scholarly journals Bisphenol A Modulates Autophagy and Exacerbates Chronic Kidney Damage in Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 7189
Author(s):  
Alberto Ruiz Priego ◽  
Emilio González Parra ◽  
Sebastián Mas ◽  
José Luis Morgado-Pascual ◽  
Marta Ruiz-Ortega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Antioxidant Response ◽  
Heme Oxygenase 1 ◽  
Tubular Damage ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Related Gene ◽  
Inflammatory Infiltration ◽  
Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells

BACKGROUND: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a ubiquitous environmental toxin that accumulates in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Our aim was to explore the effect of chronic exposition of BPA in healthy and injured kidney investigating potential mechanisms involved. METHODS: In C57Bl/6 mice, administration of BPA (120 mg/kg/day, i.p for 5 days/week) was done for 2 and 5 weeks. To study BPA effect on CKD, a model of subtotal nephrectomy (SNX) combined with BPA administration for 5 weeks was employed. In vitro studies were done in human proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2 line). RESULTS: Chronic BPA administration to healthy mice induces inflammatory infiltration in the kidney, tubular injury and renal fibrosis (assessed by increased collagen deposition). Moreover, in SNX mice BPA exposure exacerbates renal lesions, including overexpression of the tubular damage biomarker Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1 (Havcr-1/KIM-1). BPA upregulated several proinflammatory genes and increased the antioxidant response [Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Heme Oxygenase-1 (Ho-1) and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1 (Nqo-1)] both in healthy and SNX mice. The autophagy process was modulated by BPA, through elevated autophagy-related gene 5 (Atg5), autophagy-related gene 7 (Atg7), Microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (Map1lc3b/Lc3b) and Beclin-1 gene levels and blockaded the autophagosome maturation and flux (p62 levels). This autophagy deregulation was confirmed in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: BPA deregulates autophagy flux and redox protective mechanisms, suggesting a potential mechanism of BPA deleterious effects in the kidney.

scholarly journals Neuroprotective Effects and Mechanisms of Procyanidins In Vitro and In Vivo

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 2963
Author(s):  
Juan Chen ◽  
Yixuan Chen ◽  
Yangfan Zheng ◽  
Jiawen Zhao ◽  
Huilin Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Antioxidant Response ◽  
Heme Oxygenase 1 ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Quinone Oxidoreductase ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Glutamate Cysteine Ligase ◽  
Pheochromocytoma Cells

This study evaluated the neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of procyanidins (PCs). In vitro, rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 cells) were exposed to PCs (1, 2 or 4 μg/mL) or N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) (20 μM) for 24 h, and then incubated with 200 μM of H2O2 for 24 h. Compared with H2O2 alone, PCs significantly increased antioxidant activities (e.g., glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT)), decreased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and increased nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) accumulation and increased the expression of quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM), and glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC). In vivo, zebrafish larvae (AB strain) 3 days post-fertilization (dpf) were exposed to NAC (30 μM) or PCs (4, 8 or 16 μg/mL) in the absence or presence of 300 μM of H2O2 for 4 days. Compared with H2O2 alone, PCs enhanced antioxidant activities (e.g., GSH-Px, CAT, and SOD), decreased levels of ROS and MDA, and enhanced Nrf2/ antioxidant response element (ARE) activation and raised expression levels of NQO1, HO-1, GCLM, and GCLC. In conclusion, these results indicated that PCs exerted neuroprotective effects via activating the Nrf2/ARE pathway and alleviating oxidative damage.

scholarly journals Μελέτη του μεταγραφικού παράγοντα Nrf2 ως διαμεσολαβητή της δράσης των στατινών

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Διονύσιος Χαρτουμπέκης
Keyword(s):  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Heme Oxygenase ◽  
Antioxidant Response ◽  
Heme Oxygenase 1 ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Antioxidant Response Element ◽  
Response Element

