scholarly journals Expression of Thioredoxin/Thioredoxin Reductase System Genes in Aphid-Challenged Maize Seedlings

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 6296
Author(s):  
Hubert Sytykiewicz ◽  
Iwona Łukasik ◽  
Sylwia Goławska ◽  
Iwona Sprawka ◽  
Artur Goławski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Thioredoxin Reductase ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Electrical Penetration Graph ◽  
Metopolophium Dirhodum ◽  
Transcriptional Reprogramming ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
Thioredoxin Reductases

Thioredoxins (Trxs) and thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs) encompass a highly complex network involved in sustaining thiol-based redox homeostasis in plant tissues. The purpose of the study was to gain a new insight into transcriptional reprogramming of the several genes involved in functioning of Trx/TrxR system in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings, exposed to the bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) or the rose-grass aphid (Metopolophium dirhodum Walk.) infestation. The biotests were performed on two maize genotypes (susceptible Złota Karłowa and relatively resistant Waza). The application of real-time qRT-PCR technique allowed to identify a molecular mechanism triggered in more resistant maize plants, linked to upregulation of thioredoxins-encoding genes (Trx-f, Trx-h, Trx-m, Trx-x) and thioredoxin reductase genes (Ftr1, Trxr2). Significant enhancement of TrxR activity in aphid-infested Waza seedlings was also demonstrated. Furthermore, we used an electrical penetration graph (EPG) recordings of M. dirhodum stylet activities in seedlings of the two studied maize varieties. Duration of phloem phase (E1 and E2 models) of rose-grass aphids was about three times longer while feeding in Waza plants, compared to Złota Karłowa cv. The role of activation of Trx/TrxR system in maintaining redox balance and counteracting oxidative-induced damages of macromolecules in aphid-stressed maize plants is discussed.

scholarly journals Auranofin exerts broad-spectrum bactericidal activities by targeting thiol-redox homeostasis

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (14) ◽  
pp. 4453-4458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael B. Harbut ◽  
Catherine Vilchèze ◽  
Xiaozhou Luo ◽  
Mary E. Hensler ◽  
Hui Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Thioredoxin Reductase ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Bactericidal Activities ◽  
Orally Bioavailable ◽  
Thiol Redox

Infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria are a rising public health threat and make the identification of new antibiotics a priority. From a cell-based screen for bactericidal compounds againstMycobacterium tuberculosisunder nutrient-deprivation conditions we identified auranofin, an orally bioavailable FDA-approved antirheumatic drug, as having potent bactericidal activities against both replicating and nonreplicatingM. tuberculosis. We also found that auranofin is active against other Gram-positive bacteria, includingBacillus subtilisandEnterococcus faecalis, and drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains ofEnterococcus faeciumandStaphylococcus aureus. Our biochemical studies showed that auranofin inhibits the bacterial thioredoxin reductase, a protein essential in many Gram-positive bacteria for maintaining the thiol-redox balance and protecting against reactive oxidative species. Auranofin decreases the reducing capacity of target bacteria, thereby sensitizing them to oxidative stress. Finally, auranofin was efficacious in a murine model of methicillin-resistantS. aureusinfection. These results suggest that the thioredoxin-mediated redox cascade of Gram-positive pathogens is a valid target for the development of antibacterial drugs, and that the existing clinical agent auranofin may be repurposed to aid in the treatment of several important antibiotic-resistant pathogens.

scholarly journals ATM inhibition enhances Auranofin-induced oxidative stress and cell death in lung cell lines

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0244060
Author(s):  
Vanessa Ehrenfeld ◽  
Jan R. Heusel ◽  
Simone Fulda ◽  
Sjoerd J. L. van Wijk
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Ataxia Telangiectasia ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Thioredoxin Reductase ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Lung Cells ◽  
Chromosomal Breakage ◽  
Atm Kinase ◽  
Cellular Reactive Oxygen Species

