scholarly journals Local and Landscape Effects to Biological Controls in Urban Agriculture—A Review

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua E. Arnold ◽  
Monika Egerer ◽  
Kent M. Daane
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Urban Agriculture ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Beneficial Arthropods ◽  
Pest Outbreaks

Urban agriculture is widely practiced throughout the world. Urban agriculture practitioners have diverse motivations and circumstances, but one problem is ubiquitous across all regions: insect pests. Many urban farmers and gardeners either choose to, or are required to forego, the use of chemical controls for pest outbreaks because of costs, overspray in populated areas, public health, and environmental concerns. An alternative form of pest control is conservation biological control (CBC)—a form of ecological pest management—that can reduce the severity of pest outbreaks and crop damage. Urban farmers relying on CBC often assume that diversification practices similar to those used in rural farms may reduce insect pest populations and increase populations of beneficial insects, yet these management practices may be inappropriate for applications in fragmented urban environments. In this review, we assess urban CBC research and provide a synthesis for urban agriculture practitioners. Our findings indicate that local and landscape factors differentially affect insect pests and beneficial arthropods across the reviewed studies, and we identify several on-farm practices that can be implemented to increase biological control in urban agriculture.

scholarly journals Myco-Biocontrol of Insect Pests: Factors Involved, Mechanism, and Regulation

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sardul Singh Sandhu ◽  
Anil K. Sharma ◽  
Vikas Beniwal ◽  
Gunjan Goel ◽  
Priya Batra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Insect Pest Control ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Chemical Inputs ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

The growing demand for reducing chemical inputs in agriculture and increased resistance to insecticides have provided great impetus to the development of alternative forms of insect-pest control. Myco-biocontrol offers an attractive alternative to the use of chemical pesticides. Myco-biocontrol agents are naturally occurring organisms which are perceived as less damaging to the environment. Their mode of action appears little complex which makes it highly unlikely that resistance could be developed to a biopesticide. Past research has shown some promise of the use of fungi as a selective pesticide. The current paper updates us about the recent progress in the field of myco-biocontrol of insect pests and their possible mechanism of action to further enhance our understanding about the biological control of insect pests.

Integrated pest management of disease and arthropod pests of greenhouse vegetable crops in Ontario: Current status and future possibilities

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 887-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Shipp ◽  
G. J. Boland ◽  
L. A. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Pest Outbreaks ◽  
Greenhouse Vegetable ◽  
Arthropod Pests

Disease and arthropod pests are a continual problem for greenhouse vegetable production. These problems range from minor infestations to major disease or arthropod pest outbreaks that can destroy an entire crop. In Ontario, in the past, the major management strategy was pesticide control. However, many plant pathogen, insect and mite pests are resistant to registered pesticides and few new pesticides are being developed. Alternative control strategies exist or are being developed for most major pests. This review describes the current status of pesticide, cultural and biological control of disease and arthropod pests of greenhouse vegetables in Ontario and discusses the future possibilities for the integration of pest management practices utilizing plant resistance, nutrition, environment and biological control agents into an expert system approach. Key words: Vegetable (greenhouse) crops, integrated pest management

scholarly journals Rural Farmers’ Perceptions, Knowledge and Management of Insect Pests of Fruit Vegetables in Ogbomoso Agricultural Zone of Nigeria

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 18-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oladele Abiodun Olaniran ◽  
Samuel Adelani Babarinde ◽  
Adeola Foluke Odewole ◽  
Peter Ademola Aremu ◽  
Kehinde Popoola
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Rural Farmers ◽  
Planting Season ◽  
Age Category ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Surveys were carried out in five local government areas of Ogbomoso Agricultural Zone Nigeria during planting season in 2010 to investigate rural farmers perceptions and management practices of insect pests of fruit vegetables. The survey involved 150 randomly selected farmers who were interviewed using structured questionnaire. Fruit vegetables planted by the farmers were okra, tomatoes, pepper and garden egg. Reasons given by farmers for cultivating fruit vegetables were significantly favored by age category, educational qualification, and secondary occupation of farmers (x2 = 4.757, P = 0.029). Field insect pests were perceived as the major production constraint to fruit vegetables in this zone. Majority of the farmer estimated 78.4 % rated insect pest as the most serious pest infesting fruit vegetables, the insect pests were grasshopper (Orthoptera), beetles (Coleoptera) and caterpillar (Lepidoptera). Integrated pest management module consisted basically of chemical and cultural control strategies, with weeding, shifting cultivation and crop rotation as main cultural control methods. More than 76.7 % of the farmers make use of cultural control because of unavailability and cost of chemical insecticides. Only 23.3 % had access to chemical insecticides in controlling insect pest of fruit vegetables.

scholarly journals Farmers Status, Knowledge & Management Practices on Major Chickpea Insect Pests in Some Selected Zones of Ethiopia

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarekegn Fite ◽  
Tadele Tefera ◽  
Mulugeta Negeri ◽  
Mulugeta Negeri ◽  
Hirpa Legesse
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Callosobruchus Chinensis ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Production Constraints ◽  
Development Agents

