scholarly journals Differential Profiles of Gut Microbiota and Metabolites Associated with Host Shift of Plutella xylostella

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 6283
Author(s):  
Fei-Ying Yang ◽  
Hafiz Sohaib Ahmed Saqib ◽  
Jun-Hui Chen ◽  
Qian-Qian Ruan ◽  
Liette Vasseur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Host Shift ◽  
Host Adaptation ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Gut Microbes ◽  
Rdna Sequencing ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Metabolic Activities

Evolutionary and ecological forces are important factors that shape gut microbial profiles in hosts, which can help insects adapt to different environments through modulating their metabolites. However, little is known about how gut microbes and metabolites are altered when lepidopteran pest species switch hosts. In the present study, using 16S-rDNA sequencing and mass spectrometry-based metabolomics, we analyzed the gut microbiota and metabolites of three populations of Plutella xylostella: one feeding on radish (PxR) and two feeding on peas (PxP; with PxP-1 and PxP-17 being the first and 17th generations after host shift from radish to peas, respectively). We found that the diversity of gut microbes in PxP-17 was significantly lower than those in PxR and PxP-1, which indicates a distinct change in gut microbiota after host shift. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed that the functions of energy metabolism, signal transduction, and xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism were increased in PxP-17, suggesting their potential roles in host adaptation. Metabolic profiling showed a significant difference in the abundance of gut metabolites between PxR and PxP-17, and significant correlations of gut bacteria with gut metabolites. These findings shed light on the interaction among plants, herbivores, and symbionts, and advance our understanding of host adaptation associated with gut bacteria and metabolic activities in P. xylostella.

scholarly journals The plant secondary compound swainsonine reshapes gut microbiota in plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shien Ren ◽  
Chao Fan ◽  
Liangzhi Zhang ◽  
Xianjiang Tang ◽  
Haibo Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
Ochotona Curzoniae ◽  
Rdna Sequencing ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Herbivorous Mammals

Abstract Plants produce various plant secondary compounds (PSCs) to deter the foraging of herbivorous mammals. However, little is known about whether PSCs can reshape gut microbiota and promote gut homeostasis of hosts. Using 16S rDNA sequencing to investigate the effects of PSCs on the gut microbiota of small herbivorous mammals, we studied plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) fed diets containing swainsonine (SW) extracted from Oxytropis ochrocephala. Our results showed that both long- and short-term treatment of a single artificial diet in the laboratory significantly reduced alpha diversity and significantly affected beta diversity, core bacteria abundance, and bacterial functions in pikas. After SW was added to the artificial diet, the alpha diversity significantly increased in the long-term treatment, and core bacteria (e.g., Akkermansiaceae) with altered relative abundances in the two treatments showed no significant difference compared with pikas in the wild. The complexity of the co-occurrence network structure was reduced in the artificial diet, but it increased after SW was added in both treatments. Further, the abundances of bacteria related to altered alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism in the artificial diet were restored in response to SW. SW further decreased the concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in both treatments. Our results suggest that PSCs play a key role in regulating gut microbiota community and intestinal homeostasis, thereby maintaining host health. Key points • Swainsonine improves the intestinal bacterial diversity of plateau pikas. • Swainsonine promotes the recovery of core bacterial abundances in the gut of plateau pikas. • Swainsonine promotes the restoration of intestinal bacterial functions of plateau pikas.

Gut Microbiota of Ostrinia Nubilalis Larvae Degrade Maize Cellulose

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junfeng Li ◽  
Sifan Chen ◽  
Xuxiong Tao ◽  
Tao Shao
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Ostrinia Nubilalis ◽  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Gut Microbes ◽  
Maize Plants

