreased by 21,74 %. Hematological parameters of quails during the whole experiment were within the physiological norm. The economic effect calculated on the basis of data on the cost of compound feed, probiotics and the cost of sold eggs of quail laying was 14,56 % in the 3rd experimental group (in relation to the control group).

scholarly journals Overexpression of Activated AMPK in the Anopheles stephensi Midgut Impacts Mosquito Metabolism, Reproduction and Plasmodium Resistance

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Chioma Oringanje ◽  
Lillian R. Delacruz ◽  
Yunan Han ◽  
Shirley Luckhart ◽  
Michael A. Riehle
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Mitochondrial Dynamics ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Α Subunit ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Transgenic Lines ◽  
Ampk Activity

Mitochondrial integrity and homeostasis in the midgut are key factors controlling mosquito fitness and anti-pathogen resistance. Targeting genes that regulate mitochondrial dynamics represents a potential strategy for limiting mosquito-borne diseases. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key cellular energy sensor found in nearly all eukaryotic cells. When activated, AMPK inhibits anabolic pathways that consume ATP and activates catabolic processes that synthesize ATP. In this study, we overexpressed a truncated and constitutively active α-subunit of AMPK under the control of the midgut-specific carboxypeptidase promotor in the midgut of female Anopheles stephensi. As expected, AMPK overexpression in homozygous transgenic mosquitoes was associated with changes in nutrient storage and metabolism, decreasing glycogen levels at 24 h post-blood feeding when transgene expression was maximal, and concurrently increasing circulating trehalose at the same time point. When transgenic lines were challenged with Plasmodium falciparum, we observed a significant decrease in the prevalence and intensity of infection relative to wild type controls. Surprisingly, we did not observe a significant difference in the survival of adult mosquitoes fed either sugar only or both sugar and bloodmeals throughout adult life. This may be due to the limited period that the transgene was activated before homeostasis was restored. However, we did observe a significant decrease in egg production, suggesting that manipulation of AMPK activity in the mosquito midgut resulted in the re-allocation of resources away from egg production. In summary, this work identifies midgut AMPK activity as an important regulator of metabolism, reproduction, and innate immunity in An. stephensi, a highly invasive and important malaria vector species.

scholarly journals Implementation of a deep learning model for automated classification of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in real time

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Song-Quan Ong ◽  
Hamdan Ahmad ◽  
Gomesh Nair ◽  
Pradeep Isawasan ◽  
Abdul Hafiz Ab Majid
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Automated Classification ◽  
Expert Performance ◽  
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Set Up

AbstractClassification of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) by humans remains challenging. We proposed a highly accessible method to develop a deep learning (DL) model and implement the model for mosquito image classification by using hardware that could regulate the development process. In particular, we constructed a dataset with 4120 images of Aedes mosquitoes that were older than 12 days old and had common morphological features that disappeared, and we illustrated how to set up supervised deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) with hyperparameter adjustment. The model application was first conducted by deploying the model externally in real time on three different generations of mosquitoes, and the accuracy was compared with human expert performance. Our results showed that both the learning rate and epochs significantly affected the accuracy, and the best-performing hyperparameters achieved an accuracy of more than 98% at classifying mosquitoes, which showed no significant difference from human-level performance. We demonstrated the feasibility of the method to construct a model with the DCNN when deployed externally on mosquitoes in real time.

scholarly journals Proteomic Analysis Identifies Potential Markers for Chicken Primary Follicle Development

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1108
Author(s):  
Armughan Ahmed Wadood ◽  
Jingyuan Wang ◽  
Liping Pu ◽  
Qaisar Shahzad ◽  
Muhammad Waqas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Protein Localization ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Follicle Development ◽  
Phosphate Binding ◽  
Primary Follicle ◽  
Mannose Metabolism

Follicles’ development in chicken imparts a major impact on egg production. To enhance the egg-laying efficiency, comprehensive knowledge of different phases of follicular development is a prerequisite. Therefore, we used the tandem mass tag (TMT) based proteomic approach to find the genes involved in the primary follicular development of chicken. The primary follicles were divided into two groups—small primary follicles (81–150 μm) and developed primary follicles (300–500 μm). Differential expression analysis (fold change > 1.2, p-value < 0.05) revealed a total of 70 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), of which 38 were upregulated and 32 were downregulated. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis disclosed that DEPs were intricate with cellular protein localization, the establishment of protein localization, and nucleoside phosphate-binding activities. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment pathway indicated the involvement of DEPs in different metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, pyruvate metabolism, galactose metabolism, and fructose and mannose metabolism. The current proteomic analysis suggested suitable markers such as Anxa2, Pdia3, and Capzb, which may serve as a potential role for primary follicle development. The present study provides the first insight into the proteome dynamics of primary follicle development and would play a potential role for further studies in chicken to improve egg productivity.

scholarly journals Dual-Purpose Poultry in Organic Egg Production and Effects on Egg Quality Parameters

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 897
Author(s):  
Marianne Hammershøj ◽  
Gitte Hald Kristiansen ◽  
Sanna Steenfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Shell Quality ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Genotype A

Egg laying genotypes have been selected for generations due to their high yield and egg quality, resulting in efficient feed utilization and low body weight; hence, they are not suitable for meat production. This imposes an issue for the male layer chicks, which are killed at one day old. Because of ethical and food waste concerns, the search for suitable dual-purpose genotypes in order to avoid euthanasia of male day-old chicks has intensified. The aim of the present study is to evaluate potential dual-purpose genotypes for their egg quality compared to a representative egg laying genotype. Three dual-purpose genotypes with divergent characteristics were evaluated: genotype A represented an experimental crossbreed based on a broiler type male and an egg layer female, genotype B was a pure breed, and genotype C was a crossbreed of a layer type. These were compared to a control genotype D, which was an egg layer. Eggs were collected six times during the period of 21–54 weeks of hen age, i.e., a total of 1080 shell eggs were analyzed. Examined parameters were weights of egg, shell, yolk, and albumen, by calculating their relative proportions. Shell quality was assessed by shell strength, shell stiffness, and shell thickness. Yolk quality was determined as yolk color and inclusions of blood and meat spots, and albumen quality was evaluated in terms of pH and dry matter (DM) content. The egg layer genotype produced the smallest eggs with least blood and meat spot inclusions compared to that produced by the three dual-purpose genotypes. Shell quality was superior for the layer genotype. However, the experimental genotype A laid eggs of comparable shell quality, albumen DM, and yolk weight, but also with the darkest and most red-yellow colored yolk. The two other dual-purpose genotypes produced eggs of low-medium quality. In conclusion, the genotype A could serve as dual-purpose genotype from an egg quality perspective.

Observations on the mineral metabolism of pullets. II

1936 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Common
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Mineral Metabolism ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Phosphorus Metabolism ◽  
Phosphorus Excretion ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Digestible Protein

1. Where heavy phosphorus excretion accompanies egg laying in the pullet the excretion of ammonia nitrogen is simultaneously increased. It is probable that this indicates an excretion of excess phosphate in the urine as ammonium phosphate.2. It is shown that heavy phosphorus excretion does not accompany egg laying provided the calcium carbonate intake is sufficiently high.3. The origin of the excess of phosphorus excretion is discussed in relation to calcium-phosphorus metabolism.4. Pullets on a ration containing 5 per cent, calcium carbonate laid eggs containing a higher percentage of P2O5 than pullets receiving a similar ration but from which the calcium carbonate supplement was omitted.5. Some evidence is put forward in support of the view that current standards pitch the requirements of digestible protein for egg production at too high a level.

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