Survey were undertaken in five zones of Oromiya and Amhara regional states, Ethiopia from February to March 2018 to investigate farmers’ status, knowledge, major chickpea production constraints and insect pest management practices of chickpea. The survey involved 293 randomly taken farmers, who are interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Chickpea insect pests were considered as the main, among production constraints of chickpea by most of the interviewed farmers in Ethiopia. The majority of the farmers’ responded that Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is the most prevalent insect pests of chickpea under field condition and Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in storage. Development Agents (DAs) were the top pest advisory service providers in the current study. A conventional insecticide (namely; Lambda-cyhalotrin and Dimethoate) for the control of H. armigera was the most commonly used pest management methods. Moreover, Two times insecticide applications per cropping season were the most frequent, deployed by most of the interviewed farmers followed by cultural pest management practices. Use of biological control and resistant chickpea varieties against major insect pests were low to negligible in the current survey study in the area. The majority of the farmers began control decision when H. armigera larval stages were smaller and they did not consider larval number per chickpea plant for the decision. These results will be used to formulate future effective and sustainable integrated pest management (IPM) in chickpea for Ethiopian farmers emphasizing ecologically and economically-based approaches.

scholarly journals Seasonal diversity of entomofauna, their impact and management practices in tomato fields in Meru district, Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (04) ◽  
pp. 17952-17971
Author(s):  
Gabriel Michael ◽  
◽  
AMS Nyomora ◽  
EF Mvungi ◽  
EM Sangu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Tomato Leaf ◽  
Tuta Absoluta ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Leaf Miners ◽  
Frequent Application

Tomato is a highly cultivated vegetable in Tanzania. The intensive tomato cultivation and production in Tanzania has resulted in high pests and diseases build-up. A survey to identify and quantify entomofauna diversity in different seasons and pest management practices in Meru District was conducted. In addition, a laboratory experiment was done to assess the effectiveness of commonly used pesticides SnowBecco (Thiamethoxam)and Belt (Flubendiamide) against two dominating insect pests, white flies (Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889)) and leaf miner (Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917)), respectively. The results obtained revealed that, tomato fields in Meru District had significantly higher entomofauna build up during dry season than the rainy season (U0.05 (df, 24)= 45, p = 0.0441). More than 70% of all collected entomofauna were dominated by the whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) and tomato leaf miners (Tuta absoluta) belonging to orders Hemiptera and Lepidoptera, respectively. It was also observed that, the common pesticides management practices were the use of pesticidal cocktail, broad spectrum insecticides, use of botanical pesticides, frequent application of pesticide and insecticides over dosage. Moreover, yield reduction due to whiteflies and tomato leaf miners infestation were observed in terms of reduced fruits number per plant (38 and 18.4%), fruit size (22.4 and 14.2%), and fruits weight per plant by 43.6 and 26.2%, for Bemisia tabaci and Tuta absoluta, respectively. The study showed that the recommended doses in both tested insecticides caused significant pest mortality (F0.05 (df, 19) = 4.367, p = 0.0199) and (F0.05(df, 19) = 4.761, p = 0.0147) for B. tabaci and T. absoluta, respectively, within a specified period of time. The results suggest that high insect pest infestations could be caused by factors other than development of insecticidal tolerance including inappropriate identification of insect pests due to lack of training, and inappropriate selection and application of insecticides. Consequently, frequent application of broad spectra insecticides not only increases production expenses but also disrupts agroecosystem by killing beneficial entomofauna and disrupting soil organisms that are susceptible to insecticide toxicity.

Diversity and abundance of insect pest of low land rice field in Lamahi, Dang district of Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 238-243
Author(s):  
Anjali Gyawali ◽  
Bandana Regmi ◽  
Rameshwor Pudasaini ◽  
Namuna Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Rice Field ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Insect Order ◽  
Normal Area ◽  
Brown Plant Hopper ◽  
Sweep Net

A study on diversity and abundance of insects in rice field was conducted at farmer field of Lamahi, Dang during July to October in 2019. Insects were collected using sweep net and light trap. Overall, 414 insect specimen representing 11 families and 8 orders were collected during the period. Grasshopper (23.98%) with including all species was the most abundance insect found in rice field as it followed by brown plant hopper (16.62%). Among the eight insect orders captured Orthoptera (29.16%) was the most abundance insect order followed by Homoptera (16.62%). As the diversity of insect pest in this area may responsible economic losses was found which will be useful to adapt appropriate management practices to keep them at normal area. The presence of natural enemies should conserve to enhance the natural biological control of insect pests.

