scholarly journals Photoperiod Following Inoculation of Arabidopsis with Pyricularia oryzae (syn. Magnaporthe oryzae) Influences on the Plant–Pathogen Interaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 5004
Author(s):  
Sayaka Shimizu ◽  
Yuri Yamauchi ◽  
Atsushi Ishikawa
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Dark Period ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Pyricularia Oryzae ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions ◽  
Resistance To Penetration

In plant–pathogen interactions, a proper light environment affects the establishment of defense responses in plants. In our previous experiments, we found that nonhost resistance (NHR) to Pyricularia oryzae Cav. in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. (Arabidopsis), in diurnal conditions, varies with the inoculation time. Moreover, we indicated that the circadian clock plays an important role in regulating time-of-day differences in NHR to P. oryzae in Arabidopsis. However, the involvement of photoperiod in regulating NHR was still not understood. To determine the photoperiod role, we performed the experiments in continuous light and darkness during the early Arabidopsis–P. oryzae interaction. We found that the light period after the inoculation in the evening enhanced the resistance to penetration. However, the dark period after the inoculation in the morning suppressed the penetration resistance. Furthermore, the genetic analysis indicated that jasmonic acid, reactive oxygen species, and tryptophan-derived metabolite(s) contribute to the photoperiod regulation of NHR in Arabidopsis. The present results denote that photoperiod plays an important role in regulating time-of-day differences in NHR to P. oryzae in Arabidopsis.

scholarly journals Plant SWEETs: from sugar transport to plant–pathogen interaction and more unexpected physiological roles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Breia ◽  
Artur Conde ◽  
Hélder Badim ◽  
Ana Margarida Fortes ◽  
Hernâni Gerós ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Sugar Transport ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Phloem Loading ◽  
Transcription Activator ◽  
Pythium Irregulare ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Opposite Behavior ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions

Abstract Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters (SWEETs) have important roles in numerous physiological mechanisms where sugar efflux is critical, including phloem loading, nectar secretion, seed nutrient filling, among other less expected functions. They mediate low affinity and high capacity transport, and in angiosperms this family is composed by 20 paralogs on average. As SWEETs facilitate the efflux of sugars, they are highly susceptible to hijacking by pathogens, making them central players in plant–pathogen interaction. For instance, several species from the Xanthomonas genus are able to upregulate the transcription of SWEET transporters in rice (Oryza sativa), upon the secretion of transcription-activator-like effectors. Other pathogens, such as Botrytis cinerea or Erysiphe necator, are also capable of increasing SWEET expression. However, the opposite behavior has been observed in some cases, as overexpression of the tonoplast AtSWEET2 during Pythium irregulare infection restricted sugar availability to the pathogen, rendering plants more resistant. Therefore, a clear-cut role for SWEET transporters during plant–pathogen interactions has so far been difficult to define, as the metabolic signatures and their regulatory nodes, which decide the susceptibility or resistance responses, remain poorly understood. This fuels the still ongoing scientific question: what roles can SWEETs play during plant–pathogen interaction? Likewise, the roles of SWEET transporters in response to abiotic stresses are little understood. Here, in addition to their relevance in biotic stress, we also provide a small glimpse of SWEETs importance during plant abiotic stress, and briefly debate their importance in the particular case of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) due to its socioeconomic impact.

scholarly journals Key Genes and Genetic Interactions of Plant-Pathogen Functional Modules in Poplar Infected by Marssonina brunnea

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 1080-1090
Author(s):  
Sisi Chen ◽  
Yanfeng Zhang ◽  
Yiyang Zhao ◽  
Weijie Xu ◽  
Yue Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Genetic Interactions ◽  
Functional Modules ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Marssonina Brunnea ◽  
Key Genes ◽  
Transcriptomic Changes

