scholarly journals Epigenetic Mechanisms of Learning and Memory: Implications for Aging

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 6918
Author(s):  
Samantha D. Creighton ◽  
Gilda Stefanelli ◽  
Anas Reda ◽  
Iva B. Zovkic
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Aging Brain ◽  
Epigenetic Factors ◽  
Memory Decline ◽  
Memory Processing ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Age Related Cognitive Decline ◽  
With Memory

The neuronal epigenome is highly sensitive to external events and its function is vital for producing stable behavioral outcomes, such as the formation of long-lasting memories. The importance of epigenetic regulation in memory is now well established and growing evidence points to altered epigenome function in the aging brain as a contributing factor to age-related memory decline. In this review, we first summarize the typical role of epigenetic factors in memory processing in a healthy young brain, then discuss the aspects of this system that are altered with aging. There is general agreement that many epigenetic marks are modified with aging, but there are still substantial inconsistencies in the precise nature of these changes and their link with memory decline. Here, we discuss the potential source of age-related changes in the epigenome and their implications for therapeutic intervention in age-related cognitive decline.

scholarly journals Brain Ageing, Cognition and Diet: A Review of the Emerging Roles of Food-Based Nootropics in Mitigating Age-related Memory Decline

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adejoke Yetunde Onaolapo ◽  
Adebimpe Yemisi Obelawo ◽  
Olakunle James Onaolapo
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Memory Decline ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Brain Ageing ◽  
Nootropic Agents ◽  
Age Related Cognitive Decline ◽  
The Impact

Background: Age-related cognitive decline has been suggested to result from an increase in the brain neuron loss, which is attributable to continued derangement of the brain’s oxidant/ antioxidant balance. Increased oxidative stress and a concomitant decrease in the brain’s antioxidant defense system have been associated with functional senescence and organismal ageing. However, nature has configured certain foods to be rich sources of nootropic agents, with research showing that increased consumption of such foods or food ingredients may be protective against ageing-related memory decline. This knowledge is becoming increasingly valuable in an era when the boundary that separates food from medicine is becoming blurred. In this review, we examine extant literature dealing with the impact of ageing on brain structure and function, with an emphasis on the roles of oxidative stress. Secondly, we review the benefits of food-based antioxidants with nootropic effects and/or food-based nootropic agents in mitigating memory decline; with a view to improving our understanding of likely mechanisms. We also highlight some of the limitations to the use of food-based nootropics and suggest ways in which they can be better employed in the clinical management of age-related cognitive decline. Conclusion: While it is known that the human brain endures diverse insults in the process of ageing, food-based nootropics are likely to go a long way in mitigating the impacts of these insults. Further research is needed before we reach a point where food-based nootropics are routinely prescribed.

scholarly journals Food for thought: The role of appetitive peptides in age-related cognitive decline

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 764-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim R. Fadel ◽  
Corinne G. Jolivalt ◽  
Lawrence P. Reagan
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Related Cognitive Decline

scholarly journals Impaired Mitophagy in Neurons and Glial Cells during Aging and Age-Related Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 10251
Author(s):  
Vladimir Sukhorukov ◽  
Dmitry Voronkov ◽  
Tatiana Baranich ◽  
Natalia Mudzhiri ◽  
Alina Magnaeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glial Cells ◽  
Brain Aging ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Aging Brain ◽  
The Past ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Accumulation Of Damage ◽  
Quantity Control ◽  
The Brain

Aging is associated with a decline in cognitive function, which can partly be explained by the accumulation of damage to the brain cells over time. Neurons and glia undergo morphological and ultrastructure changes during aging. Over the past several years, it has become evident that at the cellular level, various hallmarks of an aging brain are closely related to mitophagy. The importance of mitochondria quality and quantity control through mitophagy is highlighted by the contribution that defects in mitochondria–autophagy crosstalk make to aging and age-related diseases. In this review, we analyze some of the more recent findings regarding the study of brain aging and neurodegeneration in the context of mitophagy. We discuss the data on the dynamics of selective autophagy in neurons and glial cells during aging and in the course of neurodegeneration, focusing on three mechanisms of mitophagy: non-receptor-mediated mitophagy, receptor-mediated mitophagy, and transcellular mitophagy. We review the role of mitophagy in neuronal/glial homeostasis and in the molecular pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and other disorders. Common mechanisms of aging and neurodegeneration that are related to different mitophagy pathways provide a number of promising targets for potential therapeutic agents.

