scholarly journals MicroRNAs Responding to Space Radiation

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 6603
Author(s):  
Yujie Yan ◽  
Kunlan Zhang ◽  
Guangming Zhou ◽  
Wentao Hu
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Risk ◽  
Space Radiation ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Atom Number ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Deep Space Exploration ◽  
Biological Responses ◽  
High Let ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

High-energy and high-atom-number (HZE) space radiation poses an inevitable potential threat to astronauts on deep space exploration missions. Compared with low-LET radiation, high-energy and high-LET radiation in space is more efficient in inducing clustered DNA damage with more serious biological consequences, such as carcinogenesis, central nervous system injury and degenerative disease. Space radiation also causes epigenetic changes in addition to inducing damage at the DNA level. Considering the important roles of microRNAs in the regulation of biological responses of radiation, we systematically reviewed both expression profiling and functional studies relating to microRNAs responding to space radiation as well as to space compound environment. Finally, the directions for improvement of the research related to microRNAs responding to space radiation are proposed. A better understanding of the functions and underlying mechanisms of the microRNAs responding to space radiation is of significance to both space radiation risk assessment and therapy development for lesions caused by space radiation.

Cardiovascular effects of space radiation: implications for future human deep space exploration

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (16) ◽  
pp. 1707-1714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Mitchell ◽  
Dominic Pimenta ◽  
Jaspal Gill ◽  
Haris Ahmad ◽  
Richard Bogle
Keyword(s):  
Space Exploration ◽  
Radiation Risk ◽  
Space Radiation ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Radiation Shielding ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Deep Space ◽  
Deep Space Exploration ◽  
Low Earth Orbits

Background A manned mission to Mars has been contemplated by the world's largest space agencies for a number of years. The duration of the trip would necessitate a much longer exposure to deep space radiation than any human has ever been exposed to in the past. Concern regarding cancer risk has thus far stalled the progress of deep space exploration; however, the effect of space radiation on the cardiovascular system is significantly less well understood. Discussion Damage by radiation in space is mediated by a number of sources, including X-rays, protons and heavier charged atomic nuclei (HZE ions, the high-energy component of galactic cosmic rays). Previously, only lunar mission astronauts have been exposed to significant deep space radiation, with all other missions being low earth orbits only. The effect of this radiation on the human body has been inconclusively studied, and the long-term damage caused to the vascular endothelium by this radiation due to the effect of high-energy particles is not well known. Conclusion Current radiation shielding technology, which would be viable for use in spacecraft, would not eliminate radiation risk. Similar to how a variety of shielding techniques are used every day by radiographers, again without full risk elimination, we need to explore and better understand the effect of deep space radiation in order to ensure the safety of those on future space missions.

Abstract P604: Astrocyte-dependent Regulation of Vascular Tone: Role in Hypertension

