scholarly journals Leucokinin and Associated Neuropeptides Regulate Multiple Aspects of Physiology and Behavior in Drosophila

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1940
Author(s):  
Dick R. Nässel
Keyword(s):  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Neurosecretory Cells ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Drosophila Larvae ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Adult Drosophila

Leucokinins (LKs) constitute a family of neuropeptides identified in numerous insects and many other invertebrates. LKs act on G-protein-coupled receptors that display only distant relations to other known receptors. In adult Drosophila, 26 neurons/neurosecretory cells of three main types express LK. The four brain interneurons are of two types, and these are implicated in several important functions in the fly’s behavior and physiology, including feeding, sleep–metabolism interactions, state-dependent memory formation, as well as modulation of gustatory sensitivity and nociception. The 22 neurosecretory cells (abdominal LK neurons, ABLKs) of the abdominal neuromeres co-express LK and a diuretic hormone (DH44), and together, these regulate water and ion homeostasis and associated stress as well as food intake. In Drosophila larvae, LK neurons modulate locomotion, escape responses and aspects of ecdysis behavior. A set of lateral neurosecretory cells, ALKs (anterior LK neurons), in the brain express LK in larvae, but inconsistently so in adults. These ALKs co-express three other neuropeptides and regulate water and ion homeostasis, feeding, and drinking, but the specific role of LK is not yet known. This review summarizes Drosophila data on embryonic lineages of LK neurons, functional roles of individual LK neuron types, interactions with other peptidergic systems, and orchestrating functions of LK.

scholarly journals Leucokinin and Associated Neuropeptides Regulate Multiple Aspects of Physiology and Behavior in Drosophila

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dick R. Nässel
Keyword(s):  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Neurosecretory Cells ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Drosophila Larvae ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Adult Drosophila

Leucokinins (LKs) constitute a family of neuropeptides identified in numerous insects and many other invertebrates. The LKs act on G-protein coupled receptors that display only distant relations to other known receptors. In adult Drosophila, 26 neurons/neurosecretory cells of three main types express LK. The four brain interneurons are of two types, and these are implicated in several important functions in the fly’s behavior and physiology, including feeding, sleep-metabolism interactions, state-dependent memory formation, as well as modulation of gustatory sensitivity and nociception. The 22 neurosecretory cells (ABLKs) of the abdominal neuromeres coexpress LK and a diuretic hormone (DH44), and together these regulate water and ion homeostasis and associated stress, as well as food intake. In Drosophila larvae, LK neurons modulate locomotion, escape responses, and aspects of ecdysis behavior. A set of lateral neurosecretory cells, ALKs, in the brain express LK in larvae, but inconsistently so in adults. These ALKs coexpress three other neuropeptides and regulate water and ion homeostasis, feeding and drinking, but the specific role of LK is not yet known. This review summarizes Drosophila data on embryonic lineages of LK neurons, functional roles of individual LK neuron types, interactions with other peptidergic systems, and orchestrating functions of LK.

scholarly journals Functional modulation of PTH1R activation and signalling by RAMP2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarina Nemec ◽  
Hannes Schihada ◽  
Gunnar Kleinau ◽  
Ulrike Zabel ◽  
Eugene O. Grushevskyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Homology Modelling ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Optical Biosensors ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Activated State ◽  
Class B ◽  
Receptor Activity Modifying Proteins ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Receptor-activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) are ubiquitously expressed membrane proteins that associate with different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) including the parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R), a class B GPCR, and an important modulator of mineral ion homeostasis and bone metabolism. However, it is unknown whether and how RAMP proteins may affect PTH1R function. Using different optical biosensors to measure the activation of PTH1R and its downstream signalling, we describe here that RAMP2 acts as a specific allosteric modulator of PTH1R, shifting PTH1R to a unique pre-activated state that permits faster activation in a ligand-specific manner. Moreover, RAMP2 modulates PTH1R downstream signalling in an agonist-dependent manner, most notably increasing the PTH-mediated Gi3 signalling sensitivity. Additionally, RAMP2 increases both PTH- and PTHrP-triggered β-arrestin2 recruitment to PTH1R. Employing homology modelling we describe the putative structural molecular basis underlying our functional findings. These data uncover a critical role of RAMPs in the activation and signalling of a GPCR that may provide a new venue for highly specific modulation of GPCR function and advanced drug design.