Abstract BackgroundWhile most insects rely on gut bacteria to digest cellulose and produce sugars or fatty acids that are then available to the host, this has been disputed in Lepidopteran larvae due to their simple gut morphology and rapid digestive throughput. The European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), is a devastating pest that feeds the lignocellulose-rich tissues of maize plants. However, the potential role of ECB gut microbes in degrading maize cellulose remains unexplored. Here, we investigate the gut microbiota of ECB fed with different diets and the potential function of their gut bacteria in maize lignocellulose degradation.ResultsThe diversity and composition of gut bacterial communities varied dramatically between the ECB larva fed with artificial diets (ECB-D) and maize plants (ECB-M). Draft genomes of the bacterial isolates from ECB-D and ECB-M show that the principal degraders of cellulose mainly belonged to Firmicutes or Proteobacteria and were primarily found in the midgut. The bacterial isolates contained genes encoding various carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZyme). Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed significant breakdown of lignocellulose in maize treated by the two bacterial isolates for nine days in vitro. Cellulose content in maize particles treated with BI-M were significantly lower than those treated with BI-D or the control (Kruskal–Wallis test: Χ2 = 6.72, df = 2; P = 0.0259). Metabolomic analyses reveal that maize particles treated by two bacterial isolates generate distinctive metabolomic profiles, with enrichment for different monosaccharides and amino acids.ConclusionThe results indicated that the diet of the host impacts the composition and the function of its gut microbiota, and that ECB exploits specific gut microbes to digest maize lignocellulose with distinctive products. Our study provides valuable microbiota resources for lignocellulose bioconversion.

scholarly journals Dissecting the collateral damage of antibiotics on gut microbes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Maier ◽  
Camille V. Goemans ◽  
Mihaela Pruteanu ◽  
Jakob Wirbel ◽  
Michael Kuhn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Commensal Bacteria ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Collateral Damage ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Gut Microbes ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

AbstractAntibiotics are used for fighting pathogens, but also target our commensal bacteria as a side effect, disturbing the gut microbiota composition and causing dysbiosis and disease1-3. Despite this well-known collateral damage, the activity spectrum of the different antibiotic classes on gut bacteria remains poorly characterized. Having monitored the activities of >1,000 marketed drugs on 38 representative species of the healthy human gut microbiome4, we here characterize further the 144 antibiotics therein, representing all major classes. We determined >800 Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) and extended the antibiotic profiling to 10 additional species to validate these results and link to available data on antibiotic breakpoints for gut microbes. Antibiotic classes exhibited distinct inhibition spectra, including generation-dependent effects by quinolones and phylogeny-independence by β-lactams. Macrolides and tetracyclines, two prototypic classes of bacteriostatic protein synthesis inhibitors, inhibited almost all commensals tested. We established that both kill different subsets of prevalent commensal bacteria, and cause cell lysis in specific cases. This species-specific activity challenges the long-standing divide of antibiotics into bactericidal and bacteriostatic, and provides a possible explanation for the strong impact of macrolides on the gut microbiota composition in animals5-8 and humans9-11. To mitigate the collateral damage of macrolides and tetracyclines on gut commensals, we exploited the fact that drug combinations have species-specific outcomes in bacteria12 and sought marketed drugs, which could antagonize the activity of these antibiotics in abundant gut commensal species. By screening >1,000 drugs, we identified several such antidotes capable of protecting gut species from these antibiotics without compromising their activity against relevant pathogens. Altogether, this study broadens our understanding of antibiotic action on gut commensals, uncovers a previously unappreciated and broad bactericidal effect of prototypical bacteriostatic antibiotics on gut bacteria, and opens avenues for preventing the collateral damage caused by antibiotics on human gut commensals.

scholarly journals Role of Cecal Microbiota in the Differential Resistance of Inbred Chicken Lines to Colonization by Campylobacter jejuni

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cosmin Chintoan-Uta ◽  
Trong Wisedchanwet ◽  
Laura Glendinning ◽  
Abi Bremner ◽  
Androniki Psifidi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Differential Resistance ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cecal Microbiota