Ataxia-Telangiectasia (A-T), a pleiotropic chromosomal breakage syndrome, is caused by the loss of the kinase Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM). ATM is not only involved in the response to DNA damage, but also in sensing and counteracting oxidative stress. Since a disturbed redox balance has been implicated in the pathophysiology of A-T lung disease, we aimed to further explore the interplay between ATM and oxidative stress in lung cells. Using a kinetic trapping approach, we could demonstrate an interaction between the trapping mutant TRX1-CS and ATM upon oxidative stress. We could further show that combined inhibition of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and ATM kinase activity, using Auranofin and KU55933 respectively, induced an increase in cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and protein oxidation in lung cells. Furthermore, ATM inhibition sensitized lung cells to Auranofin-induced cell death that could be rescued by ROS scavengers. As a consequence, targeted reduction of ATM by TRX1 could serve as a regulator of oxidative ATM activation and contribute to the maintenance of the cellular redox homeostasis. These results highlight the importance of the redox-active function of ATM in preventing ROS accumulation and cell death in lung cells.

scholarly journals A Metabolic Choreography of Maize Plants Treated with a Humic Substance-Based Biostimulant under Normal and Starved Conditions

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 403
Author(s):  
Kgalaletso Othibeng ◽  
Lerato Nephali ◽  
Anza-Tshilidzi Ramabulana ◽  
Paul Steenkamp ◽  
Daniel Petras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Humic Substance ◽  
Metabolic Networks ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
Crop Development ◽  
Maize Plants

Humic substance (HS)-based biostimulants show potentials as sustainable strategies for improved crop development and stress resilience. However, cellular and molecular mechanisms governing the agronomically observed effects of HS on plants remain enigmatic. Here, we report a global metabolic reprogramming of maize leaves induced by a humic biostimulant under normal and nutrient starvation conditions. This reconfiguration of the maize metabolism spanned chemical constellations, as revealed by molecular networking approaches. Plant growth and development under normal conditions were characterized by key differential metabolic changes such as increased levels of amino acids, oxylipins and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) intermediate, isocitric acid. Furthermore, under starvation, the humic biostimulant significantly impacted pathways that are involved in stress-alleviating mechanisms such as redox homeostasis, strengthening of the plant cell wall, osmoregulation, energy production and membrane remodelling. Thus, this study reveals that the humic biostimulant induces a remodelling of inter-compartmental metabolic networks in maize, subsequently readjusting the plant physiology towards growth promotion and stress alleviation. Such insights contribute to ongoing efforts in elucidating modes of action of biostimulants, generating fundamental scientific knowledge that is necessary for development of the biostimulant industry, for sustainable food security.

scholarly journals Micro RNAs in Regulation of Cellular Redox Homeostasis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 6022
Author(s):  
Sylwia Ciesielska ◽  
Izabella Slezak-Prochazka ◽  
Patryk Bil ◽  
Joanna Rzeszowska-Wolny
Keyword(s):  
Target Genes ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Messenger Rnas ◽  
Cellular Redox ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Regulatory Circuits ◽  
Micro Rnas ◽  
Cellular Behaviors ◽  
Homeostasis Regulation ◽  
Thioredoxin Reductases

In living cells Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) participate in intra- and inter-cellular signaling and all cells contain specific systems that guard redox homeostasis. These systems contain both enzymes which may produce ROS such as NADPH-dependent and other oxidases or nitric oxide synthases, and ROS-neutralizing enzymes such as catalase, peroxiredoxins, thioredoxins, thioredoxin reductases, glutathione reductases, and many others. Most of the genes coding for these enzymes contain sequences targeted by micro RNAs (miRNAs), which are components of RNA-induced silencing complexes and play important roles in inhibiting translation of their targeted messenger RNAs (mRNAs). In this review we describe miRNAs that directly target and can influence enzymes responsible for scavenging of ROS and their possible role in cellular redox homeostasis. Regulation of antioxidant enzymes aims to adjust cells to survive in unstable oxidative environments; however, sometimes seemingly paradoxical phenomena appear where oxidative stress induces an increase in the levels of miRNAs which target genes which are supposed to neutralize ROS and therefore would be expected to decrease antioxidant levels. Here we show examples of such cellular behaviors and discuss the possible roles of miRNAs in redox regulatory circuits and further cell responses to stress.