Τα ευεργετικά αποτελέσματα των αναστολέων της αναγωγάσης του HMG-CoA (3-υδροξυ-3-μεθυλ-γλουταρυλ-συνένζυμο Α) έχουν αποδοθεί όχι μόνο στη μείωση των επιπέδων χοληστερόλης αλλά και στις πλειοτροπικές τους δράσεις και ιδιαίτερα στις αντιοξειδωτικές τους δράσεις. Ο Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor 2) είναι ένας μεταγραφικός παράγοντας που ενορχηστρώνει τη μεταγραφική απάντηση των κυττάρων στο οξειδωτικό στρες και σε ηλεκτροφιλικά ξενοβιοτικά με την έκφραση αντιοξειδωτικών-κυτταροπροστατευτικών γονιδίων. Στην παρούσα μελέτη, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν επίμυες Wistar, πρωτογενείς καλλιέργειες ηπατοκυττάρων, ST-2 κύτταρα και πρωτογενείς εμβρυϊκοί ινοβλάστες από μυς C57BL6J αγρίου τύπου (WT) ή με απαλοιφή του Nrf2 (KO-Nrf2) για τη μελέτη του ρόλου του Nrf2 στη διαμεσολάβηση των αντιοξειδωτικών δράσεων των στατινών. Η σιμβαστατίνη ενεργοποίησε τον Nrf2, δηλαδή οδήγησε στη μετακίνησή του στον πυρήνα στο ήπαρ επίμυων και σε πρωτογενή καλλιέργεια ηπατοκυττάρων. Η ανωτέρω δράση ήταν εξαρτώμενη από το μεβαλονικό και ανεξάρτητη από τη χοληστερόλη. Σε πυρηνικά πρωτεϊνικά εκχυλίσματα από ήπαρ επίμυων που έλαβαν σιμβαστατίνη, η μεταγραφική ενεργότητα του Nrf2 αυξήθηκε σημαντικά και το mRNA δύο γνωστών στόχων του Nrf2, ΗΟ-1 (Heme Oxygenase 1) και GPX-2 (Glutathione Peroxidase 2) αυξήθηκε. Σε ST-2 κύτταρα μόνιμα διαμολυσμένα με πλασμίδιο που φέρει αλληλουχία DNA στην οποία προσκολλάται ο Nrf2 (ARE-Antioxidant Response Element) (ARE-ST2 κύτταρα), η σιμβαστατίνη αύξησε τη μεταγραφική ενεργότητα του Nrf2 με τρόπο εξαρτώμενο από το μεβαλονικό και ανεξάρτητο από τη χοληστερόλη. Επίσης, χρησιμοποιώντας πρωτογενείς καλλιέργειες εμβρυϊκών ινοβλαστών από μυς WT και ΚΟ-Nrf2 και μετρώντας τα επίπεδα των αντιδραστικών ειδών οξυγόνου (ROS) μετά από επώαση με οξειδάση της γλυκόζης έπειτα από επίδραση ή μη με σιμβαστατίνη, διαπιστώθηκε ότι η σιμβαστατίνη μειώνει τα επίπεδα των παραχθέντων ROS στους WT ινοβλάστες και όχι σε μεγάλο βαθμό στους KO-Nrf2 ινοβλάστες. Τέλος, με τη χρήση αναστολέων του μονοπατιού της PI3K/Akt σε ARE-ST2 κύτταρα στα οποία είχαμε επιδράσει με σιμβαστατίνη, διαπιστώθηκε ότι αίρεται σε μεγάλο βαθμό η ενεργοποίηση του Nrf2 από τη σιμβαστατίνη. Στην παρούσα μελέτη παρουσιάζεται για πρώτη φορά α) η ενεργοποίηση του Keap1/Nrf2 σηματοδοτικού μονοπατιού σε in vivo και in vitro μοντέλα από τη σιμβαστατίνη με τρόπο εξαρτώμενο από το μεβαλονικό και ανεξάρτητο από τη χοληστερόλη και β) ότι η σιμβαστατίνη μειώνει τα παραγόμενα αντιδραστικά είδη οξυγόνου (ROS) μέσω της ενεργοποίησης του Nrf2 διαμέσου του μοριακού μονοπατιού της PI3K/Akt. H ενεργοποίηση αυτή του Nrf2 από τη σιμβαστατίνη εκτός του ότι προσφέρει αποτελεσματική προστασία του κυττάρου από τις δυσμενείς επιπτώσεις του οξειδωτικού στρες, εξηγεί και μέρος των πλειοτροπικών δράσεων των στατινών.

