scholarly journals Use of Zebrafish Embryo Assay to Evaluate Toxicity and Safety of Bioreactor-Grown Exopolysaccharides and Endopolysaccharides from European Ganoderma applanatum Mycelium for Future Aquaculture Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1675
Author(s):  
Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar ◽  
Zul Ilham ◽  
Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin ◽  
Neil Rowan
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Zebrafish Embryo ◽  
Zebrafish Embryos ◽  
Adult Fish ◽  
Potential Toxicity ◽  
Ganoderma Applanatum ◽  
Feed Supplements ◽  
Aquaculture Industry ◽  
Embryo Toxicity

Natural mycelial exopolysaccharide (EPS) and endopolysaccharide (ENS) extracted from bioreactor-cultivated European Ganoderma applanatum mushrooms are of potential high commercial value for both food and adjacent biopharmaceutical industries. In order to evaluate their potential toxicity for aquaculture application, both EPS (0.01–10 mg/mL) and ENS (0.01–10 mg/mL) extracts were tested for Zebrafish Embryo Toxicity (ZFET); early development effects on Zebrafish Embryos (ZE) were also analyzed between 24 and 120 h post-fertilization (HPF). Both EPS and ENS are considered non-toxic with LC50 of 1.41 mg/mL and 0.87 mg/mL respectively. Both EPS and ENS did not delay hatching and teratogenic defect towards ZE with <1.0 mg/mL, respectively. No significant changes in the ZE heart rate were detected following treatment with the two compounds tested (EPS: 0.01–10 mg/mL: 176.44 ± 0.77 beats/min and ENS: 0.01–10 mg/mL: 148.44 ± 17.75 beats/min) compared to normal ZE (120–180 beats/min). These initial findings support future pre-clinical trials in adult fish models with view to safely using EPS and ENS as potential feed supplements for supplements for development of the aquaculture industry.

scholarly journals Zebrafish Embryo Toxicity of a Binary Mixture of Pyrethroid Insecticides: d-Tetramethrin and Cyphenothrin

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janthri C. Mendis ◽  
Thejani K. Tennakoon ◽  
Chanika D. Jayasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Binary Mixture ◽  
Zebrafish Embryo ◽  
Lethal Effect ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Synthetic Pyrethroids ◽  
Zebrafish Embryos ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Embryo Toxicity

Pesguard FG161™, a mixture of d-tetramethrin and cyphenothrin (1:3 ratio), is extensively used to achieve rapid control of adult dengue vector, Aedes aegypti, during the disease outbreaks. Both d-tetramethrin and cyphenothrin are synthetic pyrethroids that are known to have adverse effects on non-mammalian organisms such as fish. The present study intended to use zebrafish embryo toxicity model to investigate the toxic effect of the above binary mixture on fish. Particularly, zebrafish embryo toxicity model provides an alternative to acute fish toxicity tests in terms of animal welfare perspective as the embryos are not considered live until 5 days after fertilization. The zebrafish embryos (2 hrs after fertilization) were exposed to a binary mixture of pyrethroids at different concentrations (d-tetramethrin: 0.01 – 1.20 μmolL-1 and cyphenothrin: 0.03 – 3.20 μmolL-1) for 24, 48, and 72 hrs at room temperature (26°C) according to the OECD guideline no. 236. Percentage mortality of embryos were calculated by observing the lethal endpoints and LC50 values were calculated for each time interval employing the probit analysis. This binary mixture was highly toxic to zebrafish embryos and was found to be concentration and time dependent. LC50 values at 24 hrs (d-tet: 0.58 μmolL-1, cyp: 1.74 μmolL-1) were significantly reduced in 48 hrs (d-tet: 0.11 μmolL-1, cyp: 0.33 μmolL-1) and 72 hrs (d-tet: 0.03 μmolL-1, cyp: 0.09 μmolL-1). Coagulation of embryos was the most common lethal effect observed and lack of somite formation and lack of heartbeat were also observed. The present study revealed that the binary mixture is highly toxic to zebrafish embryos even when based on nominal concentrations. Hence, extensive use of these pesticides could be detrimental to fish population and integrated vector control methods which involve the minimum use of insecticides are recommended. Further, this study highlights the applicability of zebrafish embryo toxicity model as an alternative method to investigate the toxicity of pyrethroids to fish.

scholarly journals Heavy Metal Content Analysis and Toxicity Assessment of Oil-Based Drilling Mud using Zebrafish Embryos

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 390-395
Author(s):  
Nanthini Sridewi ◽  
Siti Nurbariah ◽  
Syahida Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Metal Content ◽  
Zebrafish Embryo ◽  
Heavy Metal Content ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Zebrafish Embryos ◽  
Used Oil ◽  
Drilling Muds

