scholarly journals Different Oviposition Strategies of Closely Related Damselfly Species as an Effective Defense against Parasitoids

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filip Harabiš ◽  
Tereza Rusková ◽  
Aleš Dolný
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Egg Mortality ◽  
Insect Egg ◽  
The Family ◽  
Oviposition Substrate ◽  
Oviposition Strategies

Parasitoidism is one of the main causes of insect egg mortality. Parasitoids are often able to detect eggs using semiochemicals released from eggs and disturbed plants. In response, female insects adopt a wide variety of oviposition strategies to reduce the detectability of eggs and subsequent mortality. We evaluated the proportion of parasitized and undeveloped eggs of three common damselfly species from the family Lestidae, the most diverse group of European damselflies, in terms of oviposition strategies, notably clutch patterning and the ability to utilize oviposition substrates with different mechanical properties. We assumed that higher costs associated with some oviposition strategies will be balanced by lower egg mortality. We found that the ability of Chalcolestes viridis to oviposit into very stiff substrates brings benefit in the form of a significantly lower rate of parasitoidism and lower proportion of undeveloped eggs. The fundamentally different phenology of Sympecma fusca and/or their ability to utilize dead plants as oviposition substrate resulted in eggs that were completely free of parasitoids. Our results indicated that ovipositing into substrates that are unsuitable for most damselfly species significantly reduces egg mortality. Notably, none of these oviposition strategies would work unless combined with other adaptations, such as prolonging the duration of the prolarval life stage or the ability to oviposit into stiff tissue.

On the authorship and publication dates of Theraphosa and Theraphosidae (Araneae, Mygalomorphae): a clarification

Bionomina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
RAINER BREITLING
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
The Family ◽  
Minority View ◽  
Case Based ◽  
Selection Of

The genus Theraphosa was established by Thorell (1870) as the type genus of the simultaneously published family Theraphosidae, the most diverse group of mygalomorph spiders. This authorship and publication date have long been accepted by the majority of authors. However, there has been a long-standing minority view that the genus name should be attributed to Walckenaer (1805), and the publication date of the family name changed to 1869.             A thought-provoking recent publication has examined this case. Based on a limited selection of the relevant literature, the authors struggled to make sense of their sources and prematurely concluded that the minority opinion might indeed be correct. They overlooked the potentially destabilising implications of this reattribution.             This paper revisits the evidence in the light of a much wider range of relevant publications, places it in its important historical context and, on the basis of the current rules of nomenclature, concludes that the traditional consensus has indeed been correct.                 Thus, Theraphosa Thorell, 1870 is the type genus of Theraphosidae Thorell, 1870 and a nomen protectum, while Theraphosa Schinz, 1823 is a nomen oblitum, mostly limited to the German textbook literature of the early 19th century. Teraphosa Eichwald, 1830 and Teraphosa Gistel, 1848 are junior synonyms of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818 (syn. nov.). Theraphosa Walckenaer, 1805 is a suprageneric name of the class-series (synonymous to Mygalomorphae) and not available at the genus level.

scholarly journals Morphological diversity in tenrecs (Afrosoricida, Tenrecidae): comparing tenrec skull diversity to their closest relatives

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sive Finlay ◽  
Natalie Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Lateral View ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Skull Shape ◽  
Morphometric Analyses ◽  
The Family

Morphological diversity is often studied qualitatively. However, to truly understand the evolution of exceptional diversity, it is important to take a quantitative approach instead of relying on subjective, qualitative assessments. Here, we present a quantitative analysis of morphological diversity in a Family of small mammals, the tenrecs (Afrosoricida, Tenrecidae). Tenrecs are often cited as an example of an exceptionally morphologically diverse group. However, this assumption has not been tested quantitatively. We use geometric morphometric analyses of skull shape to test whether tenrecs are more morphologically diverse than their closest relatives, the golden moles (Afrosoricida, Chrysochloridae). Tenrecs occupy a wider range of ecological niches than golden moles so we predict that they will be more morphologically diverse. Contrary to our expectations, We find that tenrec skulls are only more morphologically diverse than golden moles when measured in lateral view. Furthermore, similarities among the species-rich Microgale tenrec Genus appear to mask higher morphological diversity in the rest of the Family. These results reveal new insights into the morphological diversity of tenrecs and highlight the importance of using quantitative methods to test qualitative assumptions about patterns of morphological diversity.