Maltol inhibits the progression of osteoarthritis via the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2/heme oxygenase-1 signal pathway in vitro and in vivo

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ding-Chao Zhu ◽  
Yi-Han Wang ◽  
Jia-Hao Lin ◽  
Zhi-Min Miao ◽  
Jia-Jing Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cartilage Degeneration ◽  
Degenerative Joint Disease ◽  
Signal Pathway ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
Heme Oxygenase 1 ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Articular Cartilage Degeneration

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degeneration and inflammation. Currently, there is hardly any effective treatment for OA due to its complicated pathology and...

scholarly journals Marine Compound 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde Protects Skin Cells against Oxidative Damage via the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway

Marine Drugs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yea Seong Ryu ◽  
Pincha Devage Sameera Madushan Fernando ◽  
Kyoung Ah Kang ◽  
Mei Jing Piao ◽  
Ao Xuan Zhen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Antioxidant Response ◽  
Signaling Cascades ◽  
Heme Oxygenase 1 ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Skin Cells ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Extracellular Signal ◽  
Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide ◽  
Marine Compound

In this study, we aimed to illustrate the potential bio-effects of 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (3-BDB) on the antioxidant/cytoprotective enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in keratinocytes. The antioxidant effects of 3-BDB were examined via reverse transcription PCR, Western blotting, HO-1 activity assay, and immunocytochemistry. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis was performed to test for nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) binding to the antioxidant response element of the HO-1 promoter. Furthermore, the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay showed that the cytoprotective effects of 3-BDB were mediated by the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and protein kinase B (PKB, Akt) signaling. Moreover, 3-BDB induced the phosphorylation of ERK and Akt, while inhibitors of ERK and Akt abrogated the 3-BDB-enhanced levels of HO-1 and Nrf2. Finally, 3-BDB protected cells from H2O2- and UVB-induced oxidative damage. This 3-BDB-mediated cytoprotection was suppressed by inhibitors of HO-1, ERK, and Akt. The present results indicate that 3-BDB activated Nrf2 signaling cascades in keratinocytes, which was mediated by ERK and Akt, upregulated HO-1, and induced cytoprotective effects against oxidative stress.

Antioxidant Response Activating nanoParticles (ARAPas) localize to atherosclerotic plaque and locally activate the Nrf2 pathway

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Maiocchi ◽  
Ana Cartaya ◽  
Sydney Thai ◽  
Adam Akerman ◽  
Edward Bahnson
Keyword(s):  
Atherosclerotic Plaque ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Antioxidant Response ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
Classically Activated Macrophages ◽  
Nrf2 Activator

