scholarly journals The Cysteine-Rich Peptide Snakin-2 Negatively Regulates Tubers Sprouting through Modulating Lignin Biosynthesis and H2O2 Accumulation in Potato

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2287
Author(s):  
Mengsheng Deng ◽  
Jie Peng ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Shuang Ran ◽  
Chengcheng Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Tuber Dormancy ◽  
Dormant Period ◽  
H2o2 Accumulation ◽  
Decrease Expression Level ◽  
Tuber Sprouting

Potato tuber dormancy is critical for the post-harvest quality. Snakin/Gibberellic Acid Stimulated in Arabidopsis (GASA) family genes are involved in the plants’ defense against pathogens and in growth and development, but the effect of Snakin-2 (SN2) on tuber dormancy and sprouting is largely unknown. In this study, a transgenic approach was applied to manipulate the expression level of SN2 in tubers, and it demonstrated that StSN2 significantly controlled tuber sprouting, and silencing StSN2 resulted in a release of dormancy and overexpressing tubers showed a longer dormant period than that of the control. Further analyses revealed that the decrease expression level accelerated skin cracking and water loss. Metabolite analyses revealed that StSN2 significantly down-regulated the accumulation of lignin precursors in the periderm, and the change of lignin content was documented, a finding which was consistent with the precursors’ level. Subsequently, proteomics found that cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) and peroxidase (Prx), the key proteins for lignin synthesis, were significantly up-regulated in silencing lines, and gene expression and enzyme activity analyses also supported this effect. Interestingly, we found that StSN2 physically interacts with three peroxidases catalyzing the oxidation and polymerization of lignin. In addition, SN2 altered the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). These results suggest that StSN2 negatively regulates lignin biosynthesis and H2O2 accumulation, and ultimately inhibits the sprouting of potato tubers.

scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization of Full-Length Phenylalanine Ammonium Lyase and Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase Genes Involved in Lignin Biosynthesis of Erianthus Arundinaceus

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 174
Author(s):  
Lakshmi Kasirajan ◽  
Prathima Perumal Thirugnanasambandam ◽  
Agnelo Furtado ◽  
Frikkie C. Botha ◽  
Robert J. Henry
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Untranslated Region ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sequence Information ◽  
Cinnamyl Alcohol ◽  
Isolation And Characterization

Lignocellulosic biomasses available in abundance is the most promising raw material for alternate energy production considering the issues of dwindling oil prices, and global warming. Recently, Erianthus arundinaceous has been identified as a potential target for second generation biofuel crop due to its high biomass production, and adaptability to extreme growth environments. Lignin is a major plant cell wall polymer indispensable for plant growth and development, however it hinders the saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. Based on the previous transcriptome studies in a set of sugarcane genotypes differing for lignin content, genes encoding cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), and Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) genes playing major roles in genetic regulation of lignin production have been cloned and characterized from an Erianthus clone IK 76-81. The genomic region of EriCAD was 3524 bp sequence containing four exons and three introns, among which the exon 1&2 of 88 and 80 bp were conserved with sorghum and Miscanthus CADs. The coding region of CAD was identified with 1086 bp open reading frame (ORF), a 68 bp 5′ untranslated region (UTR), and a 86 bp 3′ untranslated region (UTR). In the PROSITE analysis, a zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase signature (GHEVVGEVVEVGPEV) and an NADP-binding domain motif (GLGGLG) was identified. Similarly sequence analysis of PAL showed an ORF of 2106 bp encoding for 702 amino acid residues. It was flanked by 172 bp of 5′ UTR and 121 bp of 3′ UTR. This sequence information on PAL and CAD from Erianthus might be useful for subsequent research on lignin modification for improved biomass conversion.

scholarly journals Overexpression of Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) CAD2 in Tomato Affects Lignin Content

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (14) ◽  
pp. 2595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingtong Li ◽  
Chenxia Cheng ◽  
Xinfu Zhang ◽  
Suping Zhou ◽  
Lixia Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Transformation Method ◽  
Transgenic Tomato ◽  
Pyrus Pyrifolia ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Over Expression ◽  
Transgenic Tomato Plants ◽  
Vessel Elements