Vitamins and Cognition: A Nutrigenomics Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayyappan Anitha ◽  
Vijitha Viswambharan ◽  
Ismail Thanseem ◽  
Mary Iype ◽  
Rahna Parakkal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Impairments ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Epigenetic Factors ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Novel Approaches

: The rise in the prevalence of neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental cognitive disorders combined with a lack of efficient therapeutic strategies has necessitated the need to develop alternate approaches. Dietary supplements are now being considered as a complementary and alternative medicine for cognitive impairments. Considerable evidence suggests the role of vitamins in modulating the genetic and epigenetic factors implicated in neuropsychiatric, neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we provide an overview on the implications of nutrigenomics with reference to vitamins that are suggested to boost cognitive functions (nootropic vitamins). Several vitamins have been found to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties which make them potential candidates in preventing or delaying age-related neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Well-designed longitudinal studies are essential to examine the association between vitamins and cognitive functions. Future studies linking nutrition with advances in neuroscience, genomics and epigenomics would provide novel approaches to the management of cognitive disorders.

scholarly journals Molecular aspects of age-related cognitive decline: the role of GABA signaling

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 450-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. McQuail ◽  
Charles J. Frazier ◽  
Jennifer L. Bizon
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Gaba Signaling ◽  
Molecular Aspects ◽  
Age Related Cognitive Decline

The Significance of Age-Related Androgen Depletion in Cognitive Impairment: A Review

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-176
Author(s):  
Melanie S. Burkhardt ◽  
Jonathan K. Foster ◽  
Ralph N. Martins
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Hormonal Treatment ◽  
Hormone Treatment ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Related Cognitive Decline ◽  
Androgen Depletion ◽  
Potential Interactions ◽  
Considerable Support

AbstractThe potential role of supplementing sex steroids for the prevention and delay of age-related cognitive decline has received a great deal of recent interest. Although the biological plausibility of hormone treatment has received considerable support, clinical studies of cognitive functioning after hormonal treatment in postmenopausal women with and without dementia have produced mixed results. Much less attention has been given to the corresponding role of androgens in men. In order to establish the relevance of hormonal supplementation for men in delaying or preventing cognitive decline, it is of importance to evaluate both adrenal and gonadal contributions to androgen status. Additionally, consideration must also be given to the potential interactions of androgens with risk and protective factors (e.g., apolipoprotein E genotype and education). Here we review experimental and epidemiological studies of the significance of androgens for cognitive function.

The efficiency of using everyday technological devices by older adults: the role of cognitive functions

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
KARIN SLEGERS ◽  
MARTIN P. J. VAN BOXTEL ◽  
JELLE JOLLES
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Speed Of Information Processing ◽  
Technological Transfer ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Valid Test ◽  
Automatic Teller Machines ◽  
Age Related Cognitive Decline

ABSTRACTOlder adults experience more problems than younger people when using everyday technological devices such as personal computers, automatic teller machines and microwave ovens. Such problems may have serious consequences for the autonomy of older adults since the ability to use technology is becoming essential in everyday life. One potential cause of these difficulties is age-related decline of cognitive functions. To test the role of cognitive abilities in performing technological tasks, we designed the Technological Transfer Test (TTT). This new and ecologically valid test comprises eight technological tasks that are common in modern life (operating a CD player, a telephone, an ATM, a train-ticket vending machine, a microwave-oven, an alarm clock, a smart card charging device and a telephone voice menu). The TTT and a comprehensive battery of cognitive tests were administered to 236 healthy adults aged 64–75 years on two separate occasions. The results demonstrated that the performance time for five of the eight tasks was predicted by cognitive abilities. The exact cognitive functions affecting technological performance varied by the technological task. Among several measures and components of cognition, the speed of information processing and cognitive flexibility had the greatest predictive power. The results imply that age-related cognitive decline has a profound effect on the interaction between older adults and technological appliances.

Nutritional Aspects of Down's Syndrome with Special Reference to the Nervous System

1984 ◽  
Vol 145 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter E. Sylvester
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Trace Metals ◽  
Down's Syndrome ◽  
Down’S Syndrome ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Mature Brain ◽  
The Brain ◽  
With Memory

SummaryMultiple deficiencies of vitamins and trace metals have been demonstrated in Down's syndrome. The picture is complex, especially since not all individuals are affected equally. Deficiencies are not age-related, but appear to be lifelong. The brain in Downs's syndrome does not develop adequately; one area, the hippocampus, which is concerned with memory, is poorly developed and is also involved in the pathological changes of Alzheimer's disease. The role of nutrients is discussed in relation to damage to the mature brain, and to the ageing process.

scholarly journals The role of arterial pulsatility and white matter microstructure in age-related cognitive decline.

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolly Todd ◽  
Michie Patricia ◽  
Bateman Grant ◽  
Fulham William ◽  
Cooper Patrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Age Related ◽  
White Matter Microstructure ◽  
Age Related Cognitive Decline
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