Aim: Used oil-based drilling muds (OBDMs) are toxic to marine organisms due to the fluid’s complex chemical nature. The illegal dumping of used OBDMs is still rampant in many parts of the world despite of the stringent laws and regulations pertaining to its disposal. To date, study of the assessment of heavy metal content in used OBDMs from the Malaysian oil and gas industry has been limited. Furthermore, the study of the toxic effect of OBDMs using a zebrafish embryo model has never been reported before. Therefore, in this research, the used oil-based drilling muds (OBDMs) were analyzed for their heavy metal content and toxicity against Zebrafish embryos. Methods: Used OBDMs were collected from an Anchor Handling Tug Supply (AHTS) vessel mud tank from Kemaman, Terengganu. The heavy metal content in the mud was analyzed using ICP-AES. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to OBDMs of varying concentrations (i.e., 0.25 mg/ml, 0.125 mg/ml, 0.06 mg/ml, 0.03 mg/ml, 0.015 mg/ml, 0.0076 mg/ml, 0.0034 mg/ml and 0.0019 mg/ml). The toxicity and teratogenicity of the mud on zebrafish embryos were assessed every 24 hours, for 96 hours, using endpoints like embryo mortality, heart rate and hatching rate. Results: The heavy metal content of used OBDMs had the highest concentration of barium (Ba) 2360 ppm, followed by lead (Pb) 120 ppm, zinc (Zn) 104 ppm, arsenic (As) 9 ppm, and chromium (Cr) 16 ppm, with cadmium (Cd) concentration of less than 1 ppm being the lowest. The Ba (2360 mg/L) concentration in the OBDM sample exceeded the concentration of Ba in normal marine sediment reported to be around 2000 mg/L. The 96 h LC50 of the OBDM in zebrafish embryos was reported to be 0.005 mg/mL (5 ppm). Zebrafish embryos that were exposed to high concentrations of OBDMs exhibited a lower hatching rate and reduced heart rate than the control group. Conclusion: The findings of this study are indicative of the highly toxic nature of used OBDMs and its dosage-dependent teratogenicity effects on zebrafish embryo. Knowledge of the potential environmental impacts of OBDMs released into the marine environment can be the basis for prudent decision-making that will help minimize environmental damage.

scholarly journals In vivo toxicity of bioreactor-grown biomass and exopolysaccharides from Malaysian tiger milk mushroom mycelium for potential future health applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Rokhiyah Ahmad Usuldin ◽  
Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar ◽  
Zul Ilham ◽  
Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin ◽  
Nur Raihan Abdullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zebrafish Embryo ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Zebrafish Embryos ◽  
Mycelial Biomass ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
Embryo Toxicity ◽  
Delayed Hatching ◽  
Health Applications

AbstractNatural mycelial biomass (MB) and exopolysaccharides (EPS) of Malaysian tiger milk mushroom Lignosus rhinocerus are considered high-end components due to their high commercial potential value in drug discovery. This study aims to evaluate the toxicity of the mushroom extracts’ generated in a bioreactor using the zebrafish embryo toxicity (ZFET) model assay as a new therapy for treating asthma. Both MB and EPS extracts, at concentrations 0.16–10 mg/mL, were tested for ZFET and early development effects on Zebrafish Embryos (ZE) during 24–120 h post-fertilisation (HPF). Findings revealed that MB was deemed safe with an LC50 of 0.77 mg/mL; the EPS were non-toxic (LC50 of 0.41 mg/mL). Neither MB nor EPS delayed hatching nor teratogenic defects in the treated ZE at a 2.5 mg/mL dose. There were no significant changes in the ZE heart rate after treatments with MB (130 beats/min) and EPS (140 beats/min), compared to that of normal ZE (120–180 beats/min). Mixing both natural compounds MB and EPS did not affect toxicity using ZFET testing; thus, intimating their safe future use as therapeutic interventions. This represents the first study to have used the ZFET assay on MB and EPS extracts of L. rhinocerus for future health applications.

Respiratory development in Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus under conditions of normoxia and chronic hypoxia

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (9) ◽  
pp. 1461-1467 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. McDonald ◽  
B. R. McMahon
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Chronic Hypoxia ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Salvelinus Alpinus ◽  
Ventilation Rate ◽  
Arctic Char ◽  
Adult Fish ◽  
Weighted Averages ◽  
Secondary Lamellae

Changes in surface morphology of the gills, ventilation rate, and heart rate were examined in Arctic char larvae exposed to normoxia (pO2 = 121 ± 6 (SE) mmHg) or chronic hypoxia (pO2 = 33 ± 3.5 mmHg) for 47 days after hatching. A modified weighted-averages technique was developed to measure aspects of gill morphology.Early development of the gills was characterized by rapid increases in filament size and number, and the emergence and proliferation of secondary lamellae. Variations in the dimensions of the gills, as noted in adult fish, were particularly evident in the larval fish.Hypoxia caused increases in both ventilation rate and heart rate. Prolonged exposure led to a retardation of gill growth, particularly the proliferation of secondary lamellae. However, growth of individual lamellae was stimulated between 38 and 47 days.