Revision of the Fedrizziidae (Acari: Mesostigmata: Fedrizzioidea)

Zootaxa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1480 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
OWEN D. SEEMAN
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Family ◽  
First Time

The Fedrizziidae are the most diverse group of mites associated with passalid beetles in Australia. Herein, I re-diagnose the family, genera and species, and describe ten new species from Australia, Indonesia and Thailand: Fedrizzia abradoalves sp. nov., F. gilloglyi sp. nov., F. parvipilus sp. nov., Neofedrizzia bunyas sp. nov., N. gordoni sp. nov., N. helenae sp. nov., N. imparmentum sp. nov., N. janae sp. nov., N. lepas sp. nov. and N. sulawesi sp. nov. Fedrizzia strandi (Oudemans), Neofedrizzia leonilae Rosario & Hunter, Neofedrizzia tani Pope & Chernoff and Neofedrizzia vitzthumi (Oudemans) are re-described. Neofedrizzia bicornis Karg is a junior synonym of Neofedrizzia scutata Womersley, which is also transferred to Fedrizzia. Fedrizzia unospina Karg is a junior synonym of Fedrizzia carabi Womersley. Fedrizzia gloriosa Berlese is transferred to Neofedrizzia. The specimens described by Womersley as Fedrizzia sp. cf. grossipes represent specimens of Fedrizzia sellnicki Womersley. Parafedrizzia buloloensis Womersley is recorded from Australia for the first time. A key to adult male and female Fedrizziidae and a summary of host records is provided.

scholarly journals The Use of POSS-Based Nanoadditives for Cable-Grade PVC: Effects on its Thermal Stability

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Palin ◽  
Rombolà ◽  
Milanesio ◽  
Boccaleri
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽  
Thermal Degradation ◽  
Additive Effects ◽  
Poly Vinyl Chloride ◽  
The Family ◽  
Mechanical Performances ◽  
Oligomeric Silsesquioxane ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

Plasticized–Poly(vinyl chloride) (P-PVC) for cables and insulation requires performances related to outdoor, indoor and submarine contexts and reduction of noxious release of HCl-containing fumes in case of thermal degradation or fire. Introducing suitable nanomaterials in polymer-based nanocomposites can be an answer to this clue. In this work, an industry-compliant cable-grade P-PVC formulation was added with nanostructured materials belonging to the family of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS). The effects of the nanomaterials, alone and in synergy with HCl scavenging agents as zeolites and hydrotalcites, on the thermal stability and HCl evolution of P-PVC were deeply investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and reference ASTM methods. Moreover, hardness and mechanical properties were studied in order to highlight the effects of these additives in the perspective of final industrial uses. The data demonstrated relevant improvements in the thermal stability of the samples added with nanomaterials, already with concentrations of POSS down to 0.31 phr and interesting additive effects of POSS with zeolites and hydrotalcites for HCl release reduction without losing mechanical performances.

scholarly journals Molecular Phylogeny of the Salmonellae: Relationships among Salmonella Species and Subspecies Determined from Four Housekeeping Genes and Evidence of Lateral Gene Transfer Events

2008 ◽  
Vol 190 (21) ◽  
pp. 7060-7067 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. McQuiston ◽  
S. Herrera-Leon ◽  
B. C. Wertheim ◽  
J. Doyle ◽  
P. I. Fields ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Lateral Gene Transfer ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Housekeeping Genes ◽  
Housekeeping Gene ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence Data ◽  
The Family ◽  
Common Serotypes

ABSTRACT The salmonellae are a diverse group of bacteria within the family Enterobacteriaceae that includes two species, Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori. In order to characterize the phylogenetic relationships of the species and subspecies of Salmonella, we analyzed four housekeeping genes, gapA, phoP, mdh and recA, comprising 3,459 bp of nucleotide sequence data for each isolate sequenced. Sixty-one isolates representing the most common serotypes of the seven subspecies of Salmonella enterica and six isolates of Salmonella bongori were included in this study. We present a robust phylogeny of the Salmonella species and subspecies that clearly defines the lineages comprising diphasic and monophasic subspecies. Evidence of intersubspecies lateral gene transfer of the housekeeping gene recA, which has not previously been reported, was obtained.

scholarly journals Příspěvek k poznání vodních měkkýšů Jihlavy [A contribution to the knowledge of aquatic molluscs of the Jihlava River]

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
Luboš Beran
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Lower Section ◽  
The Family

This paper presents results of a malacological survey of the middle and upper section of the Jihlava River, a tributary of the Dyje River (Czech Republic). Twenty-three species of aquatic molluscs (13 gastropods, 10 bivalves) were found at 35 sites during research realised mostly in 2017 and 2020. In comparison with the lower section of the Jihlava River, a significantly lower proportion of bivalves of the family Unionidae was found in the middle and upper sections.

