scholarly journals Ostm1 from Mouse to Human: Insights into Osteoclast Maturation

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Vacher ◽  
Michael Bruccoleri ◽  
Monica Pata
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Bone Development ◽  
Bone Matrix ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Isolation And Characterization

The maintenance of bone mass is a dynamic process that requires a strict balance between bone formation and resorption. Bone formation is controlled by osteoblasts, while osteoclasts are responsible for resorption of the bone matrix. The opposite functions of these cell types have to be tightly regulated not only during normal bone development, but also during adult life, to maintain serum calcium homeostasis and sustain bone integrity to prevent bone fractures. Disruption of the control of bone synthesis or resorption can lead to an over accumulation of bone tissue in osteopetrosis or conversely to a net depletion of the bone mass in osteoporosis. Moreover, high levels of bone resorption with focal bone formation can cause Paget’s disease. Here, we summarize the steps toward isolation and characterization of the osteopetrosis associated trans-membrane protein 1 (Ostm1) gene and protein, essential for proper osteoclast maturation, and responsible when mutated for the most severe form of osteopetrosis in mice and humans.

scholarly journals The Cellular Choreography of Osteoblast Angiotropism in Bone Development and Homeostasis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7253
Author(s):  
Georgiana Neag ◽  
Melissa Finlay ◽  
Amy J. Naylor
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Bone Formation ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Bone Development ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Regulatory Relationship ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Resolution Imaging ◽  
Molecular Relationships ◽  
Form Type

Interaction between endothelial cells and osteoblasts is essential for bone development and homeostasis. This process is mediated in large part by osteoblast angiotropism, the migration of osteoblasts alongside blood vessels, which is crucial for the homing of osteoblasts to sites of bone formation during embryogenesis and in mature bones during remodeling and repair. Specialized bone endothelial cells that form “type H” capillaries have emerged as key interaction partners of osteoblasts, regulating osteoblast differentiation and maturation and ensuring their migration towards newly forming trabecular bone areas. Recent revolutions in high-resolution imaging methodologies for bone as well as single cell and RNA sequencing technologies have enabled the identification of some of the signaling pathways and molecular interactions that underpin this regulatory relationship. Similarly, the intercellular cross talk between endothelial cells and entombed osteocytes that is essential for bone formation, repair, and maintenance are beginning to be uncovered. This is a relatively new area of research that has, until recently, been hampered by a lack of appropriate analysis tools. Now that these tools are available, greater understanding of the molecular relationships between these key cell types is expected to facilitate identification of new drug targets for diseases of bone formation and remodeling.

scholarly journals Isolation of an adhesion-mediating protein from chick neural retina adherons.

1985 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 1071-1077 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Schubert ◽  
M LaCorbiere
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Heparan Sulfate ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Neural Retina ◽  
Cell Surface Receptor ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Surface Receptor ◽  
Adhesive Interactions

Adherons are high molecular weight glycoprotein complexes which are released into the growth medium of cultured cells. They mediate the adhesive interactions of many cell types, including those of embryonic chick neural retina. The cell surface receptor for chick neural retina adherons has been purified, and shown to be a heparan sulfate proteoglycan (Schubert, D., and M. LaCorbiere, 1985, J. Cell Biol., 100:56-63). This paper describes the isolation and characterization of a protein in neural retina adherons which interacts specifically with the cell surface receptor. The 20,000-mol-wt protein, called retinal purpurin (RP), stimulates neural retina cell-substratum adhesion and prolongs the survival of neural retina cells in culture. The RP protein interacts with heparin and heparan sulfate, but not with other glycosaminoglycans. Monovalent antibodies against RP inhibit RP-cell adhesion as well as adheron-cell interactions. The RP protein is found in neural retina, but not in other tissues such as brain and muscle. These data suggest that RP plays a role in both the survival and adhesive interactions of neural retina cells.

scholarly journals Accumulation, localization, and compartmentation of transforming growth factor beta during endochondral bone development.

1988 ◽  
Vol 107 (5) ◽  
pp. 1969-1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
J L Carrington ◽  
A B Roberts ◽  
K C Flanders ◽  
N S Roche ◽  
A H Reddi
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Bone Development ◽  
Guanidine Hydrochloride ◽  
Bone Matrix ◽  
Radioreceptor Assay ◽  
Tgf Beta ◽  
Endochondral Bone ◽  
Growth Factor Beta

Endochondral bone formation was induced in postnatal rats by implantation of demineralized rat bone matrix. Corresponding control tissue was generated by implanting inactive extracted bone matrix, which did not induce bone formation. At various times, implants were removed and sequentially extracted with guanidine hydrochloride, and then EDTA and guanidine hydrochloride. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) in the extracts was quantitated by a radioreceptor assay. TGF beta was present in demineralized bone matrix before implantation, and the concentration had decreased by 1 d after implantation. Thereafter, TGF beta was undetectable by radioreceptor assay until day 9. From day 9-21 the TGF beta was extracted only after EDTA demineralization, indicating tight association with the mineralized matrix. During this time, the content of TGF beta per milligram soluble protein rose steadily and remained high through day 21. This increased concentration correlated with the onset of vascularization and calcification of cartilage. TGF beta was detected only between days 3-9 in the controls; i.e., non-bone-forming implants. Immunolocalization of TGF beta in bone-forming implants revealed staining of inflammatory cells at early times, followed later by staining of chondrocytes in calcifying cartilage and staining of osteoblasts. The most intense staining of TGF beta was found in calcified cartilage and mineralized bone matrix, again indicating preferential compartmentalization of TGF beta in the mineral phase. In contrast to the delayed expression of TGF beta protein, northern blot analysis showed TGF beta mRNA in implants throughout the sequence of bone formation. The time-dependent accumulation of TGF beta when cartilage is being replaced by bone in this in vivo model of bone formation suggests that TGF beta may play a role in the regulation of ossification during endochondral bone development.

