scholarly journals Sulfoxaflor and Natural Pyrethrin with Piperonyl Butoxide Are Effective Alternatives to Neonicotinoids against Juveniles of Philaenus spumarius, the European Vector of Xylella fastidiosa

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Dáder ◽  
Elisa Viñuela ◽  
Aránzazu Moreno ◽  
María Plaza ◽  
Elisa Garzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Similar Efficacy ◽  
Piperonyl Butoxide ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Philaenus Spumarius ◽  
Wide Range

The threat imposed by the bacterial pathogen Xylella fastidiosa to crops of utter importance to European agriculture such as olive, stone fruit and grapevine calls for immediate research against the meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (L.), the main European vector. Management tools should consider reducing juveniles of vector populations growing on weeds or cover crops during spring as nymphs have limited movement and do not contribute to disease spread. We examined a wide range of insecticides with different modes of action against P. spumarius nymphs in laboratory and semi-field glasshouse conditions. Pyrethroids (delthamethrin and λ-cyhalothrin) and natural pyrethrin (Pirecris®) + piperonyl butoxide (PBO) efficacy surpassed 86% after 24 h of exposure, without significant differences in the PBO amount tested. The inclusion of PBO caused a 3-fold increase in the mortality of P. spumarius nymphs compared to pyrethrin alone. Sulfoxaflor (Closer®) exhibited similar efficacy at 48 and 72 h but it was slow acting and mortality only reached 60% at 24 h. The LC90 was 34 ppm at 72 h. Pymetrozine, spirotetramat, azadirachtin and kaolin were not effective against nymphs (mortality <33%) although in azadirachtin-treated plants, mortality had a 3-fold increase from 24 to 72 h. Our results will help decision-making policy bodies to set up a sustainable integrated pest management of P. spumarius in areas where X. fastidiosa becomes a problem.

Key directions and methodological features of modern studies of land use changes

2019 ◽  
pp. 62-68
Author(s):  
Pavlo Kazmir ◽  
Lyubomyr Kazmir
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Shared Responsibility ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Land Change Science ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Land Relations ◽  
Future Policy ◽  
Planning Methodology

Interest in land-use changes (LUC) research has been growing rapidly in recent years. This topic has already become the subject of a separate scientific discipline – land use science (or land change science). In order to formulate relevant future policy and develop appropriate land-use management tools, it is crucial to know how the LUC шьзфсе the environment and society condition. For Ukraine, where the structure of land use and the system of land resources management have significantly changed during the years of post-socialist transformation of land relations, the study of the LUC on a modern methodological basis is especially actual. The paper, based on a critical analysis of publications in leading international journals over the last thirty years, identifies key directions of LUC studies and analyzes their methodological features. There is a significant increase of the number of works based on the results of meta-studies and the use of a wide range of methods for modeling the LUC processes, their causes and possible consequences. The great "synergistic potential" of integration of the selected directions is noted, which makes it possible to accelerate the development of the general theory of land use and increase its use efficiency in substantiation of management decisions in the sphere of land use and modernization of the mechanisms of state land, spatial and ecological policies with consideration of existing and potential globalizing challenges. In this context, the key role of the land use integrated planning methodology at regional and local levels is emphasized. This methodology would require close cooperation between government, business and the public in developing a common vision for the implementation of specific land use plans and projects based on the principles of subsidiarity, participativity and shared responsibility.

