scholarly journals Regulatory Mechanisms of Somatostatin Expression

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 4170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Ampofo ◽  
Lisa Nalbach ◽  
Michael D. Menger ◽  
Matthias W. Laschke
Keyword(s):  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Growth Hormone Secretion ◽  
Peptide Hormone ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Insulin Synthesis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Glucagon And Insulin ◽  
Somatostatin Expression

Somatostatin is a peptide hormone, which most commonly is produced by endocrine cells and the central nervous system. In mammals, somatostatin originates from pre-prosomatostatin and is processed to a shorter form, i.e., somatostatin-14, and a longer form, i.e., somatostatin-28. The two peptides repress growth hormone secretion and are involved in the regulation of glucagon and insulin synthesis in the pancreas. In recent years, the processing and secretion of somatostatin have been studied intensively. However, little attention has been paid to the regulatory mechanisms that control its expression. This review provides an up-to-date overview of these mechanisms. In particular, it focuses on the role of enhancers and silencers within the promoter region as well as on the binding of modulatory transcription factors to these elements. Moreover, it addresses extracellular factors, which trigger key signaling pathways, leading to an enhanced somatostatin expression in health and disease.

Role of Excitatory Amino Acids in the Control of Growth Hormone Secretion

Endocrine ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Aguilar ◽  
Manuel Tena-Sempere ◽  
Leonor Pinilla
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Excitatory Amino Acids ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Growth Hormone Secretion

The Role of Zinc Dynamics in Growth Hormone Secretion

2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 381-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Consolata Miletta ◽  
Martin H. Schöni ◽  
Kristin Kernland ◽  
Primus E. Mullis ◽  
Vibor Petkovic
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Growth Hormone Secretion

Somatostatin Inhibits prolactin secretion in the estradiol primed male rat

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 1082-1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Cooper ◽  
S. H. Shin
Keyword(s):  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Growth Hormone Secretion ◽  
Blocking Agent ◽  
Prolactin Secretion ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Plasma Prl

Somatostatin inhibits not only growth hormone secretion, but also the secretion of several other hormones. The role of somatostatin in prolactin (PRL) secretion has not been clearly demonstrated. The present study was undertaken to examine the effects of somatostatin on rat PRL secretion in several different circumstances where the circulating PRL level is elevated: (1) the estradiol primed intact male rat, (2) normal and (3) estradiol primed rats pretreated with pimozide, (4) normal and (5) estradiol primed hypophysectomized male rats with adenohypophyses grafted under the kidney capsule (HAG rat). Blood samples (70 μL) were taken every 2 min via an indwelling atrial cannula from conscious, unrestrained animals. In the estradiol primed intact rats, a bolus injection of somatostatin (10, 100, and 1000 μg/kg) lowered PRL levels in a dose-dependent manner. When the PRL concentration was elevated by the administration of pimozide (3 mg/kg), a dopaminergic receptor blocking agent, somatostatin was ineffective in decreasing plasma PRL concentration but the PRL concentration was lowered by somatostatin when the rat had been primed with estradiol. Somatostatin had no effect on the normal HAG rats, but lowered the plasma PRL concentration in the estradiol primed HAG rats. Since somatostatin inhibits PRL secretion only in the estradiol primed rats, it is suggested that estradiol priming creates a new environment, presumably via new or altered receptors, which can be inhibited by somatostatin.

scholarly journals Role of 5-HT7 receptors in the immune system in health and disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Quintero-Villegas ◽  
Sergio Iván Valdés-Ferrer
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Blood Platelets ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health And Disease

AbstractIn mammalians, serotonin (5-HT) has critical roles in the central nervous system (CNS), including mood stability, pain tolerance, or sleep patterns. However, the vast majority of serotonin is produced by intestinal enterochromaffin cells of the gastrointestinal tract and circulating blood platelets, also acting outside of the CNS. Serotonin effects are mediated through its interaction with 5-HT receptors (5-HTRs), a superfamily with a repertoire of at least fourteen well-characterized members. 5-HT7 receptors are the last 5-HTR member to be identified, with well-defined functions in the nervous, gastrointestinal, and vascular systems. The effects of serotonin on the immune response are less well understood. Mast cells are known to produce serotonin, while T cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages and microglia express 5-HT7 receptor. Here, we review the known roles of 5-HT7 receptors in the immune system, as well as their potential therapeutic implication in inflammatory and immune-mediated disorders.