The effect of red pepper/capsaicin on blood pressure and heart rate: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of clinical trials

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Shirani ◽  
Sahar Foshati ◽  
Mohammad Tavassoly ◽  
Cain C. T. Clark ◽  
Mohammad Hossein Rouhani
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Red Pepper

scholarly journals The Relationship between Dissolution Behavior and the Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles on Zebrafish Embryos in Different Ionic Environments

Nanomaterials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang Lee ◽  
Eungwang Kim ◽  
Hyun-Ju Cho ◽  
Taejoon Kang ◽  
Bongsoo Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Zebrafish Embryo ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Dissolution Behavior ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Zebrafish Embryos ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Water Filters

A silver nanoparticle is one of the representative engineered nanomaterials with excellent optical, electrical, antibacterial properties. Silver nanoparticles are being increasingly used for medical products, water filters, and cosmetics, etc. However, silver nanoparticles are known to cause adverse effects on the ecosystem and human health. To utilize silver nanoparticles with minimized negative effects, it is important to understand the behavior of silver nanoparticles released to the environment. In this study, we compared toxicity behaviors of citrate-stabilized silver nanoparticles with polyethylene glycol coated silver nanoparticles in two different ionic environments, which are aquatic environments for developing zebrafish embryo. Depending on the composition of the ionic environment, citrate-stabilized silver nanoparticles and polyethylene glycol coated silver nanoparticles exhibited different behaviors in dissolution, aggregation, or precipitation, which governed the toxicity of silver nanoparticles on zebrafish embryos.

scholarly journals Development of a Simple ImageJ-Based Method for Dynamic Blood Flow Tracking in Zebrafish Embryos and Its Application in Drug Toxicity Evaluation

Inventions ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiorency Santoso ◽  
Bonifasius Putera Sampurna ◽  
Yu-Heng Lai ◽  
Sung-Tzu Liang ◽  
Erwei Hao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Blood Flow Velocity ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
Cardiovascular Function ◽  
Zebrafish Embryos

This study aimed to develop a simple and cost-effective method to measure blood flow in zebrafish by using an image-based approach. Three days post fertilization (dpf) zebrafish embryos were mounted with methylcellulose and subjected to video recording for tracking blood flow under an inverted microscope equipped with a high-speed CCD camera. In addition, Hoffman lens was used to enhance the blood cell contrast. The red blood cell movement was tracked by using the TrackMate plug-in in the ImageJ image processing program. Moreover, Stack Difference and Time Series Analyzer plug-in were used to detect dynamic pixel changes over time to calculate the blood flow rate. In addition to blood flow velocity and heart rate, the effect of drug treatments on other cardiovascular function parameters, such as stroke volume and cardiac output remains to be explored. Therefore, by using this method, the potential side effects on the cardiovascular performance of ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate (MS222) and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) were evaluated. MS222 is a common anesthetic, while IBMX is a naturally occurring methylxanthine. Compared to normal embryos, MS222- and IBMX-treated embryos had a reduced blood flow velocity by approximately 72% and 58%, respectively. This study showed that MS222 significantly decreased the heart rate, whereas IBMX increased the heart rate. Moreover, it also demonstrated that MS222 treatment reduced 50% of the stroke volume and cardiac output. While IBMX decreased the stroke volume only. The results are in line with previous studies that used expensive instruments and complicated software analysis to assess cardiovascular function. In conclusion, a simple and low-cost method can be used to study blood flow in zebrafish embryos for compound screening. Furthermore, it could provide a precise measurement of clinically relevant cardiac functions, specifically heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Plasmid DNA and mRNA as Vaccine Technologies

Vaccines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liu
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Dna Vaccine ◽  
Plasmid Dna ◽  
Dna Vaccines ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Potential Toxicity ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
The Status ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Theoretical Issues

This review provides a comparison of the theoretical issues and experimental findings for plasmid DNA and mRNA vaccine technologies. While both have been under development since the 1990s, in recent years, significant excitement has turned to mRNA despite the licensure of several veterinary DNA vaccines. Both have required efforts to increase their potency either via manipulating the plasmid DNA and the mRNA directly or through the addition of adjuvants or immunomodulators as well as delivery systems and formulations. The greater inherent inflammatory nature of the mRNA vaccines is discussed for both its potential immunological utility for vaccines and for the potential toxicity. The status of the clinical trials of mRNA vaccines is described along with a comparison to DNA vaccines, specifically the immunogenicity of both licensed veterinary DNA vaccines and select DNA vaccine candidates in human clinical trials.

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