PpCAD2 was originally isolated from the ‘Wangkumbae’ pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai), and it encodes for cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), which is a key enzyme in the lignin biosynthesis pathway. In order to verify the function of PpCAD2, transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) ‘Micro-Tom’ plants were generated using over-expression constructs via the agrobacterium-mediated transformation method. The results showed that the PpCAD2 over-expression transgenic tomato plant had a strong growth vigor. Furthermore, these PpCAD2 over-expression transgenic tomato plants contained a higher lignin content and CAD enzymatic activity in the stem, leaf and fruit pericarp tissues, and formed a greater number of vessel elements in the stem and leaf vein, compared to wild type tomato plants. This study clearly indicated that overexpressing PpCAD2 increased the lignin deposition of transgenic tomato plants, and thus validated the function of PpCAD2 in lignin biosynthesis.

scholarly journals Improved chemical pulping and saccharification of a natural mulberry mutant deficient in cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase

Holzforschung ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsutomu Ikeda ◽  
Naoki Takata ◽  
Shingo Sakamoto ◽  
Shi Hu ◽  
Nuoendagula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Cinnamyl Alcohol ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Width Measurements

Abstract Lignin content and its molecular structure influence various wood characteristics. In this study, the anatomical and physicochemical properties of wood derived from a naturally occurring mulberry mutant deficient in cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis, were analyzed using conventional staining assays on stem sections, length and width measurements of xylem fiber cells, wood pulping and saccharification assays, and sugar compositional analysis of extractive-free wood powder. The present data indicate that the mutation in the CAD gene leads to improved wood delignification efficiency, increased pulp yield under alkaline pulping conditions, and enhanced saccharification efficiency following alkaline pretreatment. This study opens up new avenues for the multipurpose use of the mulberry CAD-deficient mutant as a raw material for biorefinery processes, in addition to its traditional use as a favored feed for silkworms.

scholarly journals Response of Fruit Bagging to Lignin Biosynthesis and Expression of Related Genes in Fruit Peel of Sand Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) cv. Cuiguan

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (11) ◽  
pp. 1989-1997
Author(s):  
Chun-hui Shi ◽  
Xiao-qing Wang ◽  
Xue-ying Zhang ◽  
Lian-ying Shen ◽  
Jun Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Pyrus Pyrifolia ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Lignin Synthesis ◽  
Yellow Orange ◽  
Coa Reductase

This study explored the effects of different colored bags (blue, green, white, yellow, orange, and red) on russet deposition on the peel of semi-russet ‘Cuiguan’ pears 10 days after full bloom (DAFB). The process of russeting of the peel and structure of the cork layer were characterized by microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), followed by the detection of lignin and the activity of enzymes involved in lignin synthesis. The expression of cinnamate-4-hydroxylase, 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, cinnamoyl-CoA reductase, and peroxidase, which were related to phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, was determined via real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Russeting of the outer peel of ‘Cuiguan’ pear accumulated rapidly at 80 DAFB, and a positive relationship between the russet index and lignin content was observed. Red and infrared (IR) ray, partial far-IR light (600–800 nm), and ultraviolet-A light (350–400 nm) promoted russeting in ‘Cuiguan’ pear peel, whereas green light decreased russeting, the russet index, enzymatic activities, and the expression levels of enzymes involved in lignin synthesis. Values of all these factors were higher for ‘Cuiguan’ pears in red bags than for those in bags of other colors. These findings suggested that spectral components affected the synthesis of lignin and the formation of fruit russet. Storage in green bags reduced russeting and improved fruit appearance.

scholarly journals Sugarcane expressed sequences tags (ESTs) encoding enzymes involved in lignin biosynthesis pathways

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 235-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rose Lucia Braz Ramos ◽  
Francisco Javier Tovar ◽  
Ricardo Magrani Junqueira ◽  
Fabiane Borges Lino ◽  
Gilberto Sachetto-Martins
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Caffeic Acid ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Cinnamyl Alcohol ◽  
Cinnamoyl Coa Reductase ◽  
Coa Reductase ◽  
Lignin Metabolism