ABSTRACT Campylobacteriosis is the leading foodborne bacterial diarrheal illness in many countries, with up to 80% of human cases attributed to the avian reservoir. The only control strategies currently available are stringent on-farm biosecurity and carcass treatments. Heritable differences in the resistance of chicken lines to Campylobacter colonization have been reported and resistance-associated quantitative trait loci are emerging, although their impact on colonization appears modest. Recent studies indicated a protective role of the microbiota against colonization by Campylobacter in chickens. Furthermore, in murine models, differences in resistance to bacterial infections can be partially transferred between lines by transplantation of gut microbiota. In this study, we investigated whether heritable differences in colonization of inbred chicken lines by Campylobacter jejuni are associated with differences in cecal microbiota. We performed homologous and heterologous cecal microbiota transplants between line 61 (resistant) and line N (susceptible) by orally administering cecal contents collected from 3-week-old donors to day-of-hatch chicks. Recipient birds were challenged (day 21) with C. jejuni 11168H. In birds given homologous microbiota, the differential resistance of lines to C. jejuni colonization was reproduced. Contrary to our hypothesis, transfer of cecal microbiota from line 61 to line N significantly increased C. jejuni colonization. No significant difference in the overall composition of the cecal microbial communities of the two lines was identified, although line-specific differences for specific operational taxonomic units were identified. Our data suggest that while heritable differences in avian resistance to Campylobacter colonization exist, these are not explained by significant variation in the cecal microbiota. IMPORTANCE Campylobacter is a leading cause of foodborne diarrheal disease worldwide. Poultry are a key source of human infections, but there are currently few effective measures against Campylobacter in poultry during production. One option to control Campylobacter may be to alter the composition of microbial communities in the avian intestines by introducing beneficial bacteria, which exclude the harmful ones. We previously described two inbred chicken lines which differ in resistance to intestinal colonization by Campylobacter. Here, we investigated the composition of the microbial communities in the gut of these lines and whether transferring gut bacteria between the resistant and susceptible lines alters their resistance to Campylobacter. No major differences in microbial populations were found, and resistance or susceptibility to colonization was not conferred by transferring gut bacteria between lines. The data suggest that gut microbiota did not play a role in resistance to Campylobacter colonization, at least in the lines used.

scholarly journals Study on the Characteristics of Gut Microbiota in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients With Damp Heat Syndrome and Liver Depression and Spleen Deficiency Syndrome

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaiping Jiang ◽  
Qunfang Jiang ◽  
Xiaoai Mo ◽  
Jianhong Li ◽  
Hongtao Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
16S Rdna ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Spleen Deficiency ◽  
Rdna Sequencing ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Heat Syndrome ◽  
Spleen Deficiency Syndrome

Abstract Background: To explore the potential biological characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) syndromes in CHB patients is of great significance to improve the level of TCM treatment.This study was designed to explore the characteristics of gut microbiota in CHB patients with two most common TCM Syndromes.Methods: According to the diagnostic criteria of Western medicine, TCM and screening exclusion criteria, 65 cases of CHB patients with damp heat syndrome and 28 cases of CHB patients with liver depression and spleen deficiency syndrome were finally included in the study. All the basic information was gathered and the fresh fecal samples were collected for 16S rDNA sequencing. 16S rDNA of gut microbiota was sequenced using Illumina hiseq 2500 high-throughput sequencing platform.Based on the optimized sequence, OTU clustering analysis and taxonomic annotation were carried out. Results: The difference in relative abundance of gut microbiota was significant between damp heat syndrome and liver depression and spleen deficiency syndrome in CHB patients. Cyanobacteria was only found in damp heat syndrome.The relative abundance of Erysipelotrichia and Subdoligranulum were higher in liver depression and spleen deficiency syndrome,while the relative abundance of Rhodospirillales, Alphaproteobacteria,and Lachnospira were higher in the damp heat syndrome.LEfSe analysis showed that Lachnospira,Olsenella and Subdoligranulum had significant difference in species among the two TCM syndromes.Conclusions: The different characteristics of gut microbiota in the two TCM syndromes of CHB patients may play an important role in syndrome formation of TCM,which provides a new field of vision for the accurate diagnosis and treatment of TCM.

scholarly journals Study on the Characteristics of Gut Microbiota in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients with Damp Heat Syndrome and Liver Depression and Spleen Deficiency Syndrome

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaiping Jiang ◽  
Qunfang Jiang ◽  
Xiaoai Mo ◽  
Jianhong Li ◽  
Hongtao Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
16S Rdna ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Spleen Deficiency ◽  
Rdna Sequencing ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Heat Syndrome ◽  
Spleen Deficiency Syndrome

