scholarly journals Strategies to Apply Water-Deficit Stress: Similarities and Disparities at the Whole Plant Metabolism Level in Medicago truncatula

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 2813
Author(s):  
Verónica Castañeda ◽  
Esther M. González
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Carbon Metabolism ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Invertase Activity ◽  
Water Deficit Stress ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Plant Level

Water-deficit stresses such as drought and salinity are the most important factors limiting crop productivity. Hence, understanding the plant responses to these stresses is key for the improvement of their tolerance and yield. In this study M. truncatula plants were subjected to 250 mM NaCl as well as reduced irrigation (No-W) and 250 g/L polyethylene glycol (PEG)-6000 to induce salinity and drought stress, respectively, provoking a drop to −1.7 MPa in leaf water potential. The whole plant physiology and metabolism was explored by characterizing the stress responses at root, phloem sap and leaf organ level. PEG treatment led to some typical responses of plants to drought stress, but in addition to PEG uptake, an important impairment of nutrient uptake and a different regulation of carbon metabolism could be observed compared to No-W plants. No-W plants showed an important redistribution of antioxidants and assimilates to the root tissue, with a distinctive increase in root proline degradation and alkaline invertase activity. On the contrary, salinity provoked an increase in leaf starch and isocitrate dehydrogenase activity, suggesting key roles in the plant response to this stress. Overall, results suggest higher protection of salt-stressed shoots and non-irrigated roots through different mechanisms, including the regulation of proline and carbon metabolism, while discarding PEG as safe mimicker of drought. This raises the need to understand the effect at the whole plant level of the different strategies employed to apply water-deficit stress.

scholarly journals Interaction of Nitric Oxide with Phytohormones under Drought Stress

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srivani S. Adimulam ◽  
Bhatnagar-Mathur Pooja ◽  
Santisree Parankusam
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Extreme Temperatures ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Stresses ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Plant Level ◽  
Open Question

Plants are often exposed to a plethora of stress conditions such as salinity, extreme temperatures, drought, and heavy metals that can greatly impact farmer’s income. Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in resistance to various plant stresses and hence gaining increasing attention from plant researchers. NO mediate various abiotic and biotic stresses in plants including drought stress. However, it is still unclear about the actual involvement of NO in drought stress responses at a whole plant level. Whether NO act alone or in coherence with other phytohormones and signaling molecules is an open question till now. Here we summarized the interaction of NO with the well-known phytohormones in coping with the drought stress.

Medicago truncatula response to water-deficit stress: whole plant perspectives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Verónica Castañeda Presa
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Water Deficit Stress ◽  
World Population ◽  
Fibrous Root ◽  
Model Plant ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Plant Level

Medicago truncatula is a forage legume with agricultural but also scientifical interest, being used as a model plant for the study of legumes’ biology. Within a climate change context, it is of great importance to maintain/increase plant yield in stressful growth conditions to meet the requirements of the increasing world population. In order to achieve this, it is mandatory to further understand the adaptive response of plants to water-deficit stress, for which the use of this model plant results of great utility. In the present study, the simultaneous study of various plant organs with particular focus on the root system allows us a more integrative understanding of water-deficit response mechanisms from a whole-plant perspective. The root tissue was studied in Chapter 1, distinguishing between the thick taproot and the much thinner fibrous root. The different behaviour of both root types under well-watered as well as under water-deficit conditions was studied from a physiological and metabolic perspec-tive. This study highlighted the active role of the taproot rather than being considered a mere nutrient storage organ. The taproot showed a more resilient nature towards water-deficit stress than the fibrous root, while sucrose cleavage modulation, together with proline metabolism sug-gested a crucial role of these pathways in the root adaptation to water-deficit stress. In Chapter 2 we aimed to address different water-deficit conditions that can affect plant water status, using iso-osmotical conditions of salinity (NaCl and KCl), lack of irrigation and an osmoticum (PEG). This approach allows us to identify the similarities and differences in the mechanisms involved in the response to each stress at the whole-plant level. While PEG was dismissed as a reliable drought-stress mimicker, NaCl and KCl led to similar responses, with a slightly higher negative effect of KCl on plant metabolism. On the other hand, an emphasis on the shoot and root protection was observed for NaCl and no-irrigation stress, respectively. The study of the phloem sap allowed us to better understand the responses to the different water-deficit conditions at a whole-plant level. In summary, this study provides further insight into the response at the whole-plant level of M. truncatula to water-deficit conditions from a biochemical, metabolic and physiological point of view.

scholarly journals Growth and Yield of Wheat as Influenced by Micronutrients Under Water Deficit Condition

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-128
Author(s):  
MA Tithi ◽  
MA Mannan ◽  
MAR Khan ◽  
MM Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Water Deficit Stress ◽  
Randomized Design