Lignins are phenolic polymers found in the secondary wall of plant conductive systems where they play an important role by reducing the permeability of the cell wall to water. Lignins are also responsible for the rigidity of the cell wall and are involved in mechanisms of resistance to pathogens. The metabolic routes and enzymes involved in synthesis of lignins have been largely characterized and representative genes that encode enzymes involved in these processes have been cloned from several plant species. The synthesis of lignins is liked to the general metabolism of the phenylpropanoids in plants, having enzymes (e.g. phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) and caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT)) common to other processes as well as specific enzymes such as cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD). Some maize and sorghum mutants, shown to have defective in CAD and/or COMT activity, are easier to digest because they have a reduced lignin content, something which has motivated different research groups to alter the lignin content and composition of model plants by genetic engineering try to improve, for example, the efficiency of paper pulping and digestibility. In the work reported in this paper, we have made an inventory of the sugarcane expressed sequence tag (EST) coding for enzymes involved in lignin metabolism which are present in the sugarcane EST genome project (SUCEST) database. Our analysis focused on the key enzymes ferulate-5-hydroxylase (F5H), caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT), caffeoyl CoA O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT), hydroxycinnamate CoA ligase (4CL), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD). The comparative analysis of these genes with those described in other species could be used as molecular markers for breeding as well as for the manipulation of lignin metabolism in sugarcane.

scholarly journals Targeting hydroxycinnamoyl CoA: shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase for lignin modification in Brachypodium distachyon

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos Serrani-Yarce ◽  
Luis Escamilla-Trevino ◽  
Jaime Barros ◽  
Lina Gallego-Giraldo ◽  
Yunqiao Pu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Brachypodium Distachyon ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Reverse Direction ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Kinetic Properties ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Lignin Modification

Abstract Background Hydroxycinnamoyl CoA: shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT) is a central enzyme of the so-called “esters” pathway to monolignols. As originally envisioned, HCT functions twice in this pathway, to form coumaroyl shikimate and then, in the “reverse” direction, to convert caffeoyl shikimate to caffeoyl CoA. The discovery of a caffeoyl shikimate esterase (CSE) that forms caffeic acid directly from caffeoyl shikimate calls into question the need for the reverse HCT reaction in lignin biosynthesis. Loss of function of HCT gives severe growth phenotypes in several dicot plants, but less so in some monocots, questioning whether this enzyme, and therefore the shikimate shunt, plays the same role in both monocots and dicots. The model grass Brachypodium distachyon has two HCT genes, but lacks a classical CSE gene. This study was therefore conducted to evaluate the utility of HCT as a target for lignin modification in a species with an “incomplete” shikimate shunt. Results The kinetic properties of recombinant B. distachyon HCTs were compared with those from Arabidopsis thaliana, Medicago truncatula, and Panicum virgatum (switchgrass) for both the forward and reverse reactions. Along with two M. truncatula HCTs, B. distachyon HCT2 had the least kinetically unfavorable reverse HCT reaction, and this enzyme is induced when HCT1 is down-regulated. Down regulation of B. distachyon HCT1, or co-down-regulation of HCT1 and HCT2, by RNA interference led to reduced lignin levels, with only modest changes in lignin composition and molecular weight. Conclusions Down-regulation of HCT1, or co-down-regulation of both HCT genes, in B. distachyon results in less extensive changes in lignin content/composition and cell wall structure than observed following HCT down-regulation in dicots, with little negative impact on biomass yield. Nevertheless, HCT down-regulation leads to significant improvements in biomass saccharification efficiency, making this gene a preferred target for biotechnological improvement of grasses for bioprocessing.

Integrated analysis of transcriptomic and metabolomic data reveals critical metabolic pathways involved in polyphenol biosynthesis in Nicotiana tabacum under chilling stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peilu Zhou ◽  
Qiyao Li ◽  
Guangliang Liu ◽  
Na Xu ◽  
Yinju Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Chilling Stress ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Active Metabolites ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Key Steps

Chilling stress increases the amount of polyphenols, especially lignin, which protects tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. k326) from chilling stress. To clarify the molecular biosynthesis mechanism of the key representative compounds, specifically lignin, RNA sequencing and ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry technologies were used to construct transcriptomic and metabolomic libraries from the leaves of tobacco plants subjected to normal (25°C) and chilling (4°C) temperature treatments. Transcriptomic libraries from the different samples were sequenced, generating more than 40million raw reads. Among nine samples, metabolomic analysis identified a total of 97 encoding enzymes that function in the key steps of pathways related to polyphenol biosynthesis, where 42 metabolites were also located. An integrated analysis of metabolic and transcriptomic data revealed that most of the intermediate metabolites and enzymes related to lignin biosynthesis were synthesised in the leaves under chilling stress, which suggests that the biosynthesis of lignin plays an important role in the response of tobacco leaves to cold temperatures. In addition, the cold insensitivity of chalcone synthase genes might be considered to be an important rate-limiting factor in the process of precursor substance flow to flavonoid biosynthesis under chilling stress. Furthermore, the upregulated expression of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT) and cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) under chilling stress is the key to an increase in lignin synthesis. This study provides a hypothetical basis for the screening of new active metabolites and the metabolic engineering of polyphenols in tobacco.