Abstract Background: To explore the potential biological characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) syndromes in CHB patients is of great significance to improve the level of TCM treatment.This study was designed to explore the characteristics of gut microbiota in CHB patients with two most common TCM Syndromes.Methods: According to the diagnostic criteria of Western medicine, TCM and screening exclusion criteria, 65 cases of CHB patients with damp heat syndrome and 28 cases of CHB patients with liver depression and spleen deficiency syndrome were finally included in the study. All the basic information was gathered and the fresh fecal samples were collected for 16S rDNA sequencing. 16S rDNA of gut microbiota was sequenced using Illumina hiseq 2500 high-throughput sequencing platform.Based on the optimized sequence, OTU clustering analysis and taxonomic annotation were carried out. Results: The difference in relative abundance of gut microbiota was significant between damp heat syndrome and liver depression and spleen deficiency syndrome in CHB patients. Cyanobacteria was only found in damp heat syndrome.The relative abundance of Erysipelotrichia and Subdoligranulum were higher in liver depression and spleen deficiency syndrome,while the relative abundance of Rhodospirillales, Alphaproteobacteria,and Lachnospira were higher in the damp heat syndrome.LEfSe analysis showed that Lachnospira,Olsenella and Subdoligranulum had significant difference in species among the two TCM syndromes.Conclusions: The different characteristics of gut microbiota in the two TCM syndromes of CHB patients may play an important role in syndrome formation of TCM,which provides a new field of vision for the accurate diagnosis and treatment of TCM.

scholarly journals Arabinogalactan Utilization by Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum NCC 2705 and Bacteroides caccae ATCC 43185 in Monoculture and Coculture

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1703
Author(s):  
Yan Wang ◽  
Gisèle LaPointe
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bifidobacterium Longum ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Side Chains ◽  
Galactosidase Activity ◽  
Metabolic Activities ◽  
Better Than

Arabinogalactan (AG) has been studied as a potential prebiotic in view of stimulating bifidobacteria presence in the gut microbiota. However, bifidobacteria prefer fermentation of oligosaccharides to that of polysaccharides. The contribution of other gut bacteria may allow better growth of bifidobacteria on AG. β-galactanases and β-galactosidases are the main enzymes for the degradation of AG. Additional enzymes such as α-L-arabinofuranosidase and β-L-arabinopyranosidase are required to remove the arabinose side chains. All of these predicted functions are encoded by the genomes of both Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum NCC 2705 and Bacteroides caccae ATCC 43185. However, neither strain was able to grow significantly on AG, with 25% (B. longum subsp. longum NCC 2705) and 39% (Bac. caccae ATCC 43185) of AG degraded after 48-h fermentation, respectively. In this study, the β-galactanase, β-galactosidase, α-L-arabinofuranosidase, and β-L-arabinopyranosidase from both strains were investigated. The extracellular β-galactosidases of both B. longum subsp. longum NCC 2705 and Bac. caccae ATCC 43185 were able to cleave the β-1,3; 1,4 and 1,6 linkages. However, the β-galactosidase activity of B. longum subsp. longum NCC 2705 was weaker for the β-1,4 linkage, compared with the β-1,3 and 1,6 linkages. The arabinose side chains of AG inhibited the cleavage of β-1,3 and 1,6 linkages by the endo-β-galactanase from both strains, and partially inhibited the cleavage of β-1,4 linkages by the endo-β-1,4 galactanase from Bac. caccae ATCC 43185. The α-L-arabinofuranosidase and β-L-arabinopyranosidase from both strains were unable to cleave arabinose from AG under the conditions used. These results show limited breakdown of AG by these two strains in monoculture. When cocultured with Bac. caccae ATCC 43185, B. longum subsp. longum NCC 2705 grew significantly better than in monoculture on AG after 6 h of fermentation (p < 0.05). The coculture showed 48% AG degradation after 48 h of fermentation, along with reduced pH. Furthermore, compared to monoculture of Bac. caccae ATCC 43185, the concentration of succinate significantly increased from 0.01 ± 0.01 to 4.41 ± 0.61 mM, whereas propionate significantly decreased from 13.07 ± 0.37 to 9.75 ± 2.01 mM in the coculture (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the growth and metabolic activities of Bac. caccae ATCC 43185 were restrained in the coculture, as the pH decreased due to the metabolism of B. longum subsp. longum NCC 2705.

