scholarly journals Exosomal microRNAs as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4997
Author(s):  
Andrei Sorop ◽  
Diana Constantinescu ◽  
Florentina Cojocaru ◽  
Anca Dinischiotu ◽  
Dana Cucu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Bilayer Membrane ◽  
Novel Treatments ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Exosome Biogenesis ◽  
Exosomal Mirnas ◽  
Mirna Species

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and the second most common cause of cancer-related death globally. This type of liver cancer is frequently detected at a late stage by current biomarkers because of the high clinical and biological heterogeneity of HCC tumours. From a plethora of molecules and cellular compounds, small nanoparticles with an endosomal origin are valuable cancer biomarkers or cargos for novel treatments. Despite their small sizes, in the range of 40–150 nm, these particles are delimited by a lipid bilayer membrane with a specific lipid composition and carry functional information—RNA, proteins, miRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), or DNA fragments. This review summarizes the role of exosomal microRNA (miRNA) species as biomarkers in HCC therapy. After we briefly introduce the exosome biogenesis and the methods of isolation and characterization, we discuss miRNA’s correlation with the diagnosis and prognosis of HCC, either as single miRNA species, or as specific panels with greater clinical impact. We also review the role of exosomal miRNAs in the tumourigenic process and in the cell communication pathways through the delivery of cargos, including proteins or specific drugs.

scholarly journals Potential Roles of Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers and a Novel Treatment Approach in Multiple Sclerosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 9011
Author(s):  
María Gutiérrez-Fernández ◽  
Fernando de la Cuesta ◽  
Antonio Tallón ◽  
Inmaculada Cuesta ◽  
Mireya Fernández-Fournier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Therapeutic Vaccine ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Bilayer Membrane ◽  
Antigen Delivery ◽  
Novel Treatments ◽  
Leukocyte Transendothelial Migration ◽  
Novel Strategy

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of bilayer membrane-wrapped molecules that play an important role in cell-to-cell communication, participating in many physiological processes and in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). In recent years, many studies have focused on EVs, with promising results indicating their potential role as biomarkers in MS and helping us better understand the pathogenesis of the disease. Recent evidence suggests that there are novel subpopulations of EVs according to cell origin, with those derived from cells belonging to the nervous and immune systems providing information regarding inflammation, demyelination, axonal damage, astrocyte and microglia reaction, blood–brain barrier permeability, leukocyte transendothelial migration, and ultimately synaptic loss and neuronal death in MS. These biomarkers can also provide insight into disease activity and progression and can differentiate patients’ disease phenotype. This information can enable new pathways for therapeutic target discovery, and consequently the development of novel treatments. Recent evidence also suggests that current disease modifying treatments (DMTs) for MS modify the levels and content of circulating EVs. EVs might also serve as biomarkers to help monitor the response to DMTs, which could improve medical decisions concerning DMT initiation, choice, escalation, and withdrawal. Furthermore, EVs could act not only as biomarkers but also as treatment for brain repair and immunomodulation in MS. EVs are considered excellent delivery vehicles. Studies in progress show that EVs containing myelin antigens could play a pivotal role in inducing antigen-specific tolerance of autoreactive T cells as a novel strategy for the treatment as “EV-based vaccines” for MS. This review explores the breakthrough role of nervous and immune system cell-derived EVs as markers of pathological disease mechanisms and potential biomarkers of treatment response in MS. In addition, this review explores the novel role of EVs as vehicles for antigen delivery as a therapeutic vaccine to restore immune tolerance in MS autoimmunity.

scholarly journals New Insights into the Role of miR-29a in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Implications in Mechanisms and Theragnostics

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 219
Author(s):  
Ya-Ling Yang ◽  
Yen-Hsiang Chang ◽  
Chia-Jung Li ◽  
Ying-Hsien Huang ◽  
Ming-Chao Tsai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Advanced Hcc ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Competitive Endogenous Rnas ◽  
Growing Body

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains one of the most lethal human cancer globally. For advanced HCC, curable plan for advanced HCC is yet to be established, and the prognosis remains poor. The detail mechanisms underlying the progression of HCC tumorigenicity and the corruption of tumor microenvironment (TME) is complex and inconclusive. A growing body of studies demonstrate microRNAs (miRs) are important regulators in the tumorigenicity and TME development. Notably, mounting evidences indicate miR-29a play a crucial role in exerting hepatoprotective effect on various types of stress and involved in the progression of HCC, which elucidates their potential theragnostic implications. In this review, we reviewed the advanced insights into the detail mechanisms by which miR-29a dictates carcinogenesis, epigenetic program, and metabolic adaptation, and implicated in the sponging activity of competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNA) and the TME components in the scenario of HCC. Furthermore, we highlighted its clinical significance in diagnosis and prognosis, as well as the emerging therapeutics centered on the activation of miR-29a.

