scholarly journals C-Type Lectins in Veterinary Species: Recent Advancements and Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 5122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitri Leonid Lindenwald ◽  
Bernd Lepenies
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Immune Homeostasis ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Downstream Signaling ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Molecular Patterns

C-type lectins (CTLs), a superfamily of glycan-binding receptors, play a pivotal role in the host defense against pathogens and the maintenance of immune homeostasis of higher animals and humans. CTLs in innate immunity serve as pattern recognition receptors and often bind to glycan structures in damage- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns. While CTLs are found throughout the whole animal kingdom, their ligand specificities and downstream signaling have mainly been studied in humans and in model organisms such as mice. In this review, recent advancements in CTL research in veterinary species as well as potential applications of CTL targeting in veterinary medicine are outlined.

scholarly journals Oxidation-Specific Epitopes Are Danger-Associated Molecular Patterns Recognized by Pattern Recognition Receptors of Innate Immunity

2011 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yury I. Miller ◽  
Soo-Ho Choi ◽  
Philipp Wiesner ◽  
Longhou Fang ◽  
Richard Harkewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Pattern Recognition Receptors ◽  
Molecular Patterns

scholarly journals Innate Immunity and Host Defense Peptides in Veterinary Medicine

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Linde ◽  
C.R. Ross ◽  
E.G. Davis ◽  
L. Dib ◽  
F. Blecha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Host Defense Peptides ◽  
Defense Peptides

scholarly journals Cnidarian Pattern Recognition Receptor Repertoires Reflect Both Phylogeny and Life History Traits

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madison A. Emery ◽  
Bradford A. Dimos ◽  
Laura D. Mydlarz
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Life History ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Immune Pathways ◽  
Immune Pathway ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Recognition Receptor

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are evolutionarily ancient and crucial components of innate immunity, recognizing danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and activating host defenses. Basal non-bilaterian animals such as cnidarians must rely solely on innate immunity to defend themselves from pathogens. By investigating cnidarian PRR repertoires we can gain insight into the evolution of innate immunity in these basal animals. Here we utilize the increasing amount of available genomic resources within Cnidaria to survey the PRR repertoires and downstream immune pathway completeness within 15 cnidarian species spanning two major cnidarian clades, Anthozoa and Medusozoa. Overall, we find that anthozoans possess prototypical PRRs, while medusozoans appear to lack these immune proteins. Additionally, anthozoans consistently had higher numbers of PRRs across all four classes relative to medusozoans, a trend largely driven by expansions in NOD-like receptors and C-type lectins. Symbiotic, sessile, and colonial cnidarians also have expanded PRR repertoires relative to their non-symbiotic, mobile, and solitary counterparts. Interestingly, cnidarians seem to lack key components of mammalian innate immune pathways, though similar to PRR numbers, anthozoans possess more complete immune pathways than medusozoans. Together, our data indicate that anthozoans have greater immune specificity than medusozoans, which we hypothesize to be due to life history traits common within Anthozoa. Overall, this investigation reveals important insights into the evolution of innate immune proteins within these basal animals.

scholarly journals An Overview of Recent Insights into the Response of TLR to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the Potential of TLR Agonists as SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Adjuvants

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2302
Author(s):  
Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh ◽  
Michinori Kohara ◽  
Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Chemokine Production ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
Tlr Agonists ◽  
Downstream Signaling ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Molecular Patterns

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a global health pandemic causing millions of deaths worldwide. However, the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19, particularly the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and host innate immunity, remains unclear. The innate immune system acts as the first line of host defense, which is critical for the initial detection of invading pathogens and the activation and shaping of adaptive immunity. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key sensors of innate immunity that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and activate downstream signaling for pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production. However, TLRs may also act as a double-edged sword, and dysregulated TLR responses may enhance immune-mediated pathology, instead of providing protection. Therefore, a proper understanding of the interaction between TLRs and SARS-CoV-2 is of great importance for devising therapeutic and preventive strategies. The use of TLR agonists as vaccine adjuvants for human disease is a promising approach that could be applied in the investigation of COVID-19 vaccines. In this review, we discuss the recent progress in our understanding of host innate immune responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection, with particular focus on TLR response. In addition, we discuss the use of TLR agonists as vaccine adjuvants in enhancing the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccine.

Thromboinflammation as a Driver of Venous Thromboembolism

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (06) ◽  
pp. 428-432
Author(s):  
Nadine Gauchel ◽  
Krystin Krauel ◽  
Muataz Ali Hamad ◽  
Christoph Bode ◽  
Daniel Duerschmied
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Venous Thromboembolism ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Thrombus Formation ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Defense Systems ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

AbstractThrombus formation has been identified as an integral part in innate immunity, termed immunothrombosis. Activation of host defense systems is known to result in a procoagulant environment. In this system, cellular players as well as soluble mediators interact with each other and their dysregulation can lead to the pathological process of thromboinflammation. These mechanisms have been under intensified investigation during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this review, we focus on the underlying mechanisms leading to thromboinflammation as one trigger of venous thromboembolism.

scholarly journals Recognition and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 by humoral innate immunity pattern recognition molecules

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Stravalaci ◽  
Isabel Pagani ◽  
Elvezia Maria Paraboschi ◽  
Mattia Pedotti ◽  
Andrea Doni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Fluid Phase ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Lectin Pathway ◽  
Mannose Binding ◽  
Binding Lectin

The humoral arm of innate immunity includes diverse molecules with antibody-like functions, some of which serve as disease severity biomarkers in COVID-19. The present study was designed to conduct a systematic investigation of the interaction of humoral fluid phase pattern recognition molecules (PRM) with SARS-CoV-2. Out of 10 PRM tested, the long pentraxin PTX3 and Mannose Binding Lectin (MBL) bound the viral Nucleoprotein and Spike, respectively. MBL bound trimeric Spike, including that of variants of concern, in a glycan-dependent way and inhibited SARS-CoV-2 in three in vitro models. Moreover, upon binding to Spike, MBL activated the lectin pathway of complement activation. Genetic polymorphisms at the MBL locus were associated with disease severity. These results suggest that selected humoral fluid phase PRM can play an important role in resistance to, and pathogenesis of, COVID-19, a finding with translational implications.

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