scholarly journals Integrated Analysis of Seed microRNA and mRNA Transcriptome Reveals Important Functional Genes and microRNA-Targets in the Process of Walnut (Juglans regia) Seed Oil Accumulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 9093
Author(s):  
Xinchi Zhao ◽  
Guiyan Yang ◽  
Xiaoqiang Liu ◽  
Zhongdong Yu ◽  
Shaobing Peng
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Regulation Mechanism ◽  
Oil Accumulation ◽  
Walnut Oil ◽  
Regulatory Modules

Walnut (Juglans regia) is known as a promising woody oil crop with abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids in its kernel. However, the regulation mechanism of walnut oil accumulation and fatty acid metabolism is still poorly understood, which restricted the breeding and genetic improvement of high-quality oil-bearing walnuts. To reveal the molecular mechanism of walnut oil accumulation, considering the potential regulation of microRNA (miRNA) in seed development, in this study, the oil content of walnut kernel on the 80th, 100th and 120th day after flowering (DAF) was tested and the corresponding proportions are 11.51%, 40.40% and 53.20%. Between DAF of 80th~120th, the content of stearic acid and oleic acid tended to increase, but the proportion of other fatty acids tended to decrease. Meanwhile, comparative transcriptome and sRNA-seq analysis on three stages (80th, 100th and 120th DAF), found 204 conserved miRNAs and 554 novel miRNAs in walnut kernels, among which 104 key genes related to walnut oil accumulation were screened. The phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase metabolic pathway may contribute more to oil accumulation in walnut. 16 miRNA-mRNA regulatory modules related to walnut oil accumulation and fatty acid synthesis were constructed. 8 known miRNAs and 9 novel miRNAs regulate 28 genes involved in fatty acid (FA) metabolism and lipid synthesis. Among them, jre-miRn105, jre-miRn434, jre-miR477d and jre-miR156a.2 are key miRNAs that regulate walnut FA synthesis. Jre-miRn411 and jre-miR399a.1 are closely related to oil accumulation. These data provide new insights and lay the foundation for subsequent studies on walnut FA synthesis and oil accumulation.

scholarly journals Variation in Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Composition of Persian Walnut

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 518-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Carl Greve ◽  
Gale McGranahan ◽  
Janine Hasey ◽  
Ronald Snyder ◽  
Kathy Kelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Oil Composition ◽  
Walnut Oil ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Content ◽  
The Impact

The variation in polyunsaturated fatty acid content of walnut (Juglans regia L.) oils was determined by analysis of samples isolated from specimens growing in four germplasm collections [California (55 cultivars), Washington (64 seedlings), China (12 cultivars), and France (20 cultivars)]. In addition, the impact of within-state geographic differences on oil composition was examined by comparing samples from three California cultivars (`Ashley', `Hartley', and `Franquette') grown in three locations. Local environmental effects on oil composition of `Chico' were also examined by comparing 1) samples collected from shaded and sun-exposed locations of the same trees and 2) samples collected from trees subjected to three irrigation regimes. Polyunsaturated fatty acid content, as a percentage of total fatty acids, ranged from 47.2% in nuts from PI 142323 from France to 81.0% in `Ashley' from California. However, our data indicate that environment, genotype, nut maturity, and their interactions all contribute significantly to variation in the degree of unsaturation of walnut oil.

Specific inhibition of iturin biosynthesis by cerulenin

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 164-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Laure Hourdou ◽  
Françoise Besson ◽  
Georges Michel
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Specific Inhibition ◽  
Malonyl Coa

Cerulenin, an inhibitor of fatty acid synthesis, inhibits the biosynthesis of iturin by Bacillus subtilis. With a cerulenin concentration of 2 μg/mL, 50% inhibition was achieved. At this concentration, cerulenin does not affect growth or total protein synthesis but does inhibit the incorporation of sodium [14C]acetate, [14C]myristic acid, and [14C]asparagine into iturin. Since cerulenin is known to block the condensation of malonyl-CoA subunits in the formation of fatty acids, the inhibition of iturin and β-amino acid syntheses by cerulenin is discussed in relation with lipid synthesis. Key words: iturin antibiotic, Bacillus subtilis, cerulenin, β-amino acid, lipid biosynthesis.

scholarly journals Identification and Analysis of the FAD Gene Family in Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) Based on Transcriptome Data

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Liu ◽  
Shugang Zhao ◽  
Shuang Wang ◽  
Hongxia Wang ◽  
Zhihua Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Days After Anthesis

