scholarly journals Surface Wiping Test to Study Biocide -Cinnamaldehyde Combination to Improve Efficiency in Surface Disinfection

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 7852
Author(s):  
Joana F. Malheiro ◽  
Catarina Oliveira ◽  
Fernando Cagide ◽  
Fernanda Borges ◽  
Manuel Simões ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Mechanical Action ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Efficacy Evaluation ◽  
Surface Disinfection ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Colony Forming Units

Disinfection is crucial to control and prevent microbial pathogens on surfaces. Nonetheless, disinfectants misuse in routine disinfection has increased the concern on their impact on bacterial resistance and cross-resistance. This work aims to develop a formulation for surface disinfection based on the combination of a natural product, cinnamaldehyde, and a widely used biocide, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The wiping method was based on the Wiperator test (ASTM E2967−15) and the efficacy evaluation of surface disinfection wipes test (EN 16615:2015). After formulation optimization, the wiping of a contaminated surface with 6.24 log10 colony-forming units (CFU) of Escherichia coli or 7.10 log10 CFU of Staphylococcus aureus led to a reduction of 4.35 log10 CFU and 4.27 log10 CFU when the wipe was impregnated with the formulation in comparison with 2.45 log10 CFU and 1.50 log10 CFU as a result of mechanical action only for E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. Furthermore, the formulation prevented the transfer of bacteria to clean surfaces. The work presented highlights the potential of a combinatorial approach of a classic biocide with a phytochemical for the development of disinfectant formulations, with the advantage of reducing the concentration of synthetic biocides, which reduces the potentially negative environmental and public health impacts from their routine use.

A new surface wiping test to study surface disinfection by a novel chemical combination

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana F. Malheiro ◽  
Fernanda Borges ◽  
Jean-Yves Maillard ◽  
Manuel Simões
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Mechanical Action ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Surface Disinfection ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Engineering Environment

<p>Effective biofilm disinfection is difficult to be implemented in healthcare settings and industry. In particular, surface disinfection is crucial to prevent microbial contaminations. However, disinfectants misuse has led to an increased concern on the existence of resistance and cross-resistance phenomena due to inadequate disinfection practices. The purpose of this study was the development of a formulation to be used for surface disinfection with wipes. The idea was to produce a formulation based on the combination between the quaternary ammonium compound - cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and a natural product - cinnamaldehyde. In addition, a new disc methodology to assess wiping efficiency was developed based on the Wiperator test (E2967-15) and on the quantitative test method for the evaluation of bactericidal and yeasticidal activity on non-porous surfaces with mechanical action employing wipes in the medical area, 4- field test (EN 16615:2015). The combination of CTAB and cinnamaldehyde was synergic in terms of antimicrobial action against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. After stablishing the final formulation, wiping efficacy was assessed with the new methodology. In this case, a contaminated surface (6.20 ± 0.21 log<sub>10</sub> CFU of E. coli and 7.10 ± 0.06 log<sub>10</sub> CFU of S. aureus) was wiped using two different wipes in terms of composition, thickness and porosity (A and B). After wiping the contaminated surface with wipe A, without the formulation, 3.42 ± 0.46 log<sub>10</sub> CFU (E. coli) and 5.38 ± 0.20 log<sub>10</sub> CFU (S. aureus) remained on the surface while in the presence of the formulation the bacteria present were under the limit of detection for E. coli and 2.76 ± 0.22 log<sub>10</sub> CFU for S. aureus. The formulation was also able to prevent the transfer of bacteria to clean surfaces after wiping the contaminated surface. In the case of wipe A, after wiping the contaminated surface and the subsequent 2 clean surfaces, a total reduction of 4.35 ± 0.22 log<sub>10</sub> CFU and 4.27 ± 0.22 log<sub>10</sub> CFU was achieved when the wipe was impregnated with the formulation in comparison with 2.45 ± 0.41 log<sub>10</sub> CFU and 1.50 ± 0.35 log<sub>10</sub> CFU of removal just by mechanical action for E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. For wipe B a general lower reduction was observed but the same behaviour was detected with the use of the formulation when comparison to just mechanical action. This work highlights the enormous potential of combinatorial approach to increase the efficacy of already used biocides diminishing their in-use concentration and consequently their environmental and public health burden.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Acknowledgements</strong></p> <p>This work was financed by: UIDB/00511/2020 of the Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy – LEPABE - funded by national funds through the FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC); POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030219, POCI-01-0247-FEDER-035234; POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028397; POCI-01-0247-FEDER-033298; POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006939, funded by FEDER through COMPETE2020 – Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (POCI) and by national funds (PIDDAC) through FCT/MCTES. Grant attributed by Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) to Joana Malheiro (SFRH/BD/103843/2014) and Manuel Simões (SFRH/BSAB/150379/2019).</p>