Constructing New Product Development for the DC Cooling Fan Industry: ISO/TS16949 Procedures

2013 ◽  
Vol 470 ◽  
pp. 392-395
Author(s):  
Tzu Chuan Chou ◽  
Sheng Hsiung Wu ◽  
Ming Hung Shu
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
New Product Development ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
New Product ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
Sales And Marketing ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cooling Fans ◽  
Customer Services

Applications of DC cooling fans in auto electronics cover a wide range of areas. Since they all need to meet the requirement of the clients in providing customized products, many product combinations have been developed. In the past, when DC cooling fans manufacturers have not implemented the requirements of TS16949 and the core tools, their developmental process could only meet the spirit of process-orientation suggested by ISO9001. There was an obvious deficiency in terms of the quality management tools during the development and manufacturing processes, as well as the development information that should be produced; therefore, they were unable to meet the requirements of TS16949. This study constructs a new product development (NPD) procedure through the application of the five core tools that meets the requirements of TS16949, and satisfies the characteristics of the DC cooling fans industry. With this process, the Taiwanese DC cooling fans industry can effectively control the entire production process, from sales and marketing, R&D, manufacturing, to customer services. Moreover, the manufacturers could not only elevate their ability to self-manage, but also meet the requirements and gain market shares in the international automobile supply chain.

scholarly journals Risk factors of adolescent health: mass poll results

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-99
Author(s):  
R. U. Khabriev ◽  
R. I. Yagudina ◽  
M. A. Rashid ◽  
E. E. Arinina
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Fresh Vegetables ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Public Health Epidemiology

Objective. To study the risk factors of noncommunicable disease spread in adolescents based on the mass pole results.Methods. The authors conducted four waves of study within the framework of the monitoring project “Risk factors for human health” in 2014–2017. The study included a multistage stratified territorial random sample of 1,691 patients over 11 years. The research population included 170 adolescents (11–19 years) (10%).Results. An adverse profile of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases was predetermined by: overweight in adolescents (10%), increased blood pressure (18%), unfavorable history of cardiovascular events in close relatives (60–70%), nutritional disorders (80–96%) , low level of physical activity (5%), smoking (20%), and alcohol consumption (26% of respondents). The body weight deficiency (35%) and overweight (10%), along with sufficient consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits in only 7% of cases reflects gross malnutrition of adolescents, which determines their future development. Awareness of adolescents of the main risk factors for noncommunicable diseases remains low (less than 30–40% for different factors). The example of close relatives, friends and stressful situations predetermine the emergence of bad habits (consumption of alcohol and tobacco) in adolescents.Scope of application. Pediatrics, public health, epidemiology.Conclusion. In order to correct adverse risk factors of noncommunicable diseases, it is necessary to attract a wide range of specialists, including intensive family and personal psychological consultations with adolescents. These measures will motivate adolescents to a healthy lifestyle and reduce the burden of noncommunicable diseases in the population of the Russian Federation.

scholarly journals Patterns of tillering and grain production of winter wheat at a wide range of plant densities.

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Darwinkel
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plant Densities

The effect of plant density on the growth and productivity of the various ear-bearing stems of winter wheat was studied in detail to obtain information on the pattern of grain production of crops grown under field conditions. Strong compensation effects were measured: a 160-fold increase in plant density (5-800 plants/m2) finally resulted in a 3-fold increase in grain yield (282 to 850 g DM/m2). Max. grain yield was achieved at 100 plants/m2, which corresponded to 430 ears/m2 and to about 19 000 grains/m2. At higher plant densities more ears and more grains were produced, but grain yield remained constant. Tillering/plant was largely favoured by low plant densities because these allowed tiller formation to continue for a longer period and a greater proportion of tillers produced ears. However, at higher plant densities more tillers/unit area were formed and, despite a higher mortality, more ears were produced. The productivity of individual ears, from main stems as well as from tillers, decreased with increasing plant density and with later emergence of shoots. In the range from 5 to 800 plants/m2 grain yield/ear decreased from 2.40 to 1.14 g DM. At 800 plants/m2 nearly all ears originated from main stems, but with decreasing plant density tillers contributed increasingly to the number of ears. At 5 plants/m2, there were 23 ears/plant and grain yield/ear ranged from 4.20 (main stem) to 1.86 g DM (late-formed stems). Grain number/ear was reduced at higher densities and on younger stems, because there were fewer fertile spikelets and fewer grains in these spikelets. At the low density of 5 plants/m2, plants developed solitarily and grain yield/ear was determined by the number of grains/ear as well as by grain wt. Above 400 ears/m2, in this experiment reached at 100 plants/m2 and more, grain yield/ear depended solely on grain number, because the wt. of grains of the various stems were similar. The harvest index showed a max. of about 44% at a moderate plant density; at this density nearly max. grain yield was achieved. At low plant densities the harvest index decreased from 45% in main stems to about 36% in late-formed stems. However, no differences in harvest index existed between the various ear-bearing stems if the number of ears exceeded 400/m2. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Scaling of cytoskeletal organization with cell size in Drosophila