Abstract Background Walnut fatty acids, the main component of walnut kernels, contain a large amount of unsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid and linolenic acid, which are essential fatty acids in humans and have important effects on human growth and health. Fatty acid desaturase (FAD) is widely distributed throughout the biological world. Its main function is to remove hydrogen from carbon chains in the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids to synthesize C=C double bonds.Results In the current research, 25 members of the JrFAD gene family were identified by bioinformatics analysis; the expression of fatty acid synthesis genes in walnut kernels at different developmental stages was analysed by transcriptome sequencing, and the expression of JrFAD3-1 , an enzyme gene for linolenic acid synthesis, was particularly prominent. The results showed that the relative expression level of FAD3-1 changed dramatically with the kernel development stage, and the expression changes showed a "bell shape". There was a significant positive correlation between the expression of JrFAD3-1 from 90-100 days after anthesis and the content of alpha-linolenic acid from 100-130 days after anthesis, with a correlation coefficient of 0.991. JrFAD3-1 can be considered closely related to Betula pendula and Corylus heterophylla .Conclusion 25 walnut kernels FAD genes were identified and comprehensive analyzed for the first time. The function of a walnut kernels FAD3-1 gene was also characterized from its location in the phylogeny. This work lays a theoretical foundation for the regulation of unsaturated fatty acid synthesis and provide techniques and methods for the creation of new germplasm.

Contribution of pentose phosphate pathway in developing castor bean endosperm

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Agrawal ◽  
D. T. Canvin
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
Pentose Phosphate Pathway ◽  
Castor Bean ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Fat Synthesis

Glucose-1-14C, glucose-6-14C, and glucose-U-14C were used to calculate the contribution of the PPP in developing castor bean endosperm tissues. Depending on the age of the seed 5–12% of the glucose-14C used was metabolized via the PPP and 88–95% via the EMP pathway. When lipid synthesis was rapid (20- to 28-day period) the PPP contribution was also at a maximum. During the 30- to 51-day period when lipid synthesis decreased so did the PPP contribution.With the data obtained from the PPP contribution the amount of NADPH produced during the experimental period was calculated. Also, the amount of fatty acids synthesized during that period was determined from glucose-U-14C data and thus the amount of NADPH required was calculated. Assuming that all the NADPH produced in the PPP was utilizable in fatty acid synthesis it was found that it was only sufficient to supply 50–75% of the reducing hydrogen required for fat synthesis. Therefore, the rest of the reducing hydrogen must come from some other sources, possibly NADH.

scholarly journals FSMP-15. EVALUATING THE ROLE OF LONG-CHAIN FATTY ACID METABOLISM IN PROMOTING GLIOBLASTOMA GROWTH

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. i19-i19
Author(s):  
Divya Ravi ◽  
Carmen del Genio ◽  
Haider Ghiasuddin ◽  
Arti Gaur
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Tumor Progression ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Exogenous Fatty Acid ◽  
Long Chain

Abstract Glioblastomas (GBM) or Stage IV gliomas, are the most aggressive of primary brain tumors and are associated with high mortality and morbidity. Patients diagnosed with this lethal cancer have a dismal survival rate of 14 months and a 5-year survival rate of 5.6% despite a multimodal therapeutic approach, including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Aberrant lipid metabolism, particularly abnormally active de novo fatty acid synthesis, is recognized to have a key role in tumor progression and chemoresistance in cancers. Previous studies have reported a high expression of fatty acid synthase (FASN) in patient tumors, leading to multiple investigations of FASN inhibition as a treatment strategy. However, none of these have developed as efficacious therapies. Furthermore, when we profiled FASN expression using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) we determined that high FASN expression in GBM patients did not confer a worse prognosis (HR: 1.06; p-value: 0.51) and was not overexpressed in GBM tumors compared to normal brain. Therefore, we need to reexamine the role of exogenous fatty acid uptake over de novofatty acid synthesis as a potential mechanism for tumor progression. Our study aims to measure and compare fatty acid oxidation (FAO) of endogenous and exogenous fatty acids between GBM patients and healthy controls. Using TCGA, we have identified the overexpression of multiple enzymes involved in mediating the transfer and activation of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) in GBM tumors compared to normal brain tissue. We are currently conducting metabolic flux studies to (1) assess the biokinetics of LCFA degradation and (2) establish exogenous versus endogenous LCFA preferences between patient-derived primary GBM cells and healthy glial and immune cells during steady state and glucose-deprivation.

scholarly journals A novel acyl-CoA-binding protein from bovine liver. Effect on fatty acid synthesis

1987 ◽  
Vol 241 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
I B Mogensen ◽  
H Schulenberg ◽  
H O Hansen ◽  
F Spener ◽  
J Knudsen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthetase ◽  
Bovine Liver ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding Proteins ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Chain Acyl

Bovine liver was shown to contain a hitherto undescribed medium-chain acyl-CoA-binding protein. The protein co-purifies with fatty-acid-binding proteins, but was, unlike these proteins, unable to bind fatty acids. The protein induced synthesis of medium-chain acyl-CoA esters on incubation with goat mammary-gland fatty acid synthetase. The possible function of the protein is discussed.