Effects of iron-related compounds and bilirubin on redox homeostasis in endometriosis and its malignant transformations

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Shigetomi ◽  
Shogo Imanaka ◽  
Hiroshi Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Heme Iron ◽  
Total Iron ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Free Iron ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Iron Heme ◽  
Related Compounds

Abstract Objectives The balance between oxidative stress and antioxidant defense has been reported to differ between women with endometriosis and patients with its malignant transformation. The aim of this study is to investigate changes in redox balance in endometriosis and endometriosis-related ovarian cancer (EAOC) by simultaneously measuring iron-related compounds and bilirubin. Methods This study included 235 patients with a histopathologically confirmed diagnosis of endometriosis (n=178) and EAOC (n=57). Cyst fluid samples were collected in Nara Medical University hospital from January 2013 to May 2019. The levels of iron-related compounds (total iron, heme iron, free iron, oxyhemoglobin [oxyHb], methemoglobin [metHb], and metHb/oxyHb ratio) and bilirubin were measured. Results Total iron, heme iron, free iron, metHb/oxyHb ratio, and bilirubin were significantly elevated in endometriosis compared to EAOC. In both endometriosis and EAOC, iron-related compounds in the cyst were correlated with each other. There was no statistically significant difference in oxyHb and metHb levels between the two groups, but the metHb/oxyHb ratio was significantly higher in endometriosis than in EAOC. Bilirubin was positively correlated with total iron and free iron in EAOC, but there was no correlation between bilirubin and iron-related compounds in endometriosis. Conclusions Iron-induced oxidative stress in endometriosis may exceed bilirubin-dependent antioxidant capability, while redox homeostasis in EAOC can be maintained by at least bilirubin.

Changes In Antioxidant Systems And Sucrose Metabolism In Maize Varieties Exposed To Cd

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Li ◽  
Yingdi Cao ◽  
Tianfeng Li ◽  
Meiyu Guo ◽  
Xinglin Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Sucrose Metabolism ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Cd Stress ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Stress Response Genes ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Tolerant Variety ◽  
Maize Plants

Abstract While it is generally accepted that different maize varieties respond in various ways to cadmium (Cd) stress, the physiological mechanisms that determine how they respond are not well-defined. We do know, however, that antioxidant systems and sucrose metabolism help plants to cope with abiotic stresses, including stress from Cd. Seed is sensitive to Cd stress during germination stage. In this study, we investigated how the antioxidant systems, sucrose metabolism, abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA3) concentration in two maize varieties with low (FY9) or high (SY33) sensitivities to Cd changed when Cd was added at 20 mg L−1 over different germination stages (3, 6, and 9 days). As Cd accumulated, the germination rate decreased, and growth was inhibited. The O2•-, malondialdehyde (MDA), and proline (Pro) concentrations, and the superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and lipoxygenase (LOX) activities increased compared to the CK (without Cd). The expression levels of three genes (ZmOPR2, ZmOPR5 and ZmPP2C6) that respond to oxidative stress increased differently in two varieties under Cd stress. The activity of the antioxidant system including the transcript levels of oxidative stress response genes were higher in Cd-tolerant variety, FY9, than in sensitive variety, SY33. And then, we also examined sucrose metabolism levels that were increased compared to the CK. However, it was more active in the Cd-sensitive variety, SY33. Therefore, these results also suggest that antioxidant systems are first respond to Cd stress in maize plants, and sucrose metabolism is cooperation and complement that are exposed to Cd.

Transcriptional reprogramming and enhanced photosynthesis drive inducible salt tolerance in sugarcane mutant line M4209

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (19) ◽  
pp. 6159-6173
Author(s):  
Pooja Negi ◽  
Manish Pandey ◽  
Kevin M Dorn ◽  
Ashok A Nikam ◽  
Rachayya M Devarumath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Saccharum Officinarum ◽  
Nacl Stress ◽  
Mutant Line ◽  
Cane Yield ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Transcriptional Reprogramming ◽  
Radiation Induced