scholarly journals The role of Bisphenol A in shaping the brain, epigenome and behavior

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer T. Wolstenholme ◽  
Emilie F. Rissman ◽  
Jessica J. Connelly
Keyword(s):  
Bisphenol A ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Plasticity: Cells, Circuits, Brains, and Behavior

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia S. Churchland ◽  
Terrence J. Sejnowski
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Neuronal Plasticity ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Synaptic Strength ◽  
Physical Mechanisms ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

This chapter examines the physical mechanisms in nervous systems in order to elucidate the structural bases and functional principles of synaptic plasticity. Neuroscientific research on plasticity can be divided into four main streams: the neural mechanism for relatively simple kinds of plasticity, such as classical conditioning or habituation; anatomical and physiological studies of temporal lobe structures, including the hippocampus and the amygdala; study of the development of the visual system; and the relation between the animal's genes and the development of its nervous system. The chapter first considers the role of the mammalian hippocampus in learning and memory before discussing Donald Hebb's views on synaptic plasticity. It then explores the mechanisms underlying neuronal plasticity and those that decrease synaptic strength, the relevance of time with respect to plasticity, and the occurrence of plasticity during the development of the nervous system. It also describes modules, modularity, and networks in the brain.

Transmembrane Signaling in the Brain by Serotonin, A Key Regulator of Physiology and Emotion

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 363-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatyana Adayev ◽  
Buddima Ranasinghe ◽  
Probal Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Covalent Modification ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptors ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
Compare And Contrast ◽  
The Brain

Serotonin (5-HT) is an ancient chemical that plays a crucial functional role in almost every living organism. It regulates platelet aggregation, activation of immune cells, and contraction of stomach and intestinal muscles. In addition, serotonin acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain and the peripheral nervous system. These activities are initiated by the binding of serotonin to 15 or more receptors that are pharmacologically classified into seven groups, 5-HT1 through 5-HT7. Each group is further divided into subgroups of receptors that are homologous but are encoded by discrete genes. With the exception of the 5-HT3 receptor-a cation channel—all of the others are G protein-coupled receptors that potentially activate or inhibit a large number of biochemical cascades. This review will endeavor to compare and contrast such signaling pathways with special attention to their tissue-specific occurrence, their possible role in immediate effects on covalent modification of other proteins, and relatively slower effects on gene expression, physiology and behavior.

scholarly journals The Contribution of Formyl Peptide Receptor Dysfunction to the Course of Neuroinflammation: A Potential Role in the Brain Pathology

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Trojan ◽  
Natalia Bryniarska ◽  
Monika Leśkiewicz ◽  
Magdalena Regulska ◽  
Katarzyna Chamera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Membrane Receptors ◽  
Formyl Peptide Receptor ◽  
Proinflammatory Response ◽  
Formyl Peptide ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
The Brain

: Chronic inflammatory processes within the central nervous system (CNS) are in part responsible for the development of neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. These processes are associated with, among other things, the increased and disturbed activation of microglia and the elevated production of proinflammatory factors. Recent studies indicated that the disruption of the process of resolution of inflammation (RoI) may be the cause of CNS disorders. It is shown that the RoI is regulated by endogenous molecules called specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), which interact with specific membrane receptors. Some SPMs activate formyl peptide receptors (FPRs), which belong to the family of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors take part not only in the proinflammatory response but also in the resolution of the inflammation process. Therefore, the activation of FPRs might have complex consequences. : This review discusses the potential role of FPRs, and in particular the role of FPR2 subtype, in the brain under physiological and pathological conditions and their involvement in processes underlying neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders as well as ischemia, the pathogenesis of which involves the dysfunction of inflammatory processes.

