scholarly journals The Roles of Immune Cells in the Pathogenesis of Fibrosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enyu Huang ◽  
Na Peng ◽  
Fan Xiao ◽  
Dajun Hu ◽  
Xiaohui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Stat Signaling ◽  
Fibrotic Diseases

Tissue injury and inflammatory response trigger the development of fibrosis in various diseases. It has been recognized that both innate and adaptive immune cells are important players with multifaceted functions in fibrogenesis. The activated immune cells produce various cytokines, modulate the differentiation and functions of myofibroblasts via diverse molecular mechanisms, and regulate fibrotic development. The immune cells exhibit differential functions during different stages of fibrotic diseases. In this review, we summarized recent advances in understanding the roles of immune cells in regulating fibrotic development and immune-based therapies in different disorders and discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms with a focus on mTOR and JAK-STAT signaling pathways.

scholarly journals Lactate-Dependent Regulation of Immune Responses by Dendritic Cells and Macrophages

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indumathi Manoharan ◽  
Puttur D. Prasad ◽  
Muthusamy Thangaraju ◽  
Santhakumar Manicassamy
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Effector Functions ◽  
Tissue Microenvironment ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells

For decades, lactate has been considered an innocuous bystander metabolite of cellular metabolism. However, emerging studies show that lactate acts as a complex immunomodulatory molecule that controls innate and adaptive immune cells’ effector functions. Thus, recent advances point to lactate as an essential and novel signaling molecule that shapes innate and adaptive immune responses in the intestine and systemic sites. Here, we review these recent advances in the context of the pleiotropic effects of lactate in regulating diverse functions of immune cells in the tissue microenvironment and under pathological conditions.

scholarly journals Pathological alteration and therapeutic implications of sepsis-induced immune cell apoptosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Cao ◽  
Muming Yu ◽  
Yanfen Chai
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Cell Apoptosis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Secondary Infections

Abstract Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction syndrome caused by dysregulated host response to infection that leads to uncontrolled inflammatory response followed by immunosuppression. However, despite the high mortality rate, no specific treatment modality or drugs with high efficacy is available for sepsis to date. Although improved treatment strategies have increased the survival rate during the initial state of excessive inflammatory response, recent trends in sepsis show that mortality occurs at a period of continuous immunosuppressive state in which patients succumb to secondary infections within a few weeks or months due to post-sepsis “immune paralysis.” Immune cell alteration induced by uncontrolled apoptosis has been considered a major cause of significant immunosuppression. Particularly, apoptosis of lymphocytes, including innate immune cells and adaptive immune cells, is associated with a higher risk of secondary infections and poor outcomes. Multiple postmortem studies have confirmed that sepsis-induced immune cell apoptosis occurs in all age groups, including neonates, pediatric, and adult patients, and it is considered to be a primary contributing factor to the immunosuppressive pathophysiology of sepsis. Therapeutic perspectives targeting apoptosis through various strategies could improve survival in sepsis. In this review article, we will focus on describing the major apoptosis process of immune cells with respect to physiologic and molecular mechanisms. Further, advances in apoptosis-targeted treatment modalities for sepsis will also be discussed.

scholarly journals The Problem of Antigen Affinity Discrimination in B-Cell Immunology

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhadip Raychaudhuri
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Affinity Maturation ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Cell Affinity

B and T lymphocytes activate the humoral and cellular arms of the adaptive immune system. The adaptive strategy works because receptors of adaptive immune cells can mount an immune response based on their affinity for antigens. Thus, affinity discrimination is central to adaptive immunity and has important biomedical ramifications. Due to its intricate connection to the affinity maturation process, affinity discrimination has a special significance in B-cell-mediated immune response. The role of affinity-matured high-affinity antibodies is increasingly recognized in vaccine development. In this paper, we discuss the recent progress made in mathematical and computational studies to explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms of B-cell affinity discrimination. Formation of B-cell receptor (BCR) oligomers and BCR-lipid rafts, upon antigenic stimulation, emerge to be key factors in B-cell affinity discrimination (at the level of single cells). It also provides a new way of thinking about kinetic proofreading and serial triggering, concepts that have been widely utilized to understand affinity discrimination in adaptive immune cells. Potential future applications of mathematical and computational modeling of affinity discrimination are discussed in the context of autoimmune disorders and vaccine design.

scholarly journals Immunobiotics mechanisms of action and prospects of use in veterinary medicine

2020 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 06017
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Refeld ◽  
Anna Bogdanova ◽  
Evgeniya Prazdnova ◽  
Alexey Beskopylny ◽  
Anastasiya Olshevskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Complex Action ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Cellular Components

Probiotics are becoming more and more common means of combating intestinal diseases of various origins: infectious pathologies, chronic inflammation, autoimmune disorders. The complex action, coupled with low side effects, makes probiotics promising drugs, especially in veterinary medicine, with an increasing trend towards the inefficient use of antibiotics in the livestock industry. One of the main mechanisms of probiotics action - modulation of host immunity - is perhaps the most difficult and, at the same time, the most actively studied since it is crucial for therapy. Immunobiotics (probiotics that modulate the host's immune response) interact with various innate and adaptive immune cells, changing the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. This action is provided by both the cellular components of probiotic microorganisms and their metabolites and is primarily associated with the host's immunocompetent cells' pattern-recognition receptors, although other molecular mechanisms also exist. This review aims to briefly describe both the molecular mechanisms of immunomodulation by probiotics and the prospects for their use in veterinary medicine.

