scholarly journals Threat at One End of the Plant: What Travels to Inform the Other Parts?

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 3152
Author(s):  
Ralf Oelmüller
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Signal Propagation ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Systemic Signals

Adaptation and response to environmental changes require dynamic and fast information distribution within the plant body. If one part of a plant is exposed to stress, attacked by other organisms or exposed to any other kind of threat, the information travels to neighboring organs and even neighboring plants and activates appropriate responses. The information flow is mediated by fast-traveling small metabolites, hormones, proteins/peptides, RNAs or volatiles. Electric and hydraulic waves also participate in signal propagation. The signaling molecules move from one cell to the neighboring cell, via the plasmodesmata, through the apoplast, within the vascular tissue or—as volatiles—through the air. A threat-specific response in a systemic tissue probably requires a combination of different traveling compounds. The propagating signals must travel over long distances and multiple barriers, and the signal intensity declines with increasing distance. This requires permanent amplification processes, feedback loops and cross-talks among the different traveling molecules and probably a short-term memory, to refresh the propagation process. Recent studies show that volatiles activate defense responses in systemic tissues but also play important roles in the maintenance of the propagation of traveling signals within the plant. The distal organs can respond immediately to the systemic signals or memorize the threat information and respond faster and stronger when they are exposed again to the same or even another threat. Transmission and storage of information is accompanied by loss of specificity about the threat that activated the process. I summarize our knowledge about the proposed long-distance traveling compounds and discuss their possible connections.

Nothing left in store . . . but how do we measure attentional capacity?

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-133
Author(s):  
Sergio Morra
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Procedural Knowledge ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Development ◽  
Compelling Evidence ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Focal Attention ◽  
And Storage

I compare the concepts of “activation” and “storage” as foundations of short-term memory, and suggest that an attention-based view of STM does not need to posit specialized short-term stores. In particular, no compelling evidence supports the hypothesis of time-limited stores. Identifying sources of activation, examining the role of activated procedural knowledge, and studying working memory development are central issues in modelling capacity-limited focal attention.

scholarly journals Aboveground Herbivory Influences Belowground Defense Responses in Maize

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lise Pingault ◽  
Saumik Basu ◽  
Prince Zogli ◽  
W. Paul Williams ◽  
Nathan Palmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Proteinase Inhibitors ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Root Physiology ◽  
Aboveground Herbivory

The European corn borer (ECB; Ostrinia nubilalis) is an economically damaging insect pest of maize (Zea mays L.), an important cereal crop widely grown globally. Among inbred lines, the maize genotype Mp708 has shown resistance to diverse herbivorous insects, although several aspects of the defense mechanisms of Mp708 plants are yet to be explored. Here, the changes in root physiology arising from short-term feeding by ECB on the shoot tissues of Mp708 plants was evaluated directly using transcriptomics, and indirectly by monitoring changes in growth of western corn rootworm (WCR; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) larvae. Mp708 defense responses negatively impacted both ECB and WCR larval weights, providing evidence for changes in root physiology in response to ECB feeding on shoot tissues. There was a significant downregulation of genes in the root tissues following short-term ECB feeding, including genes needed for direct defense (e.g., proteinase inhibitors and chitinases). Our transcriptomic analysis also revealed specific regulation of the genes involved in hormonal and metabolite pathways in the roots of Mp708 plants subjected to ECB herbivory. These data provide support for the long-distance signaling-mediated defense in Mp708 plants and suggest that altered metabolite profiles of roots in response to ECB feeding of shoots likely negatively impacted WCR growth.

scholarly journals DIANet: Dense-and-Implicit Attention Network

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (04) ◽  
pp. 4206-4214
Author(s):  
Zhongzhan Huang ◽  
Senwei Liang ◽  
Mingfu Liang ◽  
Haizhao Yang
Keyword(s):  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Residual Network ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Attention Networks ◽  
Network Layers ◽  
Benchmark Datasets ◽  
Long Short Term Memory

Attention networks have successfully boosted the performance in various vision problems. Previous works lay emphasis on designing a new attention module and individually plug them into the networks. Our paper proposes a novel-and-simple framework that shares an attention module throughout different network layers to encourage the integration of layer-wise information and this parameter-sharing module is referred to as Dense-and-Implicit-Attention (DIA) unit. Many choices of modules can be used in the DIA unit. Since Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) has a capacity of capturing long-distance dependency, we focus on the case when the DIA unit is the modified LSTM (called DIA-LSTM). Experiments on benchmark datasets show that the DIA-LSTM unit is capable of emphasizing layer-wise feature interrelation and leads to significant improvement of image classification accuracy. We further empirically show that the DIA-LSTM has a strong regularization ability on stabilizing the training of deep networks by the experiments with the removal of skip connections (He et al. 2016a) or Batch Normalization (Ioffe and Szegedy 2015) in the whole residual network.

scholarly journals Enhanced performance on a sentence comprehension task in congenitally blind adults

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Loiotile ◽  
Connor Lane ◽  
Akira Omaki ◽  
Marina Bedny
Keyword(s):  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Garden Path ◽  
Comprehension Task ◽  
Congenitally Blind