scholarly journals The role of exosomal lncRNAs in cancer biology and clinical management

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wuwen Zhang ◽  
Qinshi Wang ◽  
Yi Yang ◽  
Siyuan Zhou ◽  
Ping Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Management ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Cancer Cell Proliferation ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Multiple Processes

AbstractExosomes play a vital role in cell–cell communication within the cancer microenvironment. Exosomal long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important regulators in cancer development and are involved in multiple processes, including cancer cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, drug resistance, and immunomodulation. Changes in the levels of exosomal lncRNAs often appear with the occurrence and development of cancer. Therefore, exosomal lncRNAs can be used as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Exosomal lncRNAs can also indicate the treatment response of patients receiving chemotherapy. Moreover, exosomal lncRNAs are potential therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the role of exosomal lncRNAs in cancer biology as well as in clinical management. A more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the role of exosomal lncRNAs in cancer may help us better understand the mechanism of cancer development and clinically manage cancer patients.

scholarly journals Role of Serum Leptin in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Egyptian Cirrhotic Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-266
Author(s):  
MOHAMED M. SALAMA, M.D.; AHMED S. ALLAM, M.D. ◽  
HAYTHAM M. NASSER, M.D.; WALAA A. YOUSRY KABIEL, M.D. ◽  
EHAB H. ELSAYED, M.D.
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Cirrhotic Patients

scholarly journals MicroRNAs as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Inflammation- and Ischemia-Reperfusion-Related Acute Renal Injury

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 6738
Author(s):  
Yueh-Lin Wu ◽  
Hsiao-Fen Li ◽  
Hsi-Hsien Chen ◽  
Heng Lin
Keyword(s):  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Control Cell ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Exosomal Mirnas ◽  
Extracellular Mirnas ◽  
Mediate Cell

Acute kidney injury (AKI), caused mainly by ischemia-reperfusion, sepsis, or nephrotoxins (such as contrast medium), is identified by an abrupt decline in kidney function and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Despite decades of efforts, the pathogenesis of AKI remains poorly understood, and effective therapies are lacking. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level to control cell differentiation, development, and homeostasis. Additionally, extracellular miRNAs might mediate cell–cell communication during various physiological and pathological processes. Recently, mounting evidence indicates that miRNAs play a role in the pathogenesis of AKI. Moreover, emerging research suggests that because of their remarkable stability in body fluids, microRNAs can potentially serve as novel diagnostic biomarkers of AKI. Of note, our previous finding that miR-494 is rapidly elevated in urine but not in serum provides insight into the ultimate role of urine miRNAs in AKI. Additionally, exosomal miRNAs derived from stem cells, known as the stem cell secretome, might be a potential innovative therapeutic strategy for AKI. This review aims to provide new data obtained in this field of research. It is hoped that new studies on this topic will not only generate new insights into the pathophysiology of urine miRNAs in AKI but also might lead to the precise management of this fatal disease.

scholarly journals Role of FBXL19-AS1 in hepatocellular carcinoma by lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA network analysis and its diagnostic and prognostic value

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dingdong He ◽  
Xiaokang Zhang ◽  
Xinyu Zhu ◽  
Narayani Maharjan ◽  
Yingchao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Prognostic Value ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Cerna Network ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
Viral Carcinogenesis ◽  
New Biomarkers ◽  
Diagnostic And Prognostic Value

Abstract Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common neoplastic diseases worldwide. Available biomarkers are not sensitive enough for the diagnosis of HCC, seeking new biomarkers of HCC is urgent and challenging. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 19-antisense RNA 1 (FBXL19-AS1) through competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network and its diagnostic and prognostic value in HCC.Methods: A comprehensive strategy of genomic data mining, bioinformatics and experimental validation was used to evaluate the clinical value of FBXL19-AS1 in the diagnosis and prognosis of HCC and to identify the pathways that FBXL19-AS1 may be involved in.Results: FBXL19-AS1 was up-regulated in HCC, and its high expression was associated with TNM stage and poor prognosis of HCC patients. The combined use of plasma FBXL19-AS1 and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) could prominently improve the diagnostic validity for HCC. FBXL19-AS1 might participate in regulating HCC related pathways, including hepatitis C, hepatitis B, microRNAs in cancer, cell cycle, viral carcinogenesis, and proteoglycans in cancer through ceRNA network.Conclusions: Our findings indicated that FBXL19-AS1 not only serves as a potential biomarker for HCC diagnosis and prognosis, but it may be functionally carcinogenic.

scholarly journals Serum/Plasma MicroRNAs as Biomarkers for HBV-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma in China

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Yin ◽  
Yan Zhao ◽  
Yong-Jing Ji ◽  
Li-Ping Tong ◽  
Ya Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Chinese Patients ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Serum Mirnas ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Plasma Mirnas