Dynamic testing of prolactin and growth hormone secretion in patiens with neuroendocrine disorders

1984 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. Müller ◽  
F. Cavagnini ◽  
A. Martinez-Campos ◽  
C. Maraschini ◽  
P. Giovannini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Dynamic Testing ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Growth Hormone Secretion ◽  
Opioid Peptide ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Trh Stimulation ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Plasma Prl ◽  
Underlying Pathophysiology

Abstract. Prolactin (Prl) and growth hormone (GH) responses to different pharmacologic probes acting at the central nervous system (CNS) or the anterior pituitary (AP) level were evaluated in patients with distinct neuroendocrine disorders. Thirteen patients with Prl-secreting tumours (PST), 10 acromegalics (A) and 8 patients with hypothalamic lesions (HL), as assessed on clinical, radiological and surgical grounds, underwent on separate occasions acute testing with the opioid peptide FK 33-824 (0.5 mg iv), the indirect dopamine (DA) agonist nomifensine (NOM, 200 mg po), the DA receptor antagonist domperidone (DOM, 10 mg iv), TRH (200 μg iv) and insulin (ITT, 0.10-0.15 IU/kg iv). All patients were evaluated pre-surgery and 4 of them also post-surgery. Prl and GH were evaluated by RIA at different time intervals following treatments. Peculiar features of Prl and GH response could be evidenced in the patients as follows: Prl: PST patients did not respond either to stimulation by FK 33-824 (12/13) or to inhibition by NOM, (9/10), but 2/8 and 4/12 of them did respond to DOM or TRH stimulation, respectively; 8/10 A and all of the HL patients did not suppress plasma Prl following NOM, but many of them did respond to FK 33-824 (6/10 A, 5/8 HL) and TRH (9/10 A, 6/8 HL); as for GH, PST patients could be divided into FK 33-824 responders (8/12) and non-responders, whereas in only one of the A and in none of the HL patients a consistent response to the peptide was present; a major difference between A and HL patients was the ability of TRH to elicit a GH rise in the former (8/10) but not the latter (0/6). In conclusion, concomitant application of different CNS- or AP-acting stimuli seems to enable better functional connotation of individual disorders, and hence, provide information of value for the underlying pathophysiology.

scholarly journals Regulatory mechanisms of growth hormone secretion are sexually dimorphic.

1998 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
C A Jaffe ◽  
B Ocampo-Lim ◽  
W Guo ◽  
K Krueger ◽  
I Sugahara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Growth Hormone Secretion ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic

Role of obestatin on growth hormone secretion: An in vitro approach

2009 ◽  
Vol 390 (4) ◽  
pp. 1377-1381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yolanda Pazos ◽  
Carlos J.P. Álvarez ◽  
Jesús P. Camiña ◽  
Omar Al-Massadi ◽  
Luísa M. Seoane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Growth Hormone Secretion

Effect of actively immunizing sheep against growth hormone-releasing hormone or somatostatin on spontaneous pulsatile and neostigmine-induced growth hormone secretion

1995 ◽  
Vol 144 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Magnan ◽  
L Mazzocchi ◽  
M Cataldi ◽  
V Guillaume ◽  
A Dutour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Growth Hormone Secretion ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Gh Secretion ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Plasma Gh ◽  
Hypophysial Portal

Abstract The physiological role of endogenous circulating GHreleasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin (SRIH) on spontaneous pulsatile and neostigmine-induced secretion of GH was investigated in adult rams actively immunized against each neuropeptide. All animals developed antibodies at concentrations sufficient for immunoneutralization of GHRH and SRIH levels in hypophysial portal blood. In the anti GHRH group, plasma GH levels were very low; the amplitude of GH pulses was strikingly reduced, although their number was unchanged. No stimulation of GH release was observed after neostigmine administration. The reduction of GH secretion was associated with a decreased body weight and a significant reduction in plasma IGF-I concentration. In the antiSRIH group, no changes in basal and pulsatile GH secretion or the GH response to neostigmine were observed as compared to controls. Body weight was not significantly altered and plasma IGF-I levels were reduced in these animals. These results suggest that in sheep, circulating SRIH (in the systemic and hypophysial portal vasculature) does not play a significant role in pulsatile and neostigmine-induced secretion of GH. The mechanisms of its influence on body weight and production of IGF-I remain to be determined. Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 144, 83–90

Ghrelin: A Novel Player in the Gut-Brain Regulation of Growth Hormone and Energy Balance

Physiology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 242-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. St-Pierre ◽  
Lixin Wang ◽  
Yvette Taché
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Growth Hormone Secretion ◽  
Peptide Hormone ◽  
Endocrine Control ◽  
Potent Growth ◽  
Regulation Of Growth ◽  
Reducing Energy ◽  
Brain Interactions

Ghrelin is a newly discovered peptide hormone produced by the stomach that displays potent growth hormone-releasing activity and a stimulatory effect on food intake and digestive function while reducing energy expenditure. The isolation of ghrelin has led to new insights into how this gastric hormone links the endocrine control of nutritional homeostasis with growth hormone secretion and gastrointestinal motility through gut-brain interactions.

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