Hypertension ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Manuel Ramiro-Diaz ◽  
Ki Jung Kim ◽  
Jessica A Filosa
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Tone ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Neurovascular Unit ◽  
Brain Slices ◽  
Vascular Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Vascular Density ◽  
Aqp4 Expression ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Clinical studies support that untreated hypertension (HT) accelerates the development of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). Yet, the underlying mechanisms for VCI are not known. In a recent study we demonstrated the role of astrocytes in the regulation of parenchymal arteriole (PA) steady-state vascular tone. Here we hypothesized hypertension results in structural and functional changes to the neurovascular unit resulting in enhanced astrocytic TRPV4 channel-dependent Ca 2+ increases contributing to augmented pressure-induced PA constriction . Functional studies were conducted in brain slices from angiotensin II (AngII) treated mice (600 ng/Kg/min, 28 days). PA arterioles within brain slices were perfused and pressurized and myogenic-evoked diameter changes measured using video microscopy. In addition, using the GLAST-CreERT2 ; R26-lsl-GCaMP3 mice we measure myogenic-evoked Ca 2+ changes in perivascular astrocytes. We demonstrate that HT increases pressure-induced PA tone by 11.14% at 30 mmHg and 12.97% at 60 mmHg (10.88 to 22.02 and 15.46 to 28.43% of tone, P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). In ANG II-treated mice, PA myogenic-evoked responses significantly increased astrocytic Ca 2+ oscillations frequency (119.4%, 0.0366 to 0.0803 Hz, P<0.0001). A significant increase in astrocytic Ca 2+ oscillation frequency was also observed after 2 min of AngII (500 nM) bath application (44.8%, 0.0366 to 0.053 Hz, P<0.01) in brain slices from AngII treated mice. Furthermore, using the model of spontaneous hypertensive rat (SHR) we observed that HT differentially increases vascular density and the number of vascular pericytes in cortical layers with highest neuronal densities (L III-V). Finally, while aquaporin 4 (AQP4) expression pattern was not different in the gray matter of SHR compared with WKY rats, a significant increase in unpolarized AQP4 expression was observed in the white matter of SHR. Taken together, this evidence indicates that HT induces functional and structural changes to the neurovascular unit favoring the development of regional brain hypoperfusion likely contributing to the development of VCI.

scholarly journals Guarana (Paullinia cupana) Extract Protects Caenorhabditis elegans Models for Alzheimer Disease and Huntington Disease through Activation of Antioxidant and Protein Degradation Pathways

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia Ferreira Boasquívis ◽  
Giovanna Melo Martins Silva ◽  
Franciny Aparecida Paiva ◽  
Rodrigo Marinho Cavalcanti ◽  
Cecília Verônica Nunez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Protein Misfolding ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Paullinia Cupana ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Polyq Protein ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Guarana (Paullinia cupana) is largely consumed in Brazil in high energy drinks and dietary supplements because of its stimulant activity on the central nervous system. Although previous studies have indicated that guarana has some protective effects in Parkinson’s (PD), Alzheimer’s (AD), and Huntington’s (HD) disease models, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here, we investigated the protective effects of guarana hydroalcoholic extract (GHE) in Caenorhabditis elegans models of HD and AD. GHE reduced polyglutamine (polyQ) protein aggregation in the muscle and also reduced polyQ-mediated neuronal death in ASH sensory neurons and delayed β-amyloid-induced paralysis in a caffeine-independent manner. Moreover, GHE’s protective effects were not mediated by caloric restriction, antimicrobial effects, or development and reproduction impairment. Inactivation of the transcription factors SKN-1 and DAF-16 by RNAi partially blocked the protective effects of GHE treatment in the AD model. We show that the protective effect of GHE is associated with antioxidant activity and modulation of proteostasis, since it increased the lifespan and proteasome activity, reduced intracellular ROS and the accumulation of autophagosomes, and increased the expression of SOD-3 and HSP-16.2. Our findings suggest that GHE has therapeutic potential in combating age-related diseases associated with protein misfolding and accumulation.