scholarly journals Determining the Rate of Development of Antibiotic Resistance to Streptomycin and Doxycycline in Escherichia coli

2019 ◽  
pp. 2-7
Author(s):  
Dominique Tertigas ◽  
Gemma Barber
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Combination Treatment ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Successive Generations

Antibiotic resistance is a pressing issue in the medical field today. It is important to understand the development of bacterial resistance to implement effective preventative measures against antibiotic resistant bacteria. This study investigated the rate at which Escherichia coli (E. coli), a common pathogen, developed resistance to streptomycin and doxycycline, as Oz et al. (2014) showed differing levels of resistance in E. coli to these two antibiotics. The development of antibiotic resistance was measured by adding E. coli to 96-well plates in the presence of increasing doses of doxycycline, streptomycin, or a combination treatment. Successive generations were added to the same treatments to see whether they would grow at higher concentrations of antibiotic. The change in minimum inhibitory concentration for streptomycin and doxycycline was determined as the bacteria became increasingly resistant to each antibiotic. The fastest rate of antibiotic resistance was observed for streptomycin, with doxycycline resistance exhibiting a slower rate of development. The rate of resistance development for the combination treatment was the slowest, potentially due to small differences in target domains. Some cross-resistance was also observed. This study provides a small-scale methodological basis and preliminary insight on antibiotic resistance trends for two antibiotic classes and a combination treatment.

scholarly journals Evolution of Bacterial Cross-Resistance to Lytic Phages and Albicidin Antibiotic

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlyn E. Kortright ◽  
Simon Doss-Gollin ◽  
Benjamin K. Chan ◽  
Paul E. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Phage Therapy ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
High Resource ◽  
Bacterial Mutants ◽  
Global Increase ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences

Due to concerns over the global increase of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, alternative antibacterial strategies, such as phage therapy, are increasingly being considered. However, evolution of bacterial resistance to new therapeutics is almost a certainty; indeed, it is possible that resistance to alternative treatments might result in an evolved trade-up such as enhanced antibiotic resistance. Here, we hypothesize that selection for Escherichia coli bacteria to resist phage T6, phage U115, or albicidin, a DNA gyrase inhibitor, should often result in a pleiotropic trade-up in the form of cross-resistance, because all three antibacterial agents interact with the Tsx porin. Selection imposed by any one of the antibacterials resulted in cross-resistance to all three of them, in each of the 29 spontaneous bacterial mutants examined in this study. Furthermore, cross-resistance did not cause measurable fitness (growth) deficiencies for any of the bacterial mutants, when competed against wild-type E. coli in both low-resource and high-resource environments. A combination of whole-genome and targeted sequencing confirmed that mutants differed from wild-type E. coli via change(s) in the tsx gene. Our results indicate that evolution of cross-resistance occurs frequently in E. coli subjected to independent selection by phage T6, phage U115 or albicidin. This study cautions that deployment of new antibacterial therapies such as phage therapy, should be preceded by a thorough investigation of evolutionary consequences of the treatment, to avoid the potential for evolved trade-ups.

scholarly journals Biocide Potentiation Using Cinnamic Phytochemicals and Derivatives