scholarly journals Parallel Isolation and Characterization of Porcine Smooth Muscle, Endothelial and Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Bioengineering Applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Morini ◽  
Iris Pla-Palacín ◽  
Pilar Sainz-Arnal ◽  
Natalia Sánchez-Romero ◽  
Maria Falceto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Umbilical Vein ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Aortic Smooth Muscle ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

Abstract There is significant interest in the pig as the animal model of choice for organ transplantation and the study of tissue engineering (TE) products and applications. Currently, efforts are being taken to bioengineer solid organs to reduce donor shortages for transplantation. For complex organs such as the lung, heart, and liver, the vasculature represents a fundamental feature. Thus, to generate organs with a functional vascular network, the different cells constituting the building blocks of the blood vessels should be procured. However, due to species' specificities, porcine cell isolation, expansion, and characterization are not entirely straightforward compared to human cell procurement. Here, we report the establishment of simple and suitable methods for the isolation and characterization of distinct porcine cells for bioengineering purposes.We successfully isolated, expanded and characterized porcine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal (pBM-MSC), aortic smooth muscle (pASMC), and umbilical vein endothelial cells (pUVEC). We demonstrated that the three cell types showed specific immunophenotypical features. Moreover, we demonstrated that pBM-MSC could preserve their multipotency in vitro, and pUVEC were capable of maintaining their functionality in vitro.These cultured cells could be further expanded and represent a useful cellular tool for TE purposes (i.e., for recellularization approaches of vascularized organs or in vitro angiogenesis studies).

Binding of peanut lectin to specific epithelial cell types in kidney

1982 ◽  
Vol 242 (1) ◽  
pp. C117-C120 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. LeHir ◽  
B. Kaissling ◽  
B. M. Koeppen ◽  
J. B. Wade
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Rabbit Kidney ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Luminal Membrane ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Collecting Ducts ◽  
Epithelial Membranes ◽  
Outer Stripe ◽  
Specific Affinity

The binding of peanut agglutinin (PNA) to epithelial membranes of the rabbit kidney was evaluated at the light- and electron-microscope level using PNA conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. In the renal cortex and outer stripe of the medulla PNA appears to bind exclusively to the luminal membrane of intercalated cells in connecting tubules and collecting ducts. PNA also binds to the thin descending limb of the loop of Henle in the inner stripe and inner zone of the medulla. This very specific affinity of PNA should be useful in the isolation and characterization of specific cell types in cytologically heterogeneous epithelia.

scholarly journals Wnt7b Inhibits Osteoclastogenesis via AKT Activation and Glucose Metabolic Rewiring

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanzi Wu ◽  
Boer Li ◽  
Xuchen Hu ◽  
Fanyuan Yu ◽  
Yu Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Bone Resorption ◽  
Bone Formation ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Osteoclast Formation ◽  
Osteoporosis Therapy ◽  
Akt Activation

The imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption causes osteoporosis, which leads to severe bone fractures. It is known that increases in osteoclast numbers and activities are the main reasons for increasing bone resorption. Although extensive studies have investigated the regulation of osteoclastogenesis of bone marrow macrophages (BMMs), new pharmacological avenues still need to be unveiled for clinical purpose. Wnt ligands have been widely demonstrated as stimulators of bone formation; however, the inhibitory effect of the Wnt pathway in osteoclastogenesis is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Wnt7b, a potent Wnt ligand that enhances bone formation and increases bone mass, also abolishes osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Importantly, enforced expression of Wnt in bone marrow macrophage lineage cells significantly disrupts osteoclast formation and activity, which leads to a dramatic increase in bone mass. Mechanistically, Wnt7b impacts the glucose metabolic process and AKT activation during osteoclastogenesis. Thus, we demonstrate that Wnt7b diminishes osteoclast formation, which will be beneficial for osteoporosis therapy in the future.

scholarly journals Increased expression of TGF-beta 2 in osteoblasts results in an osteoporosis-like phenotype.

1996 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Erlebacher ◽  
R Derynck
Keyword(s):  
Bone Cells ◽  
Bone Development ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Bone Matrix ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cleidocranial Dysplasia ◽  
Tgf Beta ◽  
Matrix Deposition ◽  
Beta 2 ◽  
High Level

The development of the skeleton requires the coordinated activities of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. The activities of these two cell types are likely to be regulated by TGF-beta, which is abundant in bone matrix. We have used transgenic mice to evaluate the role of TGF-beta 2 in bone development and turnover. Osteoblast-specific overexpression of TGF-beta 2 from the osteocalcin promoter resulted in progressive bone loss associated with increases in osteoblastic matrix deposition and osteoclastic bone resorption. This phenotype closely resembles the bone abnormalities seen in human hyperparathyroidism and osteoporosis. Furthermore, a high level of TGF-beta 2 overexpression resulted in defective bone mineralization and severe hypoplasia of the clavicles, a hallmark of the developmental disease cleidocranial dysplasia. Our results suggest that TGF-beta 2 functions as a local positive regulator of bone remodeling and that alterations in TGF-beta 2 synthesis by bone cells, or in their responsiveness to TGF-beta 2, may contribute to the pathogenesis of metabolic bone disease.

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