Marssonina brunnea, the causative pathogen of Marssonina leaf spot of poplars (MLSP), devastates poplar plantations by forming black spots on leaves and defoliating trees. Although MLSP has been studied for over 30 years, the key genes that function during M. brunnea infection and their effects on plant growth are poorly understood. Here, we used multigene association studies to investigate the effects of key genes in the plant-pathogen interaction pathway, as revealed by transcriptome analysis, on photosynthesis and growth in a natural population of 435 Populus tomentosa individuals. By analyzing transcriptomic changes during three stages of infection, we detected 628 transcription factor genes among the 7,611 differentially expressed genes that might be associated with basal defense responses. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses revealed that transcriptomic changes across different stages of infection lead to the reprogramming of metabolic processes possibly related to defense activation. We identified 29,399 common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within 221 full-length genes in plant-pathogen interaction pathways that were significantly associated with photosynthetic and growth traits. We also detected 4,460 significant epistatic pairs associated with stomatal conductance, tree diameter, and tree height. Epistasis analysis uncovered significant interactions between 2,561 SNP-SNP pairs from different functional modules in the plant-pathogen interaction pathway, revealing possible genetic interactions. This analysis revealed many key genes that function during M. brunnea infection and their potential roles in mediating photosynthesis and plant growth, shedding light on genetic interactions between functional modules in the plant-pathogen interaction pathway.

scholarly journals Functional Variation of Plant–Pathogen Interactions: New Concept and Methods for Virulence Data Analyses

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (8) ◽  
pp. 1324-1330 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Kosman ◽  
X. Chen ◽  
A. Dreiseitl ◽  
B. McCallum ◽  
A. Lebeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Infection Type ◽  
Lesion Size ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Functional Variation ◽  
Multiple Loci ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions

Classical virulence analysis is based on discovering virulence phenotypes of isolates with regard to a composition of resistance genes in a differential set of host genotypes. With such a vision, virulence phenotypes are usually treated in a genetic manner as one of two possible alleles, either virulence or avirulence in a binary locus. Therefore, population genetics metrics and methods have become prevailing tools for analyzing virulence data at multiple loci. However, a basis for resolving binary virulence phenotypes is infection type (IT) data of host–pathogen interaction that express functional traits of each specific isolate in a given situation (particular host, environmental conditions, cultivation practice, and so on). IT is determined by symptoms and signs observed (e.g., lesion type, lesion size, coverage of leaf or leaf segments by mycelium, spore production and so on), and assessed by IT scores at a generally accepted scale for each plant–pathogen system. Thus, multiple IT profiles of isolates are obtained and can be subjected to analysis of functional variation within and among operational units of a pathogen. Such an approach may allow better utilization of the information available in the raw data, and reveal a functional (e.g., environmental) component of pathogen variation in addition to the genetic one. New methods for measuring functional variation of plant–pathogen interaction with IT data were developed. The methods need an appropriate assessment scale and expert estimations of dissimilarity between IT scores for each plant–pathogen system (an example is presented). Analyses of a few data sets at different hierarchical levels demonstrated discrepancies in results obtained with IT phenotypes versus binary virulence phenotypes. The ability to measure functional IT-based variation offers promise as an effective tool in the study of epidemics caused by plant pathogens.

scholarly journals Defense and Offense Strategies: The Role of Aspartic Proteases in Plant–Pathogen Interactions

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Laura Figueiredo ◽  
Rita B. Santos ◽  
Andreia Figueiredo
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Aspartic Proteases ◽  
Conserved Sequence ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions

Plant aspartic proteases (APs; E.C.3.4.23) are a group of proteolytic enzymes widely distributed among different species characterized by the conserved sequence Asp-Gly-Thr at the active site. With a broad spectrum of biological roles, plant APs are suggested to undergo functional specialization and to be crucial in developmental processes, such as in both biotic and abiotic stress responses. Over the last decade, an increasing number of publications highlighted the APs’ involvement in plant defense responses against a diversity of stresses. In contrast, few studies regarding pathogen-secreted APs and AP inhibitors have been published so far. In this review, we provide a comprehensive picture of aspartic proteases from plant and pathogenic origins, focusing on their relevance and participation in defense and offense strategies in plant–pathogen interactions.