scholarly journals Palmoxylon wood of Dracaena from Neyveli lignite formation, Tamil Nadu, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
M. Elayaraja ◽  
D. Kumarasamy ◽  
M. Santhoshkumar
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forest ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Extant Genus ◽  
The Family ◽  
Scrub Forest

The palms are a very diverse group, which mostly distributed in tropical forest, they are large ecological amplitude that extends from temperate environments to deserts and from sea level to high altitudes. The anatomy of the fossil axis shows the anomalous types of secondary growth and critical observations suggest that it belongs to the tribe Dracaeneae of the family Dracaena as well as to some extent Cordyline. The characterized by fossil palm wood is highly indicated the much high rainfall and a moist climates in contrast to the desert and scrub forest. The detailed anatomical study revealed with affinities of the extant genus of Cordyline taxa comes under the family Arecaceae. Its geographical range is also distinct, limited by tropical climatic conditions.

scholarly journals Staphylinids (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) of Ukrainian metropolises

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
A. V. Puchkov ◽  
V. V. Brygadyrenko ◽  
L. I. Faly ◽  
N. A. Komaromi
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Insect Communities ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
The Family ◽  
Carnivorous Species ◽  
Original Species

During hundreds of years, in large cities man has been forming a specific urban environment with original species composition of insect communities, including the most diverse group of predatory beetles – Staphylinidae family. Kyiv, Kharkiv, Dnipro are the three most populated cities of Ukraine. In the urban cenoses of these cities, over 140 species from 66 genera of Staphylinidae have been recorded. The total of 69 species (43 genera) were recorded in Kyiv, 67 (39 genera) in Dnipro and 66 (37 genera) in Kharkiv. Among them, , eight species in the catalogue of Palearctic staphylinds had not been previously recorded for Ukraine: Arpedium quadrum Grav., Atheta laticeps Thomson, Medon apicalis Kraatz, Ocalea rivularis Müll., Philonthus salinus Kiesenwetter, Quedius invreae Gridelli, Tasgius pedator Grav. and Xantholinus gallicus Coiffait. By number, common species accounted for 29 in Dnipro, 21 in Kyiv and 19 in Kharkiv. In all the metropolises, two species (Staphylinus caesareus Cederhjelm and Drusilla canaliculata (F.)) were identified as eudominants. Dominants and subdominants comprised 18–25 species. Almost two thirds of the fauna of staphylinids of the cities was classified as rare species. The lowest faunistic similarity was seen between the staphylinids of the urban cenoses of Dnipro and those in Kyiv and Kharkiv (15.3% and 17.5%), similarity was higher for Staphylinidae of Kyiv and Kharkiv (36.0%). Similarity by common species of staphylinids for Kyiv and Kharkiv equaled 73.9%, 28.2% for Dnipro and Kyiv and 37.1% for Dnipro and Kharkiv. The article offers a review of species diversity, number and ecological structure (biotopic confinedness, hygrothermal preference) of typical species of staphylinids in different urban cenoses of Kharkiv. Differences in qualitative-quantitative and ecological structures of staphylinids are related to the diversity of the conditions in a particular urban cenoses. The commonest representatives of the family in the metropolises were polytopic mesophilous carnivorous species.

scholarly journals Motor memories of object dynamics are categorically organized

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan Cesanek ◽  
Zhaoran Zhang ◽  
James N Ingram ◽  
Daniel M Wolpert ◽  
J Randall Flanagan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Applied Force ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The Family ◽  
Object Dynamics

The ability to predict the dynamics of objects, linking applied force to motion, underlies our capacity to perform many of the tasks we carry out on a daily basis. Thus, a fundamental question is how the dynamics of the myriad objects we interact with are organized in memory. Using a custom-built three-dimensional robotic interface that allowed us to simulate objects of varying appearance and weight, we examined how participants learned the weights of sets of objects that they repeatedly lifted. We find strong support for the novel hypothesis that motor memories of object dynamics are organized categorically, in terms of families, based on covariation in their visual and mechanical properties. A striking prediction of this hypothesis, supported by our findings and not predicted by standard associative map models, is that outlier objects with weights that deviate from the family-predicted weight will never be learned despite causing repeated lifting errors.

Probing the chirality-dependent elastic properties and crack propagation behavior of single and bilayer stanene

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (35) ◽  
pp. 22768-22782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avik Mahata ◽  
Tanmoy Mukhopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Crack Propagation ◽  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Propagation Behavior ◽  
The Family ◽  
Crack Propagation Behavior

Mechanical properties of stanene, a promising quasi-two-dimensional honeycomb-like nanostructure of tin belonging to the family of 2D-Xenes (X = Si, Ge, Sn), have been investigated in this paper.

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