Atherosclerotic disease is the leading cause of death world-wide with few novel therapies available despite the ongoing health burden. Redox dysfunction is a well-established driver of atherosclerotic progression; however, the clinical translation of redox-based therapies is lacking. One of the challenges facing redox-based therapies is their targeted delivery to cellular domains of redox dysregulation. In the current study, we sought to develop Antioxidant Response Activating nanoParticles (ARAPas), encapsulating redox-based interventions, that exploit macrophage biology and the dysfunctional endothelium in order to selectively accumulate in atherosclerotic plaque. We employed flash nanoprecipitation (FNP) to synthesize bio-compatible polymeric nanoparticles encapsulating the hydrophobic Nrf2 activator drug, CDDO-Methyl (CDDOMe-ARAPas). Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-activators are a promising class of redox-active drug molecules whereby activation of Nrf2 results in the expression of several antioxidant and cyto-protective enzymes that can be athero-protective. In this study, we characterize the physiochemical properties of CDDOMe-ARAPas as well as confirm their in vitro internalization by murine macrophages. Drug release of CDDOMe was determined by Nrf2-driven GFP fluorescence. Moreover, we show that these CDDOMe-ARAPas exert anti-inflammatory effects in classically activated macrophages. Finally, we show that CDDOMe-ARAPas selectively accumulate in atherosclerotic plaque of two widely-used murine models of atherosclerosis: ApoE−/− and LDLr−/− mice, and are capable of increasing gene expression of Nrf2-transcriptional targets in the atherosclerotic aortic arch. Future work will assess the therapeutic efficacy of intra-plaque Nrf2 activation with CDDOMe-ARAPas to inhibit atherosclerotic plaque progression. Overall, our present studies underline that targeting of atherosclerotic plaque is an effective means to enhance delivery of redox-based interventions.

Cpt1a promoted ROS-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in liver injury via the Nrf2/HO-1 and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xigang Luo ◽  
Dapeng Sun ◽  
Yinxiang Wang ◽  
Fengxiang Zhang ◽  
Yi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Liver Injury ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Nlrp3 Inflammasome ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Heme Oxygenase 1 ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Over Expression ◽  
Vitro Model

Various liver diseases caused by liver damage seriously affect people’s health. The purpose of this study was to clarify that the effects and mechanism of Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (Cpt1a) on oxidative stress and inflammation in liver injury. It was found that the expression of Cpt1a mRNA was up-regulated in model mice of liver injury. So, over-expression of Cpt1a increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) levels in vitro model of liver injury. It was also shown that over-expression of Cpt1a suppressed the Nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/ heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway. In summary, these data indicate that Cpt1a promotes ROS-induced oxidative stress in liver injury via the Nrf2/HO-1 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome signaling pathway.

scholarly journals (10Z)-Debromohymenialdisine from Marine Sponge Stylissa sp. Regulates Intestinal Inflammatory Responses in Co-Culture Model of Epithelial Caco-2 Cells and THP-1 Macrophage Cells

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (18) ◽  
pp. 3394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seon Min Lee ◽  
Na-Hyun Kim ◽  
Sangbum Lee ◽  
Yun Na Kim ◽  
Jeong-Doo Heo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Sponge ◽  
Nuclear Translocation ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Heme Oxygenase 1 ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
Vitro Model ◽  
Factor Α

Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), collectively referred to as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), are autoimmune diseases characterized by chronic inflammation within the gastrointestinal tract. Debromohymenialdisine is an active pyrrole alkaloid that is well known to serve as a stable and effective inhibitor of Chk2. In the present study, we attempted to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of (10Z)-debromohymenialdisine (1) isolated from marine sponge Stylissa species using an intestinal in vitro model with a transwell co-culture system. The treatment with 1 attenuated the production and gene expression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and tumor necrosis factor-α in co-cultured THP-1 macrophages at a concentration range of 1–5 μM. The protein expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 were down-regulated in response to the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) translocation into the nucleus in cells. In addition, we observed that 1 markedly promoted the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) and subsequent increase of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. These findings suggest the potential use of 1 as a pharmaceutical lead in the treatment of inflammation-related diseases including IBD.

scholarly journals Protective Effect of Decursin Extracted fromAngelica gigasin Male Infertility via Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woong Jin Bae ◽  
U. Syn Ha ◽  
Jin Bong Choi ◽  
Kang Sup Kim ◽  
Su Jin Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Heme Oxygenase 1 ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Testicular Weight ◽  
Unilateral Cryptorchidism