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 1519-1529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison K. Spencer ◽  
Andrew J. Schaumberg ◽  
Jennifer A. Zallen
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Quantitative Imaging ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Cell Length ◽  
Drosophila Embryo ◽  
Microtubule Network ◽  
Wide Range

Spatially organized macromolecular complexes are essential for cell and tissue function, but the mechanisms that organize micron-scale structures within cells are not well understood. Microtubule-based structures such as mitotic spindles scale with cell size, but less is known about the scaling of actin structures within cells. Actin-rich denticle precursors cover the ventral surface of the Drosophila embryo and larva and provide templates for cuticular structures involved in larval locomotion. Using quantitative imaging and statistical modeling, we demonstrate that denticle number and spacing scale with cell length over a wide range of cell sizes in embryos and larvae. Denticle number and spacing are reduced under space-limited conditions, and both features robustly scale over a 10-fold increase in cell length during larval growth. We show that the relationship between cell length and denticle spacing can be recapitulated by specific mathematical equations in embryos and larvae and that accurate denticle spacing requires an intact microtubule network and the microtubule minus end–binding protein, Patronin. These results identify a novel mechanism of micro­tubule-dependent actin scaling that maintains precise patterns of actin organization during tissue growth.

scholarly journals Endopeptidase PepO Regulates the SpeB Cysteine Protease and Is Essential for the Virulence of Invasive M1T1Streptococcus pyogenes

2018 ◽  
Vol 200 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Brouwer ◽  
Amanda J. Cork ◽  
Cheryl-Lynn Y. Ong ◽  
Timothy C. Barnett ◽  
Nicholas P. West ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Cysteine Protease ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Targeted Mutagenesis ◽  
Human Neutrophils ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Human Infections

ABSTRACTStreptococcus pyogenes(group AStreptococcus[GAS]) causes a wide range of human infections. The pathogenesis of GAS infections is dependent on the temporal expression of numerous secreted and surface-associated virulence factors that interact with host proteins. Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B (SpeB) is one of the most extensively studied toxins produced by GAS, and the coordinate growth phase-dependent regulation ofspeBexpression is linked to disease severity phenotypes. Here, we identified the endopeptidase PepO as a novel growth phase-dependent regulator of SpeB in the invasive GAS M1 serotype strain 5448. By using transcriptomics followed by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR and Western blot analyses, we demonstrate through targeted mutagenesis that PepO influences growth phase-dependent induction ofspeBgene expression. Compared to wild-type and complemented mutant strains, we demonstrate that the 5448ΔpepOmutant strain is more susceptible to killing by human neutrophils and is attenuated in virulence in a murine model of invasive GAS infection. Our results expand the complex regulatory network that is operating in GAS to control SpeB production and suggest that PepO is a virulence requirement during GAS M1T1 strain 5448 infections.IMPORTANCEDespite the continuing susceptibility ofS. pyogenesto penicillin, this bacterial pathogen remains a leading infectious cause of global morbidity and mortality. A particular subclone of the M1 serotype (M1T1) has persisted globally for decades as the most frequently isolated serotype from patients with invasive and noninvasive diseases in Western countries. One of the key GAS pathogenicity factors is the potent broad-spectrum cysteine protease SpeB. Although there has been extensive research interest on the regulatory mechanisms that controlspeBgene expression, its genetic regulation is not fully understood. Here, we identify the endopeptidase PepO as a new regulator ofspeBgene expression in the globally disseminated M1T1 clone and as being essential for virulence.