Crop productivity is greatly affected by drought stress. In order to evaluate the effects of Zn and Fe micronutrients on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety BARI Gom 29, a pot experiment was conducted at the Agronomy research field of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University during November 2018 to March 2019. Two water regimes i.e. control (80% of field capacity) and drought (40% of field capacity) were maintained throughout the growing season. Micronutrients Zn and Fe viz. i) ZnSO4.7H2O and Fe3SO4.7H2O @22 kgha-1were applied in soil before sowing; ii) ZnSO4.7H2O solution and Fe3SO4.7H2O solution @ 5% of each were applied as foliar spray at flowering stage following completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The results indicated that drought stress affected negatively wheat growth such as plant height, fresh weight of leaf, stem, root and total weight of plant as well as yield. Zn and Fe mitigate the drought effects in wheat which ultimately improve the growth and the yield. Among the micronutrients, Fe (Fe3SO4.7H2O) was found more effective when it was applied as foliar spray @ 5% solution for increasing the growth and yield of wheat under water deficit stress condition. Bangladesh Agron. J. 2021, 24(1): 119-128

scholarly journals Exogenous Application of Brassinosteroid 24-Norcholane 22(S)-23-Dihydroxy Type Analogs to Enhance Water Deficit Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1158
Author(s):  
Katy Díaz ◽  
Luis Espinoza ◽  
Rodrigo Carvajal ◽  
Evelyn Silva-Moreno ◽  
Andrés F. Olea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Alternative Pathway ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Homogeneous Solution ◽  
Water Deficit Stress ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Exogenous Application

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant hormones that play an essential role in plant development and have the ability to protect plants against various environmental stresses, such as low and high temperature, drought, heat, salinity, heavy metal toxicity, and pesticides. Mitigation of stress effects are produced through independent mechanisms or by interaction with other important phytohormones. However, there are few studies in which this property has been reported for BRs analogs. Thus, in this work, the enhancement of drought stress tolerance of A. thaliana was assessed for a series of 2-deoxybrassinosteroid analogs. In addition, the growth-promoting activity in the Rice Lamina Inclination Test (RLIT) was also evaluated. The results show that analog 1 exhibits similar growth activity as brassinolide (BL; used as positive control) in the RLIT bioassay. Interestingly, both compounds increase their activities by a factor of 1.2–1.5 when they are incorporated to polymer micelles formed by Pluronic F-127. On the other hand, tolerance to water deficit stress of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings was evaluated by determining survival rate and dry weight of seedlings after the recovery period. In both cases, the effect of analog 1 is higher than that exhibited by BL. Additionally, the expression of a subset of drought stress marker genes was evaluated in presence and absence of exogenous applied BRs. Results obtained by qRT-PCR analysis, indicate that transcriptional changes of AtDREBD2A and AtNCED3 genes were more significant in A. thaliana treated with analog 1 in homogeneous solution than in that treated with BL. These changes suggest the activation of alternative pathway in response to water stress deficit. Thus, exogenous application of BRs synthetic analogs could be a potential tool for improvement of crop production under stress conditions.

Sucrose Transporter Gene AtSUC4 Responds to Drought Stress by Regulating the Sucrose Distribution and Metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana

2013 ◽  
Vol 765-767 ◽  
pp. 2971-2975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Gong ◽  
Ming Li Liu ◽  
Li Jun Zhang ◽  
Wei Liu ◽  
Che Wang
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Homozygous Mutation ◽  
Transporter Gene ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Sucrose Transporters ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Plant Stress Tolerance ◽  
Plant Level

Sucrose transporters (SUCs or SUTs) are considered as the important carriers and responsible for the loading, unloading and distribution of sucrose, but at present there is no report that SUCs are involved in sucrose distribution and metabolism under drought stress at the whole-plant level. AtSUC4, as the unique member of SUT4-clade inArabidopsis thaliana, may be important for plant stress tolerance. Here, by analyzing two homozygous mutation lines ofAtSUC4(Atsuc4-1andAtsuc4-2), we found drought stress induced higher sucrose, lower fructose and glucose contents in shoots, and lower sucrose, higher fructose and glucose contents in roots of these mutants compared with the wild-type (WT), leading to an imbalance of sucrose distribution, fructose and glucose (sucrose metabolites) accumulation changes at the whole-plant level. Thus we believe thatAtSUC4regulates sucrose distribution and metabolism in response to drought stress.

scholarly journals Methionine-induced regulation of growth, secondary metabolites and oxidative defense system in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants subjected to water deficit stress

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0259585
Author(s):  
Gull Mehak ◽  
Nudrat Aisha Akram ◽  
Muhammad Ashraf ◽  
Prashant Kaushik ◽  
Mohamed A. El-Sheikh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Water Deficit Stress ◽  
Growth Stages