People born blind habitually experience linguistic utterances in the absence of visual cues and activate “visual” cortices during sentence comprehension. Do blind individuals show superior performance on sentence processing tasks? Congenitally blind (n=25) and age and education matched sighted (n=52) participants answered yes/no who-did-what-to-whom questions for auditorily-presented sentences, some of which contained a grammatical complexity manipulation (long-distance movement dependency or garden path). Short-term memory was measured with a forward and backward letter-spans. A battery of control tasks included two speeded math tasks and vocabulary and reading tasks from Woodcock Johnson III. The blind group outperformed the sighted on the sentence comprehension task, particularly for garden-path sentences, and on short-term memory span tasks, but performed similar to the sighted on control tasks. Sentence comprehension performance was not correlated with span performance, suggesting independent enhancements.

scholarly journals Working memory and developmental language impairments

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy A Henry ◽  
Nicola Botting
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Research Evidence ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Language Impairments ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Concurrent Processing ◽  
Processing And Storage ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Working Memory Model

Children with developmental language impairments (DLI) are often reported to show difficulties with working memory. This review describes the four components of the well-established working memory model, and considers whether there is convincing evidence for difficulties within each component in children with DLI. The emphasis is on the most demanding form of working memory that draws on central executive (CE) resources, requiring concurrent processing and storage of information. An evaluation of recent research evidence suggests that, not only are children with DLI impaired on verbal CE measures, but they also show difficulties on non-verbal CE tasks that cannot be assumed to tap language. Therefore, it seems increasingly likely that children with DLI show domain-general CE impairments, along with their more established impairments in verbal short-term memory. Implications for potential working memory interventions and classroom learning are discussed.

scholarly journals Foraging efficiency in temporally predictable environments: is a long-term temporal memory really advantageous?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 210809
Author(s):  
Benjamin Robira ◽  
Simon Benhamou ◽  
Shelly Masi ◽  
Violaine Llaurens ◽  
Louise Riotte-Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Temporal Information ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Foraging Efficiency ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Temporal Memory ◽  
Temporal Cognition

Cognitive abilities enabling animals that feed on ephemeral but yearly renewable resources to infer when resources are available may have been favoured by natural selection, but the magnitude of the benefits brought by these abilities remains poorly known. Using computer simulations, we compared the efficiencies of three main types of foragers with different abilities to process temporal information, in spatially and/or temporally homogeneous or heterogeneous environments. One was endowed with a sampling memory, which stores recent experience about the availability of the different food types. The other two were endowed with a chronological or associative memory, which stores long-term temporal information about absolute times of these availabilities or delays between them, respectively. To determine the range of possible efficiencies, we also simulated a forager without temporal cognition but which simply targeted the closest and possibly empty food sources, and a perfectly prescient forager, able to know at any time which food source was effectively providing food. The sampling , associative and chronological foragers were far more efficient than the forager without temporal cognition in temporally predictable environments, and interestingly, their efficiencies increased with the level of temporal heterogeneity. The use of a long-term temporal memory results in a foraging efficiency up to 1.16 times better ( chronological memory) or 1.14 times worse ( associative memory) than the use of a simple sampling memory. Our results thus show that, for everyday foraging, a long-term temporal memory did not provide a clear benefit over a simple short-term memory that keeps track of the current resource availability. Long-term temporal memories may therefore have emerged in contexts where short-term temporal cognition is useless, i.e. when the anticipation of future environmental changes is strongly needed.

scholarly journals Radar High-Resolution Range Profile Ship Recognition Using Two-Channel Convolutional Neural Networks Concatenated with Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1259
Author(s):  
Chih-Lung Lin ◽  
Tsung-Pin Chen ◽  
Kuo-Chin Fan ◽  
Hsu-Yung Cheng ◽  
Chi-Hung Chuang
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Target Recognition ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Adjacent Structures ◽  
Long Short Term Memory ◽  
Ship Recognition

Radar automatic target recognition is a critical research topic in radar signal processing. Radar high-resolution range profiles (HRRPs) describe the radar characteristics of a target, that is, the characteristics of the target that is reflected by the microwave emitted by the radar are implicit in it. In conventional radar HRRP target recognition methods, prior knowledge of the radar is necessary for target recognition. The application of deep-learning methods in HRRPs began in recent years, and most of them are convolutional neural network (CNN) and its variants, and recurrent neural network (RNN) and the combination of RNN and CNN are relatively rarely used. The continuous pulses emitted by the radar hit the ship target, and the received HRRPs of the reflected wave seem to provide the geometric characteristics of the ship target structure. When the radar pulses are transmitted to the ship, different positions on the ship have different structures, so each range cell of the echo reflected in the HRRP will be different, and adjacent structures should also have continuous relational characteristics. This inspired the authors to propose a model to concatenate the features extracted by the two-channel CNN with bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM). Various filters are used in two-channel CNN to extract deep features and fed into the following BiLSTM. The BiLSTM model can effectively capture long-distance dependence, because BiLSTM can be trained to retain critical information and achieve two-way timing dependence. Therefore, the two-way spatial relationship between adjacent range cells can be used to obtain excellent recognition performance. The experimental results revealed that the proposed method is robust and effective for ship recognition.

Modality effects and storage in sequential short-term memory.

1971 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 410-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis F. Fisher ◽  
Robert Karsh
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Modality Effects ◽  
And Storage
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