Abstract Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is a globally cultivated cash crop whose yield is negatively affected by soil salinity. In this study, we investigated the molecular basis of inducible salt tolerance in M4209, a sugarcane mutant line generated through radiation-induced mutagenesis. Under salt-contaminated field conditions, M4209 exhibited 32% higher cane yield as compared with its salt-sensitive parent, Co86032. In pot experiments, post-sprouting phenotyping indicated that M4209 had significantly greater leaf biomass compared with Co86032 under treatment with 50 mM and 200 mM NaCl. This was concomitant with M4209 having 1.9-fold and 1.6-fold higher K+/Na+ ratios, and 4-fold and 40-fold higher glutathione reductase activities in 50 mM and 200 mM NaCl, respectively, which suggested that it had better ionic and redox homeostasis than Co86032. Transcriptome profiling using RNA-seq indicated an extensive reprograming of stress-responsive modules associated with photosynthesis, transmembrane transport, and metabolic processes in M4209 under 50 mM NaCl stress. Using ranking analysis, we identified Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL), Acyl-Transferase Like (ATL), and Salt-Activated Transcriptional Activator (SATA) as the genes most associated with salt tolerance in M4209. M4209 also exhibited photosynthetic rates that were 3–4-fold higher than those of Co86032 under NaCl stress conditions. Our results highlight the significance of transcriptional reprogramming coupled with improved photosynthetic efficiency in determining salt tolerance in sugarcane.

scholarly journals Saturated Fatty Acid Activates T Cell Inflammation Through a Nicotinamide Nucleotide Transhydrogenase (NNT)-Dependent Mechanism

Biomolecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace McCambridge ◽  
Madhur Agrawal ◽  
Alanna Keady ◽  
Philip Kern ◽  
Hatice Hasturk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Specific Stimulus ◽  
Nicotinamide Nucleotide Transhydrogenase

Circulating fatty acids (FAs) increase with obesity and can drive mitochondrial damage and inflammation. Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) is a mitochondrial protein that positively regulates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), a key mediator of energy transduction and redox homeostasis. The role that NNT-regulated bioenergetics play in the inflammatory response of immune cells in obesity is untested. Our objective was to determine how free fatty acids (FFAs) regulate inflammation through impacts on mitochondria and redox homeostasis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). PBMCs from lean subjects were activated with a T cell-specific stimulus in the presence or absence of generally pro-inflammatory palmitate and/or non-inflammatory oleate. Palmitate decreased immune cell expression of NNT, NADPH, and anti-oxidant glutathione, but increased reactive oxygen and proinflammatory Th17 cytokines. Oleate had no effect on these outcomes. Genetic inhibition of NNT recapitulated the effects of palmitate. PBMCs from obese (BMI >30) compared to lean subjects had lower NNT and glutathione expression, and higher Th17 cytokine expression, none of which were changed by exogenous palmitate. Our data identify NNT as a palmitate-regulated rheostat of redox balance that regulates immune cell function in obesity and suggest that dietary or therapeutic strategies aimed at increasing NNT expression may restore redox balance to ameliorate obesity-associated inflammation.

scholarly journals Visualization of the Redox Status of Cytosolic Glutathione Using the Organelle- and Cytoskeleton-Targeted Redox Sensors

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Yuta Hatori ◽  
Takanori Kubo ◽  
Yuichiro Sato ◽  
Sachiye Inouye ◽  
Reiko Akagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Biological Membrane ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Golgi Body ◽  
Redox Equilibrium ◽  
Cytosolic Glutathione ◽  
Redox Sensors ◽  
Subcellular Resolution

Glutathione is a small thiol-containing peptide that plays a central role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. Glutathione serves as a physiologic redox buffer by providing thiol electrons for catabolizing harmful oxidants and reversing oxidative effects on biomolecules. Recent evidence suggests that the balance of reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) defines the redox states of Cys residues in proteins and fine-tunes their stabilities and functions. To elucidate the redox balance of cellular glutathione at subcellular resolution, a number of redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein (roGFP) variants have been developed. In this study, we constructed and functionally validated organelle- and cytoskeleton-targeted roGFP and elucidated the redox status of the cytosolic glutathione at a subcellular resolution. These new redox sensors firmly established a highly reduced redox equilibrium of cytosolic glutathione, wherein significant deviation was observed among cells. By targeting the sensor to the cytosolic and lumen sides of the Golgi membrane, we identified a prominent redox gradient across the biological membrane at the Golgi body. The results demonstrated that organelle- and cytoskeleton-targeted sensors enable the assessment of glutathione oxidation near the cytosolic surfaces of different organelle membranes.

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