scholarly journals Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Retaining Walls Designed According to European Provisions

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Foteini Konstandakopoulou ◽  
Maria Tsimirika ◽  
Nikos Pnevmatikos ◽  
George D. Hatzigeorgiou
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Retaining Walls ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Code Design ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Optimized Design ◽  
European Code

Reinforced concrete retaining walls are concrete structures that are built to retain natural soil or fill earth. This study examines the lower cost-optimized design of retaining walls. Recently, a large number of modern optimization techniques were published, but a small number of them were proposed for reinforced concrete retaining walls. The proposed method develops a heuristic optimization approach to achieve the optimal design of these structures. This method simultaneously satisfies all structural, geotechnical, and European Code design restraints while decreasing the total cost of these structures. In order to confirm the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method, characteristic retaining wall examples are demonstrated. Furthermore, the parametric investigation is examined to study the result of pertinent parameters on the minimum-cost static and seismic design of retaining structures.

scholarly journals The Usage of the Harmony Search Algorithm for the Optimal Design Problem of Reinforced Concrete Retaining Walls

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1343
Author(s):  
Zülal Akbay Arama ◽  
Aylin Ece Kayabekir ◽  
Gebrail Bekdaş ◽  
Sanghun Kim ◽  
Zong Woo Geem
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Harmony Search ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Retaining Walls ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Foundation Soil

In this paper, the Harmony Search (HS) algorithm is utilized to perform single and multivariate parametric studies to acquire the optimization of both size and cost of reinforced concrete (RC) retaining walls embedded in pure frictional soils. The geotechnical properties of the backfill and foundation soil such as shear strength angle, unit weight, and the ultimate bearing pressure of the soil have been used to create different cases for evaluating the effects of site properties on the size and cost of the wall. The change of depth of excavation and surcharge loading condition is fictionalized for generating different environmental conditions for all envisaged soil profiles to predict possible rates of influences. The unit cost of the concrete has also been evaluated as a variant to show the economic constraints on the selection of structural materials. The results of the analyses represent the integrated influences of different significant parameters on the achievement of minimum cost-dimension optimization. Besides, a well-known commercial geotechnical engineering software is used to compare the appropriateness of the suggested designs in terms of both the attainment of geotechnical stability and the structural requirements. Consequently, this study can guide both researchers and designers to select the proper and optimal sections of RC-retaining wall systems with simultaneous analyses of parameters that are influenced by the design process. Furthermore, the optimization results indicate that a significant cost reduction may be achieved when compared with the traditional pre-design method.

Optimum Design of Reinforced Concrete Retaining Walls

2018 ◽  
pp. 360-378
Author(s):  
Rasim Temür ◽  
Gebrail Bekdaş
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Optimum Design ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Harmony Search ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Retaining Walls ◽  
Slab Thickness ◽  
Construction Costs ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Cantilever Retaining Walls

Methodologies based on metaheuristic algorithms such as particle swarm optimization, harmony search algorithm, and teaching-learning-based optimization are proposed for optimum design of reinforced concrete cantilever retaining walls. The objective function of optimization is to find a design providing minimum cost, including material and construction costs. For this purpose, the best combination of 11 design variables (heel and toe projections, stem thickness at the top and bottom of a wall, slab thickness and rebar diameters, and spacing between the bars) that satisfy 29 design constraints including stability (overturning, sliding, and bearing) and reinforced concrete design of the wall are searched during the optimization process. The rules of ACI 318 14 (building code requirements for structural concrete) are used for the reinforced concrete design. In order to determine the strengths and weaknesses of algorithms, several different cases are investigated. As conclusions, some suggestions have been obtained that will lead to future work in this field.

scholarly journals Structural Analysis of Cantilever Retaining Wall using STAAD PRO and Compare with Manual Calculations

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VII) ◽  
pp. 582-588
Author(s):  
Nikhil Nimkarde
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Safety Factor ◽  
Lateral Pressure ◽  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Base Plate ◽  
Retaining Walls ◽  
Higher Moments ◽  
Seismic Zones ◽  
Different Types

Reinforced concrete retaining walls have a vertical or sloping stem cast by the base plate. They are considered suitable for a height of 6 m. It resists lateral pressure on the ground by the cantilever action of the stem, plate on the legs and heel plate. The tendency of the wall to slide forward due to lateral pressure on the ground should be investigated, and a safety factor of 1.5 should be provided against slipping. Consolidated retaining walls are best at a height of 6 m. For a greater height, the pressure on the ground due to the preserved filling will be higher due to the effect of the lever arm, the base produces higher moments, which leads to a higher section for designing stability, as well as to the design structures of the structure. In this paper, structural analysis should be performed in the case of wall retention with different types of joints and span. The cantilever retaining wall and the buttress retaining wall are modeled for different seismic zones.