scholarly journals Experimental Stroke in the Female Diabetic, db/db, Mouse

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan J. Vannucci ◽  
Lisa B. Willing ◽  
Shozo Goto ◽  
Nabil J. Alkayed ◽  
Robert M. Brucklacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Brain Damage ◽  
Common Carotid Artery ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Infarct Volume ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Experimental Stroke ◽  
Artery Ligation ◽  
Carotid Artery Ligation ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Diabetic hyperglycemia increases brain damage after cerebral ischemia in animals and humans, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Gender-linked differences in ischemic tolerance have been described but have not been studied in the context of diabetes. In the current study, we used a model of unilateral common carotid artery ligation, combined with systemic hypoxia, to study the effects of diabetes and gender on hypoxic–ischemic (HI) brain damage in the genetic model of Type II diabetes, the db/db, mouse. Male and female, control and db/db, mice were subjected to right common carotid artery ligation followed by varying periods of hypoxia (8% oxygen/92% nitrogen) to assess mortality, infarct volume, and tissue damage by light microscopic techniques. End-ischemic regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) was determined using [14C] iodoantipyrine autoradiography. Glycolytic and high energy phosphate compounds were measured in blood and brain by enzymatic and fluorometric techniques. Gender and diabetes had significant effects on mortality from HI and extent of brain damage in the survivors. Female mice were more resistant than their male counterparts, such that the severity (mortality and infarction size) in the male diabetics > female diabetics ~ male controls > female controls. End-ischemic CBF and depletion of cerebral high energy reserves were comparable among all groups. Surprisingly, female diabetic mice were more hyperglycemic and demonstrated a greater prolonged lactacidosis than the males; however, they were more resistant to damage. The results suggest a unique pathophysiology of hypoxia–ischemia in the female diabetic brain.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF UNCERTAINTIES IN MODEL FREE PARAMETERS AND SEA LEVEL RISE ON SHORELINE CHANGES: A 20-YEAR HINDCAST AT TRUC VERT BEACH, SW FRANCE

2020 ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Maurizio D'Anna ◽  
Deborah Idier ◽  
Bruno Castelle ◽  
Goneri Le Cozannet ◽  
Jeremy Rohmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Shoreline Evolution ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Model Free ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Sw France

Chronic erosion of sandy coasts is a continuous potential threat for the growing coastal communities worldwide. The prediction of shoreline evolution is therefore key issue for robust decision making worldwide, especially in the context of climate change. Shorelines respond to various complex processes interacting at several temporal and spatial scales, making shoreline reconstructions and predictions challenging and uncertain, especially on long time scales (e.g. decades or century). Despite the increasing progresses in addressing uncertainties related to the physics of Sea Level Rise, very little effort is made towards understanding and reducing the uncertainties related to wave driven coastal response. To fill this gap, we analyse the uncertainties associated with long-term (2 decades) modelling of the cross-shore transport dominated high-energy sandy coast around Truc Vert beach, SW France, which has been surveyed semi-monthly over the last 12 years.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/_NBJ2v-koMs

scholarly journals Development of High Energy Particle Detector for the Study of Space Radiation Storm

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gyeong-Bok Jo ◽  
Jongdae Sohn ◽  
Cheong Rim Choi ◽  
Yu Yi ◽  
Kyoung-Wook Min ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Space Radiation ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Particle ◽  
Particle Detector ◽  
Energy Particle

Impact of Male Origin Microchimerism on Cardiovascular Disease in Women: A Prospective Cohort Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Hallum ◽  
Thomas Alexander Gerds ◽  
Thomas Steen Gyldenstierne Sehested ◽  
Marianne Antonius Jakobsen ◽  
Anne Tjønneland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Biological Responses ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease In Women ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Reduced Rate ◽  
Unknown Male

Abstract Increasing parity is associated with an increased risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke in women. This is likely attributed to biological responses of pregnancy. Male cells of presumed fetal origin are commonly present in women years after pregnancy—a phenomenon termed male origin microchimerism. Here, we investigated whether male origin microchimerism was associated with risk of IHD and ischemic stroke in women. We evaluated the association between male origin microchimerism and ischemic events in a cohort of 766 Danish women enrolled in the Diet, Cancer and Health cohort during 1993–1997 when aged 50–64 years. Of these, 545 (71.2%) tested positive for male origin microchimerism by targeting the Y-chromosome (DYS14) in women’s blood. Multiple Cox regression models were used to report hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals. We found male origin microchimerism was associated with a significantly reduced rate of IHD (HR=0.44, 95% CI: 0.23, 0.83), but not ischemic stroke (HR=0.80, 95% CI: 0.46, 1.41). Our findings show that microchimerism-positivity is associated with a lower rate of later IHD development in women. Although the underlying mechanisms are presently unknown, male origin microchimerism may be relevant in women’s cardiovascular health. More studies are needed to confirm these findings.

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