scholarly journals Untargeted Metabolomics Based on GC-MS and Chemometrics: A New Tool for the Early Diagnosis of Strawberry Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum theobromicola

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (10) ◽  
pp. 2541-2547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tan Dai ◽  
Xunian Chang ◽  
Zhihong Hu ◽  
Li Liang ◽  
Mingyou Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Partial Least Squares ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Shikimic Acid ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Strawberry Anthracnose ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions

To prevent the spread of anthracnose in strawberry plants and characterize the metabolic changes occurring during plant–pathogen interactions, we developed a method for the early diagnosis of disease based on an analysis of the metabolome by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. An examination of the metabolic profile revealed 189 and 202 total ion chromatogram peaks for the control and inoculated plants, respectively. A partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model was conducted for the reliable and accurate discrimination between healthy and diseased strawberry plants, even in the absence of disease symptoms (e.g., early stages of infection). ANOVA (analysis of variance) and orthogonal partial least squares analysis (OPLS) identified 20 metabolites as tentative biomarkers of Colletotrichum theobromicola infection (e.g., citric acid, d-xylose, erythrose, galactose, gallic acid, malic acid, methyl α-galactopyranoside, phosphate, and shikimic acid). At least some of these potential biomarkers may be applicable for the early diagnosis of anthracnose in strawberry plants. Moreover, these metabolites may be useful for characterizing pathogen infections and plant defense responses. This study confirms the utility of metabolomics research for developing diagnostic tools and clarifying the mechanism underlying plant–pathogen interactions. Furthermore, the data presented herein may be relevant for developing new methods for preventing anthracnose in strawberry seedlings cultivated under field conditions.

scholarly journals TheVenturiaApple Pathosystem: Pathogenicity Mechanisms and Plant Defense Responses

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gopaljee Jha ◽  
Karnika Thakur ◽  
Priyanka Thakur
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Scab Resistance ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
Polygenic Resistance ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions

Venturia inaequalisis the causal agent of apple scab, a devastating disease of apple. We outline several unique features of this pathogen which are useful for molecular genetics studies intended to understand plant-pathogen interactions. The pathogenicity mechanisms of the pathogen and overview of apple defense responses, monogenic and polygenic resistance, and their utilization in scab resistance breeding programs are also reviewed.

scholarly journals mRNA inventory of extracellular vesicles from Ustilago maydis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seomun Kwon ◽  
Oliver Rupp ◽  
Andreas Brachmann ◽  
Alexander Goesmann ◽  
Michael Feldbrügge
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Ustilago Maydis ◽  
Metabolic Enzyme ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Intercellular Signalling ◽  
Animal Hosts ◽  
Initial Survey ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions ◽  
Maize Smut

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can transfer diverse RNA cargo for intercellular signalling. EV-associated RNAs have been found in diverse fungi and were proposed to be relevant for pathogenesis in animal hosts. In plant-pathogen interactions, small RNAs are exchanged in a cross-kingdom RNAi warfare and EVs were considered to be a delivery mechanism. To extend the search for EV-associated molecules involved in plants-pathogen communication, we have characterised the repertoire of EV-associated mRNAs secreted by the maize smut pathogen, Ustilago maydis. For this initial survey, EVs were isolated from axenic filamentous cultures that mimic infectious hyphae. The EV-associated RNAs were resistant to degradation by RNases and the presence of intact mRNAs was evident. The set of mRNAs enriched inside EVs relative to the fungal cells are functionally distinct from those that are depleted from EVs, particularly overrepresented in metabolic enzyme activities. Intriguingly, mRNAs of some known effectors and other proteins linked to virulence were found in EVs. Furthermore, several mRNAs enriched in EVs are also upregulated during infection, suggesting that EV-associated mRNAs may participate in plant-pathogen interaction.

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