scholarly journals Whole Lotta Lipids—From HCV RNA Replication to the Mature Viral Particle

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Bley ◽  
Anja Schöbel ◽  
Eva Herker
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Rna Replication ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Hcv Rna ◽  
The Past ◽  
Lipoprotein Association ◽  
Key Pathways

Replication of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) strongly relies on various