scholarly journals Distinct and overlapping functions of Miscanthus sinensis MYB transcription factors SCM1 and MYB103 in lignin biosynthesis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Golfier ◽  
Faride Unda ◽  
Emily K. Murphy ◽  
Jianbo Xie ◽  
Feng He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Miscanthus Sinensis ◽  
Cell Wall Formation ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall Formation ◽  
Wall Formation

AbstractCell wall recalcitrance is a major constraint for the exploitation of lignocellulosic biomass as renewable resource for energy and bio-based products. Transcriptional regulators of the lignin biosynthetic pathway represent promising targets for tailoring lignin content and composition in plant secondary cell walls. A wealth of research in model organisms has revealed that transcriptional regulation of secondary cell wall formation is orchestrated by a hierarchical transcription factor (TF) network with NAC TFs as master regulators and MYB factors in the lower tier regulators. However, knowledge about the transcriptional regulation of lignin biosynthesis in lignocellulosic feedstocks, such as Miscanthus, is limited. Here, we characterized two Miscanthus MYB TFs, MsSCM1 and MsMYB103, and compared their transcriptional impact with that of the master regulator MsSND1. In Miscanthus leaves MsSCM1 and MsMYB103 are expressed at growth stages associated with lignification. Ectopic expression of MsSCM1 and MsMYB103 in tobacco leaves was sufficient to trigger secondary cell wall deposition with distinct sugar and lignin composition. Moreover, RNA-seq analysis revealed that the transcriptional responses to MsSCM1 and MsMYB103 overexpression showed extensive overlap with the response to MsSND1, but were distinct from each other, underscoring the inherent complexity of secondary cell wall formation. Together, MsSCM1 and MsMYB103 represent interesting targets for manipulations of lignin content and composition in Miscanthus towards tailored biomass.

Gains achieved by molecular approaches in the area of lignification

2001 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 561-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain-M. Boudet ◽  
Matthieu Chabannes
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Regulatory Circuits ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Different Cell Types

In this article we highlight the contribution of molecular biology and lignin genetic engineering toward a better understanding of lignin biosynthesis and spatio-temporal deposition of lignin. Specific examples from the literature and from our laboratory will serve to underline the chemical flexibility of lignins, the complexity of the regulatory circuits involved in their synthesis, and the specific behavior of different cell types within the xylem. We will also focus on strategies aiming to reduce the lignin content or to modify the lignin composition of plants and present their impact on plant development. We will show that the ectopic expression of a specific transgene may have a different impact, depending on the genetic background, and that plants with a severe reduction in lignin content may undergo normal development. Lignification is currently benefiting enormously from recent developments in molecular biology and transgenesis, and the progress made opens the way for future developments to study how the walls of lignified plant cells are built and organized.

scholarly journals Patatin-Related Phospholipase AtpPLAIIIα Affects Lignification of Xylem in Arabidopsis and Hybrid Poplars

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Hoon Jang ◽  
Ok Ran Lee
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Amide Bonds ◽  
Hybrid Poplars ◽  
Plant Lipids ◽  
Lipid Acyl Hydrolase ◽  
Specific Regulation

Lipid acyl hydrolase are a diverse group of enzymes that hydrolyze the ester or amide bonds of fatty acid in plant lipids. Patatin-related phospholipase AIIIs (pPLAIIIs) are one of major lipid acyl hydrolases that are less closely related to potato tuber patatins and are plant-specific. Recently, overexpression of ginseng-derived PgpPLAIIIβ was reported to be involved in the reduced level of lignin content in Arabidopsis and the mature xylem layer of poplar. The presence of lignin-polysaccharides renders cell walls recalcitrant for pulping and biofuel production. The tissue-specific regulation of lignin biosynthesis, without altering all xylem in plants, can be utilized usefully by keeping mechanical strength and resistance to various environmental stimuli. To identify another pPLAIII homolog from Arabidopsis, constitutively overexpressed AtpPLAIIIα was characterized for xylem lignification in two well-studied model plants, Arabidopsis and poplar. The characterization of gene function in annual and perennial plants with respect to lignin biosynthesis revealed the functional redundancy of less lignification via downregulation of lignin biosynthesis-related genes.

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