Optimum water availability at different growth stages is one the major prerequisites of best growth and yield production of plants. Exogenous application of plant growth regulators considered effective for normal functioning of plants under water-deficit conditions. A study was conducted to examine the influence of exogenously applied L-methionine on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants grown under water-deficit conditions. Twenty-five-day old seedlings of four sunflower cultivars, FH331, FH572, FH652 and FH623 were exposed to control (100% F.C.) and drought stress (60% F.C.) conditions. After 30-day of drought stress, L-methionine (Met; 20 mg/L) was applied as a foliar spray to control and drought stressed plants. Water deficit stress significantly reduced shoot fresh and dry weights shoot and root lengths, and chlorophyll a content in all four cultivars. While a significant increase was observed due to water deficiency in relative membrane permeability (RMP), malondialdehyde (MDA), total soluble proteins (TSP), total soluble sugars (TSS), ascorbic acid (AsA) and activity of peroxidase (POD). Although, exogenously applied Met was effective in decreasing RMP, MDA and H2O2 contents, it increased the shoot fresh weight, shoot length, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll a/b ratio, proline contents and the activities of SOD, POD and CAT enzymes in all four cultivars under water deficit stress. No change in AsA and total phenolics was observed due to foliar-applied Met under water stress conditions. Of all sunflower cultivars, cv. FH-572 was the highest and cv. FH-652 the lowest of all four cultivars in shoot fresh and dry weights as well as shoot length under drought stress conditions. Overall, foliar applied L-methionine was effective in improving the drought stress tolerance of sunflower plants that was found to be positively associated with Met induced improved growth attributes and reduced RMP, MDA and H2O2 contents under water deficit conditions.

scholarly journals RNA degradomes reveal substrates and importance for dark and nitrogen stress responses of Arabidopsis XRN4

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinay K Nagarajan ◽  
Patrick M Kukulich ◽  
Bryan von Hagel ◽  
Pamela J Green
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Nitrogen Stress ◽  
Degradome Analysis ◽  
Nonsense Mediated Decay ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Major Player ◽  
Plant Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dark Stress

Abstract XRN4, the plant cytoplasmic homolog of yeast and metazoan XRN1, catalyzes exoribonucleolytic degradation of uncapped mRNAs from the 5′ end. Most studies of cytoplasmic XRN substrates have focused on polyadenylated transcripts, although many substrates are likely first deadenylated. Here, we report the global investigation of XRN4 substrates in both polyadenylated and nonpolyadenylated RNA to better understand the impact of the enzyme in Arabidopsis. RNA degradome analysis demonstrated that xrn4 mutants overaccumulate many more decapped deadenylated intermediates than those that are polyadenylated. Among these XRN4 substrates that have 5′ ends precisely at cap sites, those associated with photosynthesis, nitrogen responses and auxin responses were enriched. Moreover, xrn4 was found to be defective in the dark stress response and lateral root growth during N resupply, demonstrating that XRN4 is required during both processes. XRN4 also contributes to nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) and xrn4 accumulates 3′ fragments of select NMD targets, despite the lack of the metazoan endoribonuclease SMG6 in plants. Beyond demonstrating that XRN4 is a major player in multiple decay pathways, this study identified intriguing molecular impacts of the enzyme, including those that led to new insights about mRNA decay and discovery of functional contributions at the whole-plant level.

scholarly journals Morphological and physiological responses of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) to drought stress and dust pollution

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Karami ◽  
Nasser Ghaderi ◽  
Taimoor Javadi
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Stability Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Deficit Stress ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Dust Pollution ◽  
Negative Effect

Abstract Dust pollution can negatively affect plant productivity in hot, dry areas with high insolation during summer. To understand the effect of water-deficit and its interaction with dust pollution on vegetative and physiological changes in grapevine ʻBidaneh Sefidʼ, two-year-old plants were subjected to drought stress (-0.1 and -1 MPa) and dust treatment in a greenhouse during 2013 and 2014. The results showed that dust had a significant negative effect on the number of leaves, shoot length, root and shoot dry weights, and total dry weight under both drought and well-irrigated conditions. Dust, when applied in combination with drought, caused severe growth reduction. Leaf relative water content (RWC) and membrane stability index (MSI) were reduced under dust and drought stress, while soluble carbohydrate, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 concentrations increased. Furthermore, dust application resulted in characteristics similar to those induced by water-deficit stress and intensified vegetative and physiological changes when applied together. Dust and drought treatments increased peroxidases and ascorbate peroxidase activities when compared to the control. The results indicate that dust has an adverse effect on the growth and physiology of grapevine and plays a negative role in the response of grapevine to drought stress.

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