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small RNAs with a fundamental role in the regulation of gene expression. These RNAs have been shown to participate in various cellular and physiological processes, including cellular development, apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation. Aberrant expression of several miRNAs was found to be involved in a large variety of neoplasms, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Previous studies have shown the existence of a large amount of stable miRNAs in human serum/plasma, which laid the foundation for studying the role of serum/plasma miRNAs in the diagnosis and prognosis of HCC. Here, we review the recent progress in research on serum miRNAs as biomarkers for HCC in Chinese patients.

scholarly journals Exosomes and Exosomal Non-coding RNAs Are Novel Promises for the Mechanism-Based Diagnosis and Treatments of Atrial Fibrillation

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaofeng Chen ◽  
Qingxing Chen ◽  
Kuan Cheng ◽  
Tian Zou ◽  
Yang Pang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Atrial Cells ◽  
New Methodologies ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
New Biomarkers

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia worldwide and has a significant impact on human health and substantial costs. Currently, there is a lack of accurate biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of AF. Moreover, the long-term efficacy of the catheter ablation in the AF is unsatisfactory. Therefore, it is necessary to explore new biomarkers and treatment strategies for the mechanism-based AF. Exosomes are nano-sized biovesicles released by nearly all types of cells. Since the AF would be linked to the changes of the atrial cells and their microenvironment, and the AF would strictly influence the exosomal non-coding RNAs (exo-ncRNAs) expression, which makes them as attractive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for the AF. Simultaneously, the exo-ncRNAs have been found to play an important role in the mechanisms of the AF and have potential therapeutic prospects. Although the role of the exo-ncRNAs in the AF is being actively investigated, the evidence is still limited. Furthermore, there is a lack of consensus regarding the most appropriate approach for exosome isolation and characterization. In this article, we reviewed the new methodologies available for exosomes biogenesis, isolation, and characterization, and then discussed the mechanism of the AF and various levels and types of exosomes relevant to the AF, with the special emphasis on the exo-ncRNAs in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of the mechanism-based AF.

scholarly journals The role of Exosomal miRNAs in cancer

2022 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanyun Li ◽  
Tong Zhou ◽  
Jing Chen ◽  
Rong Li ◽  
Huan Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Cancer Resistance ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Cancer Immunity ◽  
Exosomal Mirnas

AbstractExosomal miRNAs have attracted much attention due to their critical role in regulating genes and the altered expression of miRNAs in virtually all cancers affecting humans (Sun et al. in Mol Cancer 17(1):14, 2018). Exosomal miRNAs modulate processes that interfere with cancer immunity and microenvironment, and are significantly involved in tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis and drug resistance. Fully investigating the detailed mechanism of miRNAs in the occurrence and development of various cancers could help not only in the treatment of cancers but also in the prevention of malignant diseases. The current review highlighted recently published advances regarding cancer-derived exosomes, e.g., sorting and delivery mechanisms for RNAs. Exosomal miRNAs that modulate cancer cell-to-cell communication, impacting tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis and multiple biological features, were discussed. Finally, the potential role of exosomal miRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic molecular markers was summarized, as well as their usefulness in detecting cancer resistance to therapeutic agents.

scholarly journals Optimized Protocol for Isolation of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Human and Murine Lymphoid Tissues

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Bordas ◽  
Géraldine Genard ◽  
Sibylle Ohl ◽  
Michelle Nessling ◽  
Karsten Richter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Size Exclusion Chromatography ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Premetastatic Niche ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Optimized Protocol ◽  
Exclusion Chromatography

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are nanoparticles responsible for cell-to-cell communication released by healthy and cancer cells. Different roles have been described for sEVs in physiological and pathological contexts, including acceleration of tissue regeneration, modulation of tumor microenvironment, or premetastatic niche formation, and they are discussed as promising biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis in body fluids. Although efforts have been made to standardize techniques for isolation and characterization of sEVs, current protocols often result in co-isolation of soluble protein or lipid complexes and of other extracellular vesicles. The risk of contaminated preparations is particularly high when isolating sEVs from tissues. As a consequence, the interpretation of data aiming at understanding the functional role of sEVs remains challenging and inconsistent. Here, we report an optimized protocol for isolation of sEVs from human and murine lymphoid tissues. sEVs from freshly resected human lymph nodes and murine spleens were isolated comparing two different approaches—(1) ultracentrifugation on a sucrose density cushion and (2) combined ultracentrifugation with size-exclusion chromatography. The purity of sEV preparations was analyzed using state-of-the-art techniques, including immunoblots, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and electron microscopy. Our results clearly demonstrate the superiority of size-exclusion chromatography, which resulted in a higher yield and purity of sEVs, and we show that their functionality alters significantly between the two isolation protocols.

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