scholarly journals Recent Advances Clarifying the Structure and Function of Plant Apyrases (Nucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolases)

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 3283
Author(s):  
Greg Clark ◽  
Katherine A. Brown ◽  
Manas K. Tripathy ◽  
Stanley J. Roux
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Nucleoside Triphosphate ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Plant Stress Responses ◽  
And Function

Studies implicating an important role for apyrase (NTPDase) enzymes in plant growth and development began appearing in the literature more than three decades ago. After early studies primarily in potato, Arabidopsis and legumes, especially important discoveries that advanced an understanding of the biochemistry, structure and function of these enzymes have been published in the last half-dozen years, revealing that they carry out key functions in diverse other plants. These recent discoveries about plant apyrases include, among others, novel findings on its crystal structures, its biochemistry, its roles in plant stress responses and its induction of major changes in gene expression when its expression is suppressed or enhanced. This review will describe and discuss these recent advances and the major questions about plant apyrases that remain unanswered.

Oestrogen-receptors: an overview of recent advances in their structure and function

1989 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
pp. 133-144
Author(s):  
R. J. B. King
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Oestrogen Receptors ◽  
Response Elements ◽  
Receptor Proteins ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
And Function ◽  
Regulatory Functions

SynopsisRecent advances in our understanding of the receptor components involved in the initial events of oestradiol action are reviewed with an emphasis on aspects of clinical relevance. Two main features of the models have evolved: (1) the domain structure of the ligand-binding unit, with distinct parts of the molecule being concerned with oestrogen-binding and interaction with DNA, and other parts of the molecule having important regulatory functions; (2) the regulatory regions (oestrogen-response elements) of oestrogen-sensitive genes which specifically interact with the receptor protein.The homologies between different proteins capable of binding ligands as diverse as oestradiol, retinoic acid and thyroid hormone point to possible interactions between such ligands. Oestrogen-response elements can recognise oestradiol receptor proteins complexed with either agonists or antagonists. Interactions with DNA may play an important rôle in determining gene expression additional to those seen at the receptor level.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterisation of Soybean Osmotins and Their Involvement in Drought Stress Response

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Ramos Faillace ◽  
Paula Bacaicoa Caruso ◽  
Luis Fernando Saraiva Macedo Timmers ◽  
Débora Favero ◽  
Frank Lino Guzman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Plant Stress Responses ◽  
Leaves And Roots ◽  
Amino Acid Signature

Osmotins are multifunctional proteins belonging to the thaumatin-like family related to plant stress responses. To better understand the functions of soybean osmotins in drought stress response, the current study presents the characterisation of four previously described proteins and a novel putative soybean osmotin (GmOLPa-like). Gene and protein structure as well as gene expression analyses were conducted on different tissues and developmental stages of two soybean cultivars with varying dehydration sensitivities (BR16 and EMB48 are highly and slightly sensitive, respectively). The analysed osmotin sequences share the conserved amino acid signature and 3D structure of the thaumatin-like family. Some differences were observed in the conserved regions of protein sequences and in the electrostatic surface potential. P21-like present the most similar electrostatic potential to osmotins previously characterised as promoters of drought tolerance in Nicotiana tabacum and Solanum nigrum. Gene expression analysis indicated that soybean osmotins were differentially expressed in different organs (leaves and roots), developmental stages (R1 and V3), and cultivars in response to dehydration. In addition, under dehydration conditions, the highest level of gene expression was detected for GmOLPa-like and P21-like osmotins in the leaves and roots, respectively, of the less drought sensitive cultivar. Altogether, the results suggest an involvement of these genes in drought stress tolerance.

Plant hormones, plant growth regulators

2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (26) ◽  
pp. 1011-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
György Végvári ◽  
Edina Vidéki
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Wide Sense ◽  
Large Scale Integration ◽  
Scale Integration ◽  
And Function

Plants seem to be rather defenceless, they are unable to do motion, have no nervous system or immune system unlike animals. Besides this, plants do have hormones, though these substances are produced not in glands. In view of their complexity they lagged behind animals, however, plant organisms show large scale integration in their structure and function. In higher plants, such as in animals, the intercellular communication is fulfilled through chemical messengers. These specific compounds in plants are called phytohormones, or in a wide sense, bioregulators. Even a small quantity of these endogenous organic compounds are able to regulate the operation, growth and development of higher plants, and keep the connection between cells, tissues and synergy beween organs. Since they do not have nervous and immume systems, phytohormones play essential role in plants’ life. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(26), 1011–1018.

scholarly journals Versatile Physiological Functions of Plant GSK3-Like Kinases

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 697
Author(s):  
Juan Mao ◽  
Wenxin Li ◽  
Jing Liu ◽  
Jianming Li
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Plant Stress Responses ◽  
Diverse Plant

The plant glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)-like kinases are highly conserved protein serine/threonine kinases that are grouped into four subfamilies. Similar to their mammalian homologs, these kinases are constitutively active under normal growth conditions but become inactivated in response to diverse developmental and environmental signals. Since their initial discoveries in the early 1990s, many biochemical and genetic studies were performed to investigate their physiological functions in various plant species. These studies have demonstrated that the plant GSK3-like kinases are multifunctional kinases involved not only in a wide variety of plant growth and developmental processes but also in diverse plant stress responses. Here we summarize our current understanding of the versatile physiological functions of the plant GSK3-like kinases along with their confirmed and potential substrates.

scholarly journals OsNAC45 is Involved in ABA Response and Salt Tolerance in Rice

Rice ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Zhang ◽  
Yan Long ◽  
Jingjing Huang ◽  
Jixing Xia
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Nac Transcription Factors ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
Plant Stress Responses

Abstract Background Salt stress threatens crop yields all over the world. Many NAC transcription factors have been reported to be involved in different abiotic stress responses, but it remains unclear how loss of these transcription factors alters the transcriptomes of plants. Previous reports have demonstrated that overexpression of OsNAC45 enhances salt and drought tolerance in rice, and that OsNAC45 may regulate the expression of two specific genes, OsPM1 and OsLEA3–1. Results Here, we found that ABA repressed, and NaCl promoted, the expression of OsNAC45 in roots. Immunostaining showed that OsNAC45 was localized in all root cells and was mainly expressed in the stele. Loss of OsNAC45 decreased the sensitivity of rice plants to ABA and over-expressing this gene had the opposite effect, which demonstrated that OsNAC45 played an important role during ABA signal responses. Knockout of OsNAC45 also resulted in more ROS accumulation in roots and increased sensitivity of rice to salt stress. Transcriptome sequencing assay found that thousands of genes were differently expressed in OsNAC45-knockout plants. Most of the down-regulated genes participated in plant stress responses. Quantitative real time RT-PCR suggested that seven genes may be regulated by OsNAC45 including OsCYP89G1, OsDREB1F, OsEREBP2, OsERF104, OsPM1, OsSAMDC2, and OsSIK1. Conclusions These results indicate that OsNAC45 plays vital roles in ABA signal responses and salt tolerance in rice. Further characterization of this gene may help us understand ABA signal pathway and breed rice plants that are more tolerant to salt stress.

Electrochemical Monitoring of Plant Stress Responses

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 451-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Kinpara ◽  
Yuji Murakami ◽  
Kenji Yokoyama ◽  
Eiichi Tamiya
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Plant Stress Responses ◽  
Electrochemical Monitoring
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