WORM BIOMASS AND VERMICOMPOST PRODUCTION BY THE EPIGEIC EARTHWORM, PERIONYX EXCAVATUS BY USING DIFFERENT ORGANIC WASTES

2021 ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
Karuna S. Ganiger ◽  
Milind F. Nagannawar ◽  
Soumya R. Patil ◽  
Pulikeshi M. Biradar
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Organic Wastes ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Perionyx Excavatus ◽  
Earthworm Species ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Biomass Ratio ◽  
Polyalthia Longifolia ◽  
Ecological Disturbances

As the epigeic earthworms are known to be efcient and potential biodegrades and nutrient releasers, tolerant to wide range of ecological disturbances, aids in litter communication and efcient decomposers. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to nd out the inuence of various organic wastes (such as False Ashoka waste-FAW (Polyalthia longifolia), Parthenium wastePW (Parthenium hysterophorus), Cotton residue waste-CRW (Gossypium), Lawn grass waste-LGW (Agrostis) and Cattle manure-CM) on the production of worm biomass and vermicompost by the epigeic earthworm, Perionyx excavatus along with control compost experiments without worms (in triplicates) to know the potentiality of this worm species in processing of various organic wastes for the production of worm biomass as vermiprotein and vermicompost as biofertilizer. Both compost and vermicompost experimental pots were terminated after 35 and 70 days time intervals. Observations were made with respect to number of old and new adult worms, new sub-clitellates, juveniles, cocoons with their weight were noted to determine the total worm biomass (Gross biomass), biomass ratio (WBR) and Fold Increase in Worm Number (FIWN). Percent compost and vermicompost produced out of different organic waste were also calculated at the end of each experiment at35 and 70 days. The results of the present study revealed that the biomass of Perionyx excavatus such as Gross worm biomass (GWB), Worm biomass ratio (WBR) and Fold increase in worm number (FIWN) increased from 35days to 70 days time intervals in all the organic wastes (FAW, PW, CRW, LGW and CM). It was maximum in CM and minimum in FAW among all the organic wastes. There is a signicant variation was noticed in worm biomass production (GWB, WBR, and FIWN) among and between all the organic wastes except between few organic wastes at 35 and 70 days time intervals. The vermicompost production was more as compared to normal compost in all the organic wastes. Further, both compost and vermicompost production were more in CM followed by LGW, CRW, PW and minimum in FAW among all organic wastes. The signicant difference was also observed in the production of compost and vermicompost among and between different organic wastes except between few organic wastes at different time intervals. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the earthworm, Perionyx excavatus is an efcient epigeic earthworm species, effectively used in vermicomposting for the production of vermicompost and as well as in vermifarming in the production of worm biomass as vermiprotein. Further, earthworm biomass, compost and vermicompost production primarily depends on nature of organic wastes and secondly on the potentiality of earthworm species used in the experimental studies.

The influence of the seasons: how the agricultural calendar impacts farmer perceptions of cover crops

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Margaret Beetstra ◽  
Robyn Wilson ◽  
Eric Toman
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Conservation Practice ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Practice Adoption ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Conservation Practice Adoption

Abstract Across the Midwest, substantial funding and personnel time have been allocated to encourage farmers to adopt a wide range of conservation practices but adoption rates for many of these practices remain low. Prior research focuses largely on the influence of individual-level factors (e.g., beliefs, attitudes) on conservation practice adoption rather than on contextual factors (e.g., seasons) that might also play a role. In the present study, we considered seasonal variation and its potential influence on farmer cover crop decision-making. We first established how farmer temporal and financial resources fluctuate across the year and then compared the annual agricultural decision and cover crop decision calendars. We also considered farmer cover crop perceptions and likely behaviors. To study this, we surveyed the same Midwestern farmers in the spring, summer and winter within a 12-month period. Results indicated that farmers were generally the least busy and the most financially comfortable in the winter months. Moreover, farmers perceived the benefits of cover crops differently throughout the year. These results indicate that seasonality can be a confounding factor which should be considered when designing and conducting research and farmer engagement. As researchers, it is our responsibility to understand the specific calendar experienced by our sample and how that may influence responses so we can examine theory-supported factors of interest rather than seasonality as a driver of farmer responses. As practitioners, it is important to use research findings to engage with farmers about conservation in a way that prioritizes communicating about the most salient aspects of the practice at the time of year when farmers will be most receptive.