The Role of Executive Function in Shaping Reinforcement Learning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena Rmus ◽  
Samuel McDougle ◽  
Anne Collins
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Instrumental Behavior ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Neural Computations ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Reinforcement learning (RL) models have advanced our understanding of how animals learn and make decisions, and how the brain supports some aspects of learning. However, the neural computations that are explained by RL algorithms fall short of explaining many sophisticated aspects of human decision making, including the generalization of learned information, one-shot learning, and the synthesis of task information in complex environments. Instead, these aspects of instrumental behavior are assumed to be supported by the brain’s executive functions (EF). We review recent findings that highlight the importance of EF in learning. Specifically, we advance the theory that EF sets the stage for canonical RL computations in the brain, providing inputs that broaden their flexibility and applicability. Our theory has important implications for how to interpret RL computations in the brain and behavior.

Abstract 312: Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Circuitry in the Brain After Transient and Permanent Ischemia

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatiha Tabet ◽  
Sandy Lee ◽  
Luisa F Cuesta Torres ◽  
Michael G Levin ◽  
Grant R Drummond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Validation Studies ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Sham Procedure ◽  
Gene Regulatory ◽  
Neurological Processes ◽  
The Brain

Background: Stroke is a major neurovascular disease and a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability. Within cells of the brain, short non-encoding microRNAs (miRNAs) serve to modulate gene expression and likely contribute to most, neurological processes. However, miRNA changes in the brain tissue in response to stroke have not been reported. Aim: To investigate the functional roles of brain miRNAs and gene regulatory networks in stroke injury. Methods: Adult (8-12 weeks old) male C57Bl/6 mice underwent intraluminal filament-induced middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Permanent ischemia (ischemia no reperfusion, InoR; n=8) was achieved by occlusion for 24 h, and ischemia with reperfusion (IR; n=8) was completed after 30 min of MCA followed by 23.5 h of reperfusion. Sham-operated mice (n=8) were used as controls. Total RNA was isolated from mouse brains and gene arrays (Affymetrix) and miRNA arrays (TaqMan OpenArray microRNA) were performed. Validation studies were performed using RT-PCR and TaqMan Individual Assays. Results: Relative to the sham-operated mice, InoR significantly altered (p≤0.05; fold-change≥1.5) the levels of 471 genes (mRNA) in the brain. By contrast, IR resulted in only 114 significant changes in gene expression after 24 h. Brain miRNAs were also very sensitive to both ischemia and reperfusion. 28 miRNAs (11 down, 17 up) were significantly altered by InoR compared to the sham procedure. Likewise, 12 miRNAs (3 down, 9 up) were significantly altered with reperfusion compared to the sham procedure. Interestingly, we found 10 miRNAs to be significantly altered (5 up, 5 down) with ischemia (InoR/Sham), but were also significantly corrected towards normal Sham levels by 23.5 h reperfusion (IR/InoR). Validation studies confirmed that levels of multiple miRNAs were significantly altered with InoR. Reperfusion increased the levels of all these miRNAs. 48% (327/680) of the mRNAs that were altered were predicted targets of significantly altered miRNAs, and our results showed inverse directional changes. Conclusion: Results from our study show the role of miRNAs and post-transcriptional circuits in both adaptive and maladaptive responses to ischemic stroke and reperfusion.

scholarly journals Shedding light on the role of CX3CR1 in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Chamera ◽  
Magdalena Szuster-Głuszczak ◽  
Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Unique System ◽  
The Family ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Homeostasis

AbstractSchizophrenia has a complex and heterogeneous molecular and clinical picture. Over the years of research on this disease, many factors have been suggested to contribute to its pathogenesis. Recently, the inflammatory processes have gained particular interest in the context of schizophrenia due to the increasing evidence from epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies. Within the immunological component, special attention has been brought to chemokines and their receptors. Among them, CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1), which belongs to the family of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors, and its cognate ligand (CX3CL1) constitute a unique system in the central nervous system. In the view of regulation of the brain homeostasis through immune response, as well as control of microglia reactivity, the CX3CL1–CX3CR1 system may represent an attractive target for further research and schizophrenia treatment. In the review, we described the general characteristics of the CX3CL1–CX3CR1 axis and the involvement of this signaling pathway in the physiological processes whose disruptions are reported to participate in mechanisms underlying schizophrenia. Furthermore, based on the available clinical and experimental data, we presented a guide to understanding the implication of the CX3CL1–CX3CR1 dysfunctions in the course of schizophrenia.

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