IMPROVEMENT OF THE METHOD OF CALCULATING THE STRESS-STATE AND STRENGTH OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES OF HYDRAULIC CORNER RETAINING WALLS WITH INTER-BLOCK JOINTS TAKING

2021 ◽  
pp. 62-69
Author(s):  
S. E. LISICHKIN ◽  
◽  
O.D. RUBIN ◽  
F. A. PASHCHENKO ◽  
N. S. KHARKOV
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Concrete Structures ◽  
Retaining Walls ◽  
Transverse Reinforcement ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Structures ◽  
Wall Structures ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Inclined Cracks

Corner retaining walls are one of the most common structures of waterworks. Most of them were designed and built several decades ago and have been in operation for a long time. In some cases, there is a deviation from the design prerequisites and the strengthening of reinforced concrete structures of retaining walls is required. The main reason for these deviations is incomplete consideration of the characteristic features of retaining wall structures (including horizontal inter-block joints and secondary inclined cracks), as well as the nature of the loads acting on them. As a result, design horizontal transverse reinforcement is practically not installed in retaining walls that is not required by calculation based on traditional calculation methods.Traditional reinforcement schemes for retaining walls do not provide for the presence of horizontal inter-block joints and horizontal transverse reinforcement. As a result of the research carried out,the method for calculating the stress-strain state and strength of reinforced concrete structures of corner retaining walls with inter-block joints has been improved taking into account secondary stresses. Reinforcement schemes for retaining walls have also been improved.

scholarly journals Development of a method for calculating the stress state in horizontal sections of hydraulic engineering angular-type retaining walls

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 339-344
Author(s):  
Oleg D. Rubin ◽  
Sergey E. Lisichkin ◽  
Fedor A. Pashenko
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Stress State ◽  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Retaining Walls ◽  
Theory Of Elasticity ◽  
Hydraulic Engineering ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Structure ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
As Stress

Angular retaining walls are widespread in hydraulic engineering. They are characterized by large dimensions, small percentages of reinforcement, block cutting along the height of the structure. The bulk of the existing retaining walls were built in the 1960s-1980s. The regulatory documents that were in force during this period had certain shortcomings that caused the non-design behavior of a number of retaining walls. Improvement of calculation methods for reinforced concrete structures of retaining walls is required, within the framework of which a more complete account of the characteristic features of their behavior is needed. The aim of the work is to improve methods for calculating reinforced concrete retaining walls of a corner type. Methods of research carried out to improve the calculation of reinforced concrete retaining walls of the corner type included, among others, the classical methods of resistance of materials, the theory of elasticity, and structural mechanics. To determine the actual stress-strain state of the natural structures of retaining walls, visual and instrumental methods for examining retaining walls were used, including the method of unloading reinforcement. Results. To determine the stress state in the elements of the reinforced concrete structure of the retaining wall (in concrete and in reinforcement), a methodology was developed for calculating the stress state of retaining walls, which allows to determine the components of the stress state (stress in concrete in the compressed zone, as well as stress in stretched and compressed reinforcement) in horizontal sections of the vertical cantilever part of the retaining walls.

scholarly journals Behaviour Analysis of Reinforced Soil Retaining Wall According to Laboratory Scale Test

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young Je Kim ◽  
Hyuk Sang Jung ◽  
Yong Joo Lee ◽  
Dong Wook Oh ◽  
Min Son ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Horizontal Displacement ◽  
Retaining Walls ◽  
Reinforced Soil ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Convex Curve ◽  
Block Type ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Soil Retaining Walls

