scholarly journals The CBL–CIPK Pathway in Plant Response to Stress Signals

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5668
Author(s):  
Xiao Ma ◽  
Quan-Hui Li ◽  
Ya-Nan Yu ◽  
Yi-Ming Qiao ◽  
Saeed ul Haq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Yield Improvement ◽  
Interacting Protein ◽  
Secondary Messenger ◽  
Calcineurin B ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Stress Signals

Plants need to cope with multitudes of stimuli throughout their lifecycles in their complex environments. Calcium acts as a ubiquitous secondary messenger in response to numerous stresses and developmental processes in plants. The major Ca2+ sensors, calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs), interact with CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs) to form a CBL–CIPK signaling network, which functions as a key component in the regulation of multiple stimuli or signals in plants. In this review, we describe the conserved structure of CBLs and CIPKs, characterize the features of classification and localization, draw conclusions about the currently known mechanisms, with a focus on novel findings in response to multiple stresses, and summarize the physiological functions of the CBL–CIPK network. Moreover, based on the gradually clarified mechanisms of the CBL–CIPK complex, we discuss the present limitations and potential prospects for future research. These aspects may provide a deeper understanding and functional characterization of the CBL–CIPK pathway and other signaling pathways under different stresses, which could promote crop yield improvement via biotechnological intervention.

scholarly journals Functional characterization of human Kindlin-2 core promoter identifies a key role of SP1 in Kindlin-2 transcriptional regulation

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ammad Khan ◽  
Takashi Shimokawa ◽  
Staffan Strömblad ◽  
Hongquan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Core Promoter ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Ph Domain ◽  
Interacting Protein ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Functional Aspects

AbstractKindlin-2 is a recently identified FERM and PH domain containing integrin interacting protein. Kindlin-2 is ubiquitously expressed in normal tissues. So far, much effort has been spent exploring the functional aspects of Kindlin-2. However, the transcriptional regulation of Kindlin-2 has not yet been investigated. In this study we identified and functionally characterized the promoter of the human Kindlin-2 gene. We show that the core promoter of Kindlin-2 is a 39 base pair long GC rich fragment located −122/-83 upstream of the Kindlin-2 transcription start site. Functional characterization of this core promoter region by both in silico as well as in vitro/in vivo analysis shows that the transcription factor SP1 plays an important role in regulation of Kindlin-2 expression.

scholarly journals The First Molecular Characterization of Serbian SARS-CoV-2 Isolates From a Unique Early Second Wave in Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danijela Miljanovic ◽  
Ognjen Milicevic ◽  
Ana Loncar ◽  
Dzihan Abazovic ◽  
Dragana Despot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Viral Genomes ◽  
Rare Mutations ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Genome Variants ◽  
Local Transmission

March 6, 2020 is considered as the official date of the beginning of the COVID-19 epidemic in Serbia. In late spring and early summer 2020, Europe recorded a decline in the rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection and subsiding of the first wave. This trend lasted until the fall, when the second wave of the epidemic began to appear. Unlike the rest of Europe, Serbia was hit by the second wave of the epidemic a few months earlier. Already in June 2020, newly confirmed cases had risen exponentially. As the COVID-19 pandemic is the first pandemic in which there has been instant sharing of genomic information on isolates around the world, the aim of this study was to analyze whole SARS-CoV-2 viral genomes from Serbia, to identify circulating variants/clade/lineages, and to explore site-specific mutational patterns in the unique early second wave of the European epidemic. This analysis of Serbian isolates represents the first publication from Balkan countries, which demonstrates the importance of specificities of local transmission especially when preventive measures differ among countries. One hundred forty-eight different genome variants among 41 Serbian isolates were detected in this study. One unique and seven extremely rare mutations were identified, with locally specific continuous dominance of the 20D clade. At the same time, amino acid substitutions of newly identified variants of concern were found in our isolates from October 2020. Future research should be focused on functional characterization of novel mutations in order to understand the exact role of these variations.

scholarly journals Isolation and characterization of a cDNA coding cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) calcineurin B-like protein-interacting protein kinase, VuCIPK1

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 437-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masakazu Imamura ◽  
Takashi Yuasa ◽  
Tomoko Takahashi ◽  
Nagisa Nakamura ◽  
Nang Myin Phyu Sin Htwe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Interacting Protein ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Calcineurin B

Functional Characterization of Compliant Building Blocks Utilizing Eigentwists and Eigenwrenches

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles J. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Building Block ◽  
Compliant Mechanisms ◽  
Compliant Mechanism ◽  
Deformable Body ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Block Approach

Compliant mechanisms are devices which utilize the flexibility of their constituent members to transmit motion and forces. Unlike their rigid body counterparts, compliant mechanisms typically contain no traditional joints. The focus of this research is the development of a building block approach for the synthesis of compliant mechanisms. Building block methods better facilitate the augmentation of designer intuition while offering a systematic approach to open-ended problems. In this paper, we investigate the use of the eigentwists and eigenwrenches of a deformable body to characterize basic kinematic function. The eigentwists and eigenwrenches are shown to demonstrate parametric behavior when applied to the compliant dyad building block, and in special cases may be compared to compliance ellipsoids. The paper concludes by articulating future research in a building block approach to compliant mechanism synthesis.

scholarly journals Expression Characteristics and Functional Analysis of the ScWRKY3 Gene from Sugarcane

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 4059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Wang ◽  
Feng Liu ◽  
Xu Zhang ◽  
Wenju Wang ◽  
Tingting Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sporisorium Scitamineum ◽  
Transcriptional Regulatory ◽  
Transient Overexpression ◽  
Hybrid Cultivar ◽  
Sugarcane Stem

The plant-specific WRKY transcriptional regulatory factors have been proven to play vital roles in plant growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, there are few studies on the WRKY gene family in sugarcane (Saccharum spp.). In the present study, the characterization of a new subgroup, IIc WRKY protein ScWRKY3, from a Saccharum hybrid cultivar is reported. The ScWRKY3 protein was localized in the nucleus of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and showed no transcriptional activation activity and no toxic effects on the yeast strain Y2HGold. An interaction between ScWRKY3 and a reported sugarcane protein ScWRKY4, was confirmed in the nucleus. The ScWRKY3 gene had the highest expression level in sugarcane stem pith. The transcript of ScWRKY3 was stable in the smut-resistant Saccharum hybrid cultivar Yacheng05-179, while it was down-regulated in the smut-susceptible Saccharum hybrid cultivar ROC22 during inoculation with the smut pathogen (Sporisorium scitamineum) at 0–72 h. ScWRKY3 was remarkably up-regulated by sodium chloride (NaCl), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA), but it was down-regulated by salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Moreover, transient overexpression of the ScWRKY3 gene in N. benthamiana indicated a negative regulation during challenges with the fungal pathogen Fusarium solani var. coeruleum or the bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum in N. benthamiana. The findings of the present study should accelerate future research on the identification and functional characterization of the WRKY family in sugarcane.

scholarly journals Novel calcineurin interacting protein-2: the functional characterization of CNP-2 in Caenorhabditis elegans

BMB Reports ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 455-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cai Xianglan ◽  
Kyung-Min Ko ◽  
Gunasekaran Singaravelu ◽  
Joo-Hong Ahnn
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Interacting Protein
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