The effect of cover crops on soil structure is mainly driven by root architecture

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maik Lucas ◽  
Linh Nguyen ◽  
Andrey Guber ◽  
Alexandra Kravchenko
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Image Features ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pore Characteristics ◽  
Pore Connectivity ◽  
Imaging Protocol ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wide Range

&lt;p&gt;Cover crops are known to increase macroporosity and pore connectivity, thus having a beneficial effect on soil hydraulic properties such as saturated hydraulic conductivity, However, cover crop species typically used encompass a variety of contrasting root architectures and their effects on small-scale pore properties are difficult to quantify.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Here we explore the influence of five different cover crops (annual ryegrass, Austrian winter pea, dwarf essex rapeseed, oats, and oilseed radish) on soil structure with X-ray &amp;#181;CT. Undisturbed samples were taken from an experiment with these cover crops on Kellogg Biological Station (Michigan, USA) in October 2019. Two soil columns with a diameter of 5 cm were taken in 5 - 10 cm depth from each of three replicated plots per plant species and scanned with X-ray &amp;#181;CT at a resolution of 18 &amp;#181;m.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;These images will be used to characterize pore structure in terms of pore size distribution, pore connectivity. In addition, a new imaging protocol will be used, which combines existing ones with a random forest classifier to segment image features such as pores, biopores and roots simultaneously.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;First, the results reveal that different cover crops indeed result in different pore characteristics. &amp;#160;The fibrous root system of oats leads to the highest volume of narrow macropores and increased their connectivity, while the tap root system of dwarf essex rapeseed mainly effected wide macropores. &amp;#160;The highly diverse root system of Australian winter pea increased a wide range of pore sizes and thus resulted in the highest visible porosity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The current study is funded by a grant from USDA Organic Transition program&lt;/p&gt;

JuTrack: A Digital Biomarker Platform for Remote Monitoring in Neuropsychiatric and Psychiatric Diseases (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehran Sahandi Far ◽  
Michael Stolz ◽  
Jona Marcus Fischer ◽  
Simon B Eickhoff ◽  
Juergen Dukart
Keyword(s):  
Data Management ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Remote Monitoring ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Smartphone Application ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Motion Sensors ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
General Data Protection Regulation ◽  
Wide Range

BACKGROUND Health-related data being collected by smartphones offer a promising complementary approach to in-clinic assessments. OBJECTIVE Here we introduce the JuTrack platform as a secure, reliable and extendable open-source solution for remote monitoring in daily-life and digital phenotyping. METHODS JuTrack consists of an Android-based smartphone application and a web-based project management dashboard. A wide range of anonymized measurements from motion-sensors, social and physical activities and geolocation information can be collected in either active or passive modes. The dashboard also provides management tools to monitor and manage data collection across studies. To facilitate scaling, reproducibility, data management and sharing we integrated DataLad as a data management infrastructure. JuTrack was developed to comply with security, privacy and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) requirements. RESULTS JuTrack is an open-source (released under open-source Apache 2.0 licenses) platform for remote assessment of digital biomarkers (DB) in neurological, psychiatric and other indications. The main components of the JuTrack platform and examples of data being collected using JuTrack are presented here. CONCLUSIONS Smartphone-based Digital Biomarker data may provide valuable insight into daily life behaviour in health and disease. JuTrack provides an easy and reliable open-source solution for collection of such data.

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