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (21) ◽  
pp. 3918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malheiro ◽  
Maillard ◽  
Borges ◽  
Simões
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Concentration Index ◽  
Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Surface Disinfection ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Bactericidal Efficacy ◽  
Effective Combination ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

Surface disinfection is of utmost importance in the prevention of bacterial infections. This study aims to assess the ability of ten phytochemicals and related derivatives as potentiators of two commonly used biocides—cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and lactic acid (LA). LA in combination with cinnamic, hydrocinnamic, α-methylcinnamic, and α-fluorocinnamic acids had a factional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) ≤ 1 for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Several phytochemicals/derivatives in combination with biocides improved the biocidal efficacy against early sessile bacteria. The most effective combination was LA with allyl cinnamate (2.98 ± 0.76 log CFU.cm−2 reduction) against E. coli. The combination with CTAB was successful for most phytochemicals/derivatives with a maximum bactericidal efficacy against sessile E. coli when combined with allyl cinnamate (2.20 ± 0.07 log CFU.cm−2 reduction) and for S. aureus when combined with α-methylcinnamic acid (1.68 ± 0.30 log CFU.cm−2 reduction). This study highlights the potential of phytochemicals and their derivatives to be used in biocide formulations.

scholarly journals Emerging Resistance among Uropathogens: Is Fosfomycin Revival the Best Hope?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonali Bhattar ◽  
Priyanjali Shingare ◽  
Richa Anjleen Tigga ◽  
Shariqa Qureshi ◽  
Vikas Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Oral Availability

Introduction: Increasing bacterial resistance and the non-availability of newer antimicrobial agents have necessitated the re-evaluation of old antimicrobial agents. Although an old antibiotic, Fosfomycin gives a ray of hope as it has a unique property of not sharing structural similarity with other antibiotics and with no cross-resistance. Aim: To retrospectively evaluate the invitro activity of Fosfomycin against Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) producing and Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). Materials and Methods: The study period was from December 2018 to November 2019. Antibiotic sensitivity was carried out according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines using the automated Vitek-2 Compact (Bio-Merieux, France). Fosfomycin susceptibility was determined by E-test (Biomereiux, India). The interpretive criteria according to CLSI for Fosfomycin is given only for E.coli and not for other Enterobacteriaceae, hence the results were interpreted as per CLSI criteria given for E. coli (i.e., susceptibility at a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ≤64 μg). Results: Overall, 91.07% (102/112) isolates were susceptible to Fosfomycin with 91.67% (88/96) susceptibility for ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae and 87.5% (14/16) for CRE. Fosfomycin has shown good invitro activity against ESBL producers as well as CRE. Conclusion: Fosfomycin showed promising results as a re-emerging antibiotic for the treatment of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) because of its unique mechanism of action, low incidence of resistance, oral availability with single-dose administration and little tendency to display cross-resistance to other antibiotics.

scholarly journals Turntable Paper-Based Device to Detect Escherichia coli

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
Yung-Chih Wang ◽  
Yao-Hung Tsai ◽  
Ching-Fen Shen ◽  
Ming-Yao He ◽  
Yi-Chen Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Multiple Integral ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Considerable Time ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Colony Forming Unit ◽  
Experimental Implementation ◽  
Colony Forming Units

Escherichia coli has been known to cause a variety of infectious diseases. The conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a well-known method widely used to diagnose a variety of infectious diseases. This method is expensive and requires considerable time and effort to conduct and complete multiple integral steps. We previously proposed the use of paper-based ELISA to rapidly detect the presence of E. coli. This approach has demonstrated utility for point-of-care (POC) urinary tract infection diagnoses. Paper-based ELISA, while advantageous, still requires the execution of several procedural steps. Here, we discuss the design and experimental implementation of a turntable paper-based device to simplify the paper-based ELISA protocols for the detection of E. coli. In this process, antibodies or reagents are preloaded onto zones of a paper-based device and allowed to dry before use. We successfully used this device to detect E. coli with a detection limit of 105 colony-forming units (colony-forming unit [CFU])/mL.