Mini review of parasitoids of insect pest in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 043-052
Author(s):  
Carlos Henrique Marchiori
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Fiber Production ◽  
Bibliographic Search ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Economic Income

In the process of manipulating agroecosystems, man adopts strategies that often conflict with those of the nature by imposing its interests and objectives to increase the food and fiber production. As a result, populations of certain species of herbivores, such as insects and mites phytophagous, become numerically so high that they damage the crops to the point of reducing their productivity and, consequently, their economic income. The aim of the mini review is to provide a bibliographic summary of parasitoids of the Order Hymenoptera collected from insect pests in Brazil. The research was carried out in studies related to the theme with emphasis on the quantitative aspects of the genera, and species (Taxonomic groups). A bibliographic search was carried out that contained papers published from 1998 to June 2021. The mini review was prepared in Goiânia, Goiás from March to June 2021 using the Electronic Scientific Library Online (Scielo) and internet. Thus, biological control aims to reduce the population level of a species classified as a pest, keeping it below the level in which it is capable of causing economic harm.

scholarly journals Biology and Use of Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Insect Pests Biocontrol, A Generic View

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 85-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Standard Equipment ◽  
Environmentally Safe

AbstractThe development of resistance to synthetic insecticides is one of the driving forces for changes in insect pest management. Governments regulatory bodies are in favour of environmentally safe chemicals with low toxicity, short-term persistence, and limited effects on non-target organisms as predominantly requirements for pesticides registration. Biological control can be considered as a powerful tool and one of the most important alternative control measure providing environmentally safe and sustainable plant protection. The success of biological control will depend on understanding the adaptation and establishment of applied biological control agents in agricultural ecosystems. Microbial pathogens and arthropod biocontrol agents, entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) have been successfully used in agricultural systems. They are highly virulent, killing their hosts quickly and can be cultured easilyin vivoorin vitro.They are safe for non-target vertebrates and for the environment, and production costs have been significantly reduced in recent times as they are mass produced in liquid media. Moreover, no difficulties to apply EPNs as they are easily sprayed using standard equipment and can be combined with almost all chemical control compounds. EPNs are widely used to control economically important insect pests in different farming systems: from fruit orchards, cranberry bogs and turf grass to nurseries and greenhouses. The use of EPNs for biocontrol began only in early 1980s and involved a step-by-step scientific and technical development. Mass production of the nematodes played a key role in the commercially development of insect pests control with nematodes.

scholarly journals Biología de Memphis sp. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): plaga potencial de la palma de aceite en la zona pacífica colombiana

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
William Tolosa ◽  
Eduardo Amador Peña
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Research Station ◽  
La Palma ◽  
Potential Pest ◽  
Negative Impacts

<p>En Colombia se han detectado diversas especies de insectos plaga que afectan la palma de aceite en las cuatro zonas geográficas en las cuales se encuentra establecido este cultivo permanente. Algunas prácticas de control no han sido las más adecuadas, lo que ha originado desequilibrios en los agroecosistemas que inciden sobre la entomofauna naturalmente asociada al cultivo, ocasionando el incremento de las poblaciones de insectos plaga ya conocidos y el surgimiento de especies desconocidas que, por sus hábitos alimenticios y reproductivos, deben considerarse como plagas potenciales. La aparición de <em>Memphis </em>sp<em>. </em>(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) en la zona productora de Tumaco (Nariño) puede representar uno de esos casos, pues muestreos foliares efectuados durante 2005 en lotes de palma de aceite de seis años de edad plantados en la Estación Experimental El Mira de Corpoica, registraron poblaciones de hasta 4 larvas/hoja que superan la baja infestación previamente reportada de 1 larva/hoja. Este trabajo se realizó para establecer la biología y hábitos de <em>Memphis </em>sp<em>. </em>en la zona de Tumaco (Nariño) y aportar al conocimiento del ciclo de vida de este insecto.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Biology of Memphis sp. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): a potential pest of oil palm in the western Colombian coast</strong></p><p>In Colombia several species of insect pest affect oil palm in each of the four geographical zones where it is planted. Some management practices have not been adequately performed and agroecosystem imbalances have resulted, with negative impacts on the natural entomofauna associated to this crop, causing increases of insect pests already present and given rise to potential new pests mainly because of their feeding and reproductive habits. The report of Memphis sp. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in Tumaco (Nariño) could be such a case. Foliar surveys done on 2005 in six year old palms at the El Mira Research Station of Corpoica, reported populations of 4 larvae/leaf, an increase from the low lever infestation of 1 larvae/leaf previously reported. This study reports on the insect life cycle and the biology and habits of Memphis sp.</p>

Nematodes and the Biological Control of Insect Pests

1993 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Public Concern ◽  
Alternative Control ◽  
Insect Pest Control ◽  
Biological Control Of Insects ◽  
Increasing Demand

Environmental and public health problems arising from the use of chemical insecticides have led to an increasing demand for alternatives for insect pest control. Together with this, widespread public concern resulting in governmental bans on many of the most effective insecticides and development of insecticide resistance has severely reduced the range of useful insecticides available. Alternative control measures such as the biological control of pest insects with parasitoids and predators and microbial biocides have been in field use for several decades. Although these alternatives are being continually improved, most insect pests are nonetheless still controlled with chemical insecticides. This book presents the latest work on the biological control of insects using nematodes; it covers a range of topics that will help provide a better understanding of the potential problems involved in developing these nematodes as biological control agents. Nematodes infect hundreds of different species from most orders of insects and affect their insect hosts in a variety of ways.

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