Reinforced soil retaining wall are ground structures that can be readily seen all around us. The development of reinforcements to these walls and their demand have increased rapidly. These walls are advantageous because they can be used not only in simple construction compared with reinforced concrete retaining walls but also when the height of the wall needs to be higher. However, unlike reinforced concrete retaining walls, in which the walls are integrated and resist the earth pressure on the back, the block-type reinforced earth retaining wall method secures its structural stability by frictional force between the buried land and reinforcements. A phenomenon in which a block is cracked or dropped owing to deformation has been frequently reported. In particular, this phenomenon is concentrated at the curved parts of a reinforced soil retaining wall and is mainly known as a stress concentration. However, to date, the design of reinforced soil retaining walls has been limited by the two-dimensional plane strain condition and has not considered the characteristics of the curved part. There is a lack of research on curved part. Therefore, this research determines the behavioural characteristics of curved-part reinforced soil retaining walls with regard to the shape (convex or concave) and angle (60°, 90°, 120°, and 150°). The displacement generated in the straight part and the curved part was analysed through an Laboratory Scale Test. The results showed that the horizontal displacement of the curved part increases as a convex angle becomes smaller, and the horizontal displacement of the curved part decreases as a concave angle becomes smaller. At the center (D and H have the same length, but H represents the height and D represents the separation distance from the center of the curved part) of the convex curve, the horizontal displacement of the 0.5 D section decreased to 13.8%; it decreased to 41.0% in the 1.0 D section. For concave angles, it was revealed that the horizontal displacement from the center 0.0 D to the 0.5 D section of the curved part increased by 25%, and from the 1.0 D section, by 75%. It was confirmed that the displacement difference was largely based on the value of 0.5 D. It was judged that this can be used as basic data for the design and construction guidelines for reinforced soil retaining wall of reinforced soil retaining walls.

Comparative study of optimum cost design of reinforced concrete retaining wall via metaheuristics

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Aylin Ece Kayabekir ◽  
Melda Yücel ◽  
Gebrail Bekdaş ◽  
Sinan Melih Nigdeli
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Design Engineers ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Metaheuristic Methods ◽  
Optimum Cost ◽  
The Cost

Design engineers may find various options of metaheuristic method in optimization of their problems. Because of the randomization nature of metaheuristic methods, solutions may trap to non-optimum solutions which are just optimums in a limited part of the selected range of the design variables. Generally, metaheuristics use several options to prevent this situation, but the same optimization process may solve different performances in every run of the process. Due to that, a comparative study by using ten different algorithms was done in this study. The optimization problem is the cost minimization of an L-shaped reinforced concrete (RC) retaining wall. The evaluation is done by conducting 30 multiple cycles of optimization, and comparing minimum cost, average cost and standard deviation values.

scholarly journals Optimal Design of Reinforced Concrete Cantilever Retaining Walls Utilizing Eleven Meta-Heuristic Algorithms: A Comparative Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Kaveh ◽  
Kiarash Biabani Hamedani ◽  
Taha Bakhshpoori
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Dynamic Loading ◽  
Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Loading Condition ◽  
Heuristic Algorithms ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Retaining Walls ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Cantilever Retaining Walls

In this paper, optimum design of reinforced concrete cantilever retaining walls is performed under static and dynamic loading conditions utilizing eleven population-based meta-heuristic algorithms. These algorithms consist of Artificial Bee Colony algorithm, Big Bang-Big Crunch algorithm, Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization algorithm, Imperialist Competitive Algorithm, Cuckoo Search algorithm, Charged System Search algorithm, Ray Optimization algorithm, Tug of War Optimization algorithm, Water Evaporation Optimization algorithm, Vibrating Particles System algorithm, and Cyclical Parthenogenesis Algorithm. Two well-known methods consisting of the Rankine and Coulomb methods are used to determine lateral earth pressures acting on cantilever retaining wall under static loading condition. In addition, Mononobe-Okabe method is employed for dynamic loading condition. The design is based on ACI 318-05 and the goal of optimization is to minimize the cost function of the cantilever retaining wall. The performance of the utilized algorithms is investigated through an optimization example of cantilever retaining wall. In addition, convergence histories of the algorithms are provided for better understanding of their performance.

scholarly journals Possible repair methods of concrete retaining wall

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-28
Author(s):  
Nicolas Saliba ◽  
◽  
Ladislav Bartuška
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Simple Form ◽  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Concrete Structures ◽  
Retaining Walls ◽  
Design Principles ◽  
Noise Barriers ◽  
Structural Engineer

This document gives instruction and information about remediation of transport retaining walls. Concrete and reinforced concrete retaining walls in terms of proposal and workmanship in comparison with many other structures can be considered less demanding. Unfortunately, this fact does not apply every time and we have to solve compromise proposals for remediation. Calculation of load would also not be problematic even for a less ambitious structural engineer. Also, design principles, and most simple form should not bother anyone. The ways of remediation described in this article can be applied to other concrete structures, whether they are retaining walls and noise barriers along roads or railways.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document