Higher testicular temperature results in altered spermatogenesis due to heat-related oxidative stress. We examined the effects of decursin extracted fromAngelica gigasNakai on antioxidant activityin vitroand in a cryptorchidism-induced infertility rat model. TM3 Leydig cell viability was measured based on oxidative stress according to treatment. Either distilled water or AG 400 mg/kg ofA. gigasextract was administered orally for 4 weeks after unilateral cryptorchidism was induced. After 1, 2, and 4 weeks, six rats from the control group and six rats from treatment group were sacrificed. Testicular weight, semen quality, antioxidant activities, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein, and mRNA expression of Nrf2-regulated genes were analyzed. Treatment withA. gigasextract (1) protected TM3 cells against oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner, (2) improved the mean weight of the cryptorchid testis, (3) maintained sperm counts, motility, and spermatogenic cell density, (4) decreased levels of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and increased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), (5) significantly increased Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and (6) significantly decreased apoptosis. This study suggests that decursin extracted fromA. gigasis a supplemental agent that can reduce oxidative stress by Nrf2-mediated upregulation of HO-1 in rat experimentally induced unilateral cryptorchidism and may improve cryptorchidism-induced infertility.

scholarly journals Astragaloside IV Protects Against Oxidative Stress in Calf Small Intestine Epithelial Cells via NFE2L2-Antioxidant Response Element Signaling

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (24) ◽  
pp. 6131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yafang Wang ◽  
Fugui Jiang ◽  
Haijian Cheng ◽  
Xiuwen Tan ◽  
Yifan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation ◽  
Antioxidant Response ◽  
Heme Oxygenase 1 ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Antioxidant Response Element ◽  
Astragaloside Iv ◽  
Response Element

Oxidative stress can damage intestinal epithelial cell integrity and function, causing gastrointestinal disorders. Astragaloside IV (ASIV) exhibits a variety of biological and pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The purpose of this research was to investigate the cytoprotective action of ASIV and its mechanisms in calf small intestine epithelial cells with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress. ASIV pretreatment not only increased cell survival, but it also decreased reactive oxygen species generation and apoptosis, enhanced superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase levels, and it reduced malondialdehyde formation. Furthermore, pretreatment with ASIV elevated the mRNA and protein levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NFE2L2), heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1), and NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1). The NFE2L2 inhibitor ML385 inhibited NFE2L2 expression and then blocked HMOX1 and NQO1 expression. These results demonstrate that ASIV treatment effectively protects against H2O2-induced oxidative damage in calf small intestine epithelial cells through the activation of the NFE2L2-antioxidant response element signaling pathway.

scholarly journals Alleviation of Cartilage Destruction by Sinapic Acid in Experimental Osteoarthritis

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawei Cai ◽  
Thomas W. Huff ◽  
Jun Liu ◽  
Tangbo Yuan ◽  
Zijian Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heme Oxygenase ◽  
Nuclear Translocation ◽  
Sinapic Acid ◽  
Heme Oxygenase 1 ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Transactivation Activity ◽  
Nrf2 Signaling Pathway ◽  
Primary Mouse

Sinapic acid (SA) modulates the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway in chondrocytes. In order to test the hypothesis that SA is protective against the development of osteoarthritis (OA), primary mouse chondrocytes were treated in vitro with SA and the promoter transactivation activity of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), nuclear translocation of Nrf2, and protein expression of HO-1 were assayed. To test the hypothesis in vivo, a destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) model was used to induce OA in the knees of mice and SA was delivered orally to the experimental group. The chondrocytes were harvested for further analysis. The expression of HO-1 was similarly upregulated in cartilage from both the experimental mice and human chondrocytes from osteoarthritic knees. SA was found to enhance the promoter transactivation activity of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and increase the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 in primary chondrocytes. Histopathologic scores showed that the damage induced by the DMM model was significantly lower in the SA treatment group. The addition of a HO-1 inhibitor with SA did not show additional benefit over SA alone in terms of cartilage degradation or histopathologic scores. The expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13, ADAMTS4, and ADAMTS5 was significantly reduced both in vitro and in vivo by the presence of SA. Protein expressions of HO-1 and Nrf2 were substantially increased in knee cartilage of mice that received oral SA. Our results suggest that SA should be further explored as a preventative treatment for OA.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document