scholarly journals The regulation of glyceride synthesis in isolated white-fat cells. The effects of palmitate and lipolytic agents

1972 ◽  
Vol 128 (5) ◽  
pp. 1057-1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D Saggerson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Fat Cells ◽  
Glyceride Synthesis ◽  
Glucose Incorporation ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. 0.5mm-Palmitate stimulated incorporation of [U-14C]glucose into glyceride glycerol and fatty acids in normal fat cells in a manner dependent upon the glucose concentration. 2. In the presence of insulin the incorporation of 5mm-glucose into glyceride fatty acids was increased by concentrations of palmitate, adrenaline and 6-N-2′-O-dibutyryladenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate up to 0.5mm, 0.5μm and 0.5mm respectively. Higher concentrations of these agents produced progressive decreases in the rate of glucose incorporation into fatty acids. 3. The effects of palmitate and lipolytic agents upon the measured parameters of glucose utilization were similar, suggesting that the effects of lipolytic agents are mediated through increased concentrations of free fatty acids. 4. In fat cells from 24h-starved rats, maximal stimulation of glucose incorporation into fatty acids was achieved with 0.25mm-palmitate. Higher concentrations of palmitate were inhibitory. In fat cells from 72h-starved rats, palmitate only stimulated glucose incorporation into fatty acids at high concentrations of palmitate (1mm and above). 5. The ability of fat cells to incorporate glucose into glyceride glycerol in the presence of palmitate decreased with increasing periods of starvation. 6. It is suggested that low concentrations of free fatty acids stimulate fatty acid synthesis from glucose by increasing the utilization of ATP and cytoplasmic NADH for esterification of these free fatty acids. When esterification of free fatty acids does not keep pace with their provision, inhibition of fatty acid synthesis occurs. Provision of free fatty acids far in excess of the esterification capacity of the cells leads to uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and a secondary stimulation of fatty acid synthesis from glucose.

scholarly journals Modulation of lipid-synthesizing enzymes by insulin in differentiated ob17 adipose-like cells

1983 ◽  
Vol 214 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Grimaldi ◽  
C Forest ◽  
P Poli ◽  
R Negrel ◽  
G Ailhaud
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthetase ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Acetate Incorporation ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Glycerol 3 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

ob17 cells convert into adipose-like cells when maintained in the presence of physiological concentrations of insulin and tri-iodothyronine. After this conversion, insulin removal from differentiated ob17 cells gives within 24-48 h a large decrease in fatty acid synthetase, glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and acid:CoA ligase activities, as well as in the rate of fatty acid synthesis determined by [14C]acetate incorporation into lipids. All parameters are restored by insulin addition to initial values within 24-48 h. Dose-response curves of insulin on the restoration of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and of fatty acid synthesis give half-maximally effective concentrations close to 1 nM, in agreement with the affinity for insulin of the insulin receptors previously characterized in these cells. Immunotitration experiments indicate that the changes in the specific activity of fatty acid synthetase are due to parallel changes in the cellular enzyme content. Therefore the ob17 cell line should be a useful model to study the long-term effects of insulin on the modulation of lipid synthesis in adipose cells.

scholarly journals Synthesis of fatty acids in the perfused mouse liver

1974 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Michael W. Salmon ◽  
Neil L. Bowen ◽  
Douglas A. Hems
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Total Rate ◽  
Glucose Carbon

1. Fatty acid synthesis de novo was measured in the perfused liver of fed mice. 2. The total rate, measured by the incorporation into fatty acid of3H from3H2O (1–7μmol of fatty acid/h per g of fresh liver), resembled the rate found in the liver of intact mice. 3. Perfusions with l-[U-14C]lactic acid and [U-14C]glucose showed that circulating glucose at concentrations less than about 17mm was not a major carbon source for newly synthesized fatty acid, whereas lactate (10mm) markedly stimulated fatty acid synthesis, and contributed extensive carbon to lipogenesis. 4. The identification of 50% of the carbon converted into newly synthesized fatty acid lends further credibility to the use of3H2O to measure hepatic fatty acid synthesis. 5. The total rate of fatty acid synthesis, and the contribution of glucose carbon to lipogenesis, were directly proportional to the initial hepatic glycogen concentration. 6. The proportion of total newly synthesized lipid that was released into the perfusion medium was 12–16%. 7. The major products of lipogenesis were saturated fatty acids in triglyceride and phospholipid. 8. The rate of cholesterol synthesis, also measured with3H2O, expressed as acetyl residues consumed, was about one-fourth of the basal rate of fatty acid synthesis. 9. These results are discussed in terms of the carbon sources of hepatic newly synthesized fatty acids, and the effect of glucose, glycogen and lactate in stimulating lipogenesis, independently of their role as precursors.

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