Platelets: Angels and demons dancing on the immune stage. Nutrition conducts the orchestra

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thea Magrone ◽  
Manrico Magrone ◽  
Matteo Antonio Russo ◽  
Emilio Jirillo
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Function ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Dual Role ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Inflammatory Processes

Background: Platelets are cellular fragments derived from bone-marrow megacaryocytes and they are mostly involved in haemostasis and coagulation. However, according to recent data, platelets are able to perform novel immune functions. In fact, they possess a receptorial armamentarium on their membrane for interacting with innate and adaptive immune cells. In addition, platelets also secrete granules which contain cytokines and chemokines for activating and recruiting even distant immune cells. Objectives: The participation of platelets in inflammatory processes will be discussed also in view of their dual role in terms of triggering or resolving inflammation. Involvement of platelets in disease will be illustrated, pointing to their versatile function to either up- or down-regulate pathological mechanisms. Finally, despite the availability of some anti-platelet agents, such as aspirin, dietary manipulation of platelet function is currently investigated. In this regard, special emphasis will be placed on dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and polyphenol effects on platelets. Conclusion: Platelets play a dual role in inflammatory-immune-mediated diseases either activating or deactivating immune cells. Diet based on substances, such as omega-3 PUFAs and polyphenols, may act as a modulator of platelet function, even if more clinical trials are needed to corroborate such a contention.

scholarly journals Tuning cancer fate: the unremitting role of host immunity

Open Biology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 170006 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Calì ◽  
B. Molon ◽  
A. Viola
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Tumour Progression ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Immune Cell Subsets ◽  
Therapeutic Protocols

Host immunity plays a central and complex role in dictating tumour progression. Solid tumours are commonly infiltrated by a large number of immune cells that dynamically interact with the surrounding microenvironment. At first, innate and adaptive immune cells successfully cooperate to eradicate microcolonies of transformed cells. Concomitantly, surviving tumour clones start to proliferate and harness immune responses by specifically hijacking anti-tumour effector mechanisms and fostering the accumulation of immunosuppressive immune cell subsets at the tumour site. This pliable interplay between immune and malignant cells is a relentless process that has been concisely organized in three different phases: elimination, equilibrium and escape. In this review, we aim to depict the distinct immune cell subsets and immune-mediated responses characterizing the tumour landscape throughout the three interconnected phases. Importantly, the identification of key immune players and molecules involved in the dynamic crosstalk between tumour and immune system has been crucial for the introduction of reliable prognostic factors and effective therapeutic protocols against cancers.

IN VIVO IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS OF INTRAVENOUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN ON INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNE CELLS INVOLVED IN ALLOGRAFT REJECTION

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 395
Author(s):  
A. S. Tjon ◽  
T. Tha-In ◽  
H. J. Metselaar ◽  
L. V.D. Laan ◽  
Z. M. Groothuismink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Immunoglobulin ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Allograft Rejection ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells

scholarly journals The Hygiene Hypothesis and New Perspectives—Current Challenges Meeting an Old Postulate

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Garn ◽  
Daniel Piotr Potaczek ◽  
Petra Ina Pfefferle
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Hygiene Hypothesis ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Asthma Phenotypes ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells

During its 30 years history, the Hygiene Hypothesis has shown itself to be adaptable whenever it has been challenged by new scientific developments and this is a still a continuously ongoing process. In this regard, the mini review aims to discuss some selected new developments in relation to their impact on further fine-tuning and expansion of the Hygiene Hypothesis. This will include the role of recently discovered classes of innate and adaptive immune cells that challenges the old Th1/Th2 paradigm, the applicability of the Hygiene Hypothesis to newly identified allergy/asthma phenotypes with diverse underlying pathomechanistic endotypes, and the increasing knowledge derived from epigenetic studies that leads to better understanding of mechanisms involved in the translation of environmental impacts on biological systems. Further, we discuss in brief the expansion of the Hygiene Hypothesis to other disease areas like psychiatric disorders and cancer and conclude that the continuously developing Hygiene Hypothesis may provide a more generalized explanation for health burden in highly industrialized countries also relation to global changes.

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