Modulation of Gut Microbiota through Dietary Phytochemicals as a Novel Anti-infective Strategy

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavan K. Mujawdiya ◽  
Suman Kapur
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Quorum Sensing ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Chemical Interaction ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Gut Microbes

: Quorum Sensing (QS) is a phenomenon in which bacterial cells communicate with each other with the help of several low molecular weight compounds. QS is largely dependent on population density, and it triggers when the concentration of quorum sensing molecules accumulate in the environment and crosses a particular threshold. Once a certain population density is achieved and the concentration of molecules crosses a threshold, the bacterial cells show a collective behavior in response to various chemical stimuli referred to as “auto-inducers”. The QS signaling is crucial for several phenotypic characteristics responsible for bacterial survival such as motility, virulence, and biofilm formation. Biofilm formation is also responsible for making bacterial cells resistant to antibiotics. : The human gut is home to trillions of bacterial cells collectively called “gut microbiota” or “gut microbes”. Gut microbes are a consortium of more than 15,000 bacterial species and play a very crucial role in several body functions such as metabolism, development and maturation of the immune system, and the synthesis of several essential vitamins. Due to its critical role in shaping human survival and its modulating impact on body metabolisms, the gut microbial community has been referred to as “the forgotten organ” by O`Hara et al. (2006) [1]. Several studies have demonstrated that chemical interaction between the members of bacterial cells in the gut is responsible for shaping the overall microbial community. : Recent advances in phytochemical research have generated a lot of interest in finding new, effective, and safer alternatives to modern chemical-based medicines. In the context of antimicrobial research various plant extracts have been identified with Quorum Sensing Inhibitory (QSI) activities among bacterial cells. This review focuses on the mechanism of quorum sensing and quorum sensing inhibitors isolated from natural sources.

scholarly journals Diversity, Composition and Functional Inference of Gut Microbiota in Indian Cabbage white Pieris canidia (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

Life ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 254
Author(s):  
Ying Wang ◽  
Jianqing Zhu ◽  
Jie Fang ◽  
Li Shen ◽  
Shuojia Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Functional Inference ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Insect Fitness

We characterized the gut microbial composition and relative abundance of gut bacteria in the larvae and adults of Pieris canidia by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The gut microbiota structure was similar across the life stages and sexes. The comparative functional analysis on P. canidia bacterial communities with PICRUSt showed the enrichment of several pathways including those for energy metabolism, immune system, digestive system, xenobiotics biodegradation, transport, cell growth and death. The parameters often used as a proxy of insect fitness (development time, pupation rate, emergence rate, adult survival rate and weight of 5th instars larvae) showed a significant difference between treatment group and untreated group and point to potential fitness advantages with the gut microbiomes in P. canidia. These data provide an overall view of the bacterial community across the life stages and sexes in P. canidia.

scholarly journals Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Oxidative Status by β-Carotene in Late Pregnant Sows

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xupeng Yuan ◽  
Jiahao Yan ◽  
Ruizhi Hu ◽  
Yanli Li ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Metabolic Activities ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Β Carotene

Recent evidences suggest that gut microbiota plays an important role in regulating physiological and metabolic activities of pregnant sows, and β-carotene has a potentially positive effect on reproduction, but the impact of β-carotene on gut microbiota in pregnant sows remains unknown. This study aimed to explore the effect and mechanisms of β-carotene on the reproductive performance of sows from the aspect of gut microbiota. A total of 48 hybrid pregnant sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) with similar parity were randomly allocated into three groups (n = 16) and fed with a basal diet or a diet containing 30 or 90 mg/kg of β-carotene from day 90 of gestation until parturition. Dietary supplementation of 30 or 90 mg/kg β-carotene increased the number of live birth to 11.82 ± 1.54 and 12.29 ± 2.09, respectively, while the control group was 11.00 ± 1.41 (P = 0.201). Moreover, β-carotene increased significantly the serum nitric oxide (NO) level and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity (P &lt; 0.05). Characterization of fecal microbiota revealed that 90 mg/kg β-carotene increased the diversity of the gut flora (P &lt; 0.05). In particular, β-carotene decreased the relative abundance of Firmicutes including Lachnospiraceae AC2044 group, Lachnospiraceae NK4B4 group and Ruminococcaceae UCG-008, but enriched Proteobacteria including Bilophila and Sutterella, and Actinobacteria including Corynebacterium and Corynebacterium 1 which are related to NO synthesis. These data demonstrated that dietary supplementation of β-carotene may increase antioxidant enzyme activity and NO, an important vasodilator to promote the neonatal blood circulation, through regulating gut microbiota in sows.

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