scholarly journals The Lactococcal dgkB (yecE) and dxsA Genes for Lipid Metabolism Are Involved in the Resistance to Cell Envelope-Acting Antimicrobials

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1014
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Tymoszewska ◽  
Tamara Aleksandrzak-Piekarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Cytoplasmic Membrane ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Membrane Targeting ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Lipid Ii

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria led to an urgent need for next-generation antimicrobial agents with novel mechanisms of action. The use of positively charged antimicrobial peptides that target cytoplasmic membrane is an especially promising strategy since essential functions and the conserved structure of the membrane hinder the development of bacterial resistance. Aureocin A53- and enterocin L50-like bacteriocins are highly cationic, membrane-targeting antimicrobial peptides that have potential as next-generation antibiotics. However, the mechanisms of resistance to these bacteriocins and cross-resistance against antibiotics must be examined before application to ensure their safe use. Here, in the model bacterium Lactococcus lactis, we studied the development of resistance to selected aureocin A53- and enterocin L50-like bacteriocins and its correlation with antibiotics. First, to generate spontaneous resistant mutants, L.lactis was exposed to bacteriocin BHT-B. Sequencing of their genomes revealed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the dgkB (yecE) and dxsA genes encoding diacylglycerol kinase and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase, respectively. Then, selected mutants underwent susceptibility tests with a wide array of bacteriocins and antibiotics. The highest alterations in the sensitivity of studied mutants were seen in the presence of cytoplasmic membrane targeting bacteriocins (K411, Ent7, EntL50, WelM, SalC, nisin) and antibiotics (daptomycin and gramicidin) as well as lipid II cycle-blocking bacteriocins (nisin and Lcn972) and antibiotics (bacitracin). Interestingly, decreased via the SNPs accumulation sensitivity to membrane-active bacteriocins and antibiotics resulted in the concurrently increased vulnerability to bacitracin, carbenicillin, or chlortetracycline. It is suspected that SNPs may result in alterations to the efficiency of the nascent enzymes rather than a total loss of their function as neither deletion nor overexpression of dxsA restored the phenotype observed in spontaneous mutants.

scholarly journals Independent Behavior of Commensal Flora for Carriage of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Bacteria in Patients at Admission

2010 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 5193-5200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoire de Lastours ◽  
Françoise Chau ◽  
Florence Tubach ◽  
Blandine Pasquet ◽  
Etienne Ruppé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Care Facility ◽  
Health Care Facility ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Commensal Flora ◽  
Resistant Strains

ABSTRACT The important role of commensal flora as a natural reservoir of bacterial resistance is now well established. However, whether the behavior of each commensal flora is similar to that of other floras in terms of rates of carriage and risk factors for bacterial resistance is unknown. During a 6-month period, we prospectively investigated colonization with fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria in the three main commensal floras from hospitalized patients at admission, targeting Escherichia coli in the fecal flora, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) in the nasal flora, and α-hemolytic streptococci in the pharyngeal flora. Resistant strains were detected on quinolone-containing selective agar. Clinical and epidemiological data were collected. A total of 555 patients were included. Carriage rates of resistance were 8.0% in E. coli, 30.3% in CNS for ciprofloxacin, and 27.2% in streptococci for levofloxacin; 56% of the patients carried resistance in at least one flora but only 0.9% simultaneously in all floras, which is no more than random. Risk factors associated with the carriage of fluoroquinolone-resistant strains differed between fecal E. coli (i.e., colonization by multidrug-resistant bacteria) and nasal CNS (i.e., age, coming from a health care facility, and previous antibiotic treatment with a fluoroquinolone) while no risk factors were identified for pharyngeal streptococci. Despite high rates of colonization with fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria, each commensal flora behaved independently since simultaneous carriage of resistance in the three distinct floras was uncommon, and risk factors differed. Consequences of environmental selective pressures vary in each commensal flora according to its local specificities (clinical trial NCT00520715 [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00520715 ]).

scholarly journals Activity of Ceftazidime-Avibactam against Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 3059-3065 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Pitart ◽  
F. Marco ◽  
T. A. Keating ◽  
W. W. Nichols ◽  
J. Vila
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Resistant Mutant ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTCeftazidime-avibactam and comparator antibiotics were tested by the broth microdilution method against 200Enterobacteriaceaeand 25Pseudomonas aeruginosastrains resistant to fluoroquinolones (including strains with the extended-spectrum β-lactamase [ESBL] phenotype and ceftazidime-resistant strains) collected from our institution. The MICs and mechanisms of resistance to fluoroquinolone were also studied. Ninety-nine percent of fluoroquinolone-resistantEnterobacteriaceaestrains were inhibited at a ceftazidime-avibactam MIC of ≤4 mg/liter (using the susceptible CLSI breakpoint for ceftazidime alone as a reference). Ceftazidime-avibactam was very active against ESBLEscherichia coli(MIC90of 0.25 mg/liter), ESBLKlebsiella pneumoniae(MIC90of 0.5 mg/liter), ceftazidime-resistant AmpC-producing species (MIC90of 1 mg/liter), non-ESBLE. coli(MIC90of ≤0.125 mg/liter), non-ESBLK. pneumoniae(MIC90of 0.25 mg/liter), and ceftazidime-nonresistant AmpC-producing species (MIC90of ≤0.5 mg/liter). Ninety-six percent of fluoroquinolone-resistantP. aeruginosastrains were inhibited at a ceftazidime-avibactam MIC of ≤8 mg/liter (using the susceptible CLSI breakpoint for ceftazidime alone as a reference), with a MIC90of 8 mg/liter. Additionally, fluoroquinolone-resistant mutants from each species tested were obtainedin vitrofrom two strains, one susceptible to ceftazidime and the other a β-lactamase producer with a high MIC against ceftazidime but susceptible to ceftazidime-avibactam. Thereby, the impact of fluoroquinolone resistance on the activity of ceftazidime-avibactam could be assessed. The MIC90values of ceftazidime-avibactam for the fluoroquinolone-resistant mutant strains ofEnterobacteriaceaeandP. aeruginosawere ≤4 mg/liter and ≤8 mg/liter, respectively. We conclude that the presence of fluoroquinolone resistance does not affectEnterobacteriaceaeandP. aeruginosasusceptibility to ceftazidime-avibactam; that is, there is no cross-resistance.

scholarly journals PSVIII-8 Effect of Lactobacillus Casei Zhang on E. coli induced injury of blood and milk barrier in dairy cow

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 259-259
Author(s):  
Yuhui Zheng ◽  
Shengli Li
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Lactobacillus Casei ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Lactobacillus Casei Zhang

Abstract Bovine mastitis is one of the major diseases which directly affects the milk production performance and it causes huge economic losses in the dairy industry. Bacterial infection is the main risk factor of bovine mastitis and the antibiotic therapy is the primary choice to control the disease. However, persistence use of antibiotic increases the incidence of bacterial resistance and traces of antibiotic residues in animal products. Lactobacillus casei Zhang is one of the probiotics with multiple biological functions, which has certain bacteriostatic effect on pathogenic microorganism. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of Lactobacillus casei Zhang (L. casei Zhang) on the prevention of E. coli-induced milk-blood barrier damage. Bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) were used to establish a milk-blood model and Control group (PBS), E. coli group, and L. casei Zhang pretreatment plus E. coli group were set up respectively. The results showed that: L. casei Zhang could significantly reduce the increase of LDH release caused by E. coli treatment (P< 0.05). And it can also significantly reduce the decrease of transmembrane resistance of monolayer cells caused by E. coli treatment (P< 0.05). In addition, L. casei Zhang could significantly reduce the expression of tight junction proteins ZO-1, Claudin-1, Claudin-4 and Occludin (P < 0.05). In conclusion, L. casei Zhang could effectively improve the damage of the blood-milk barrier caused by E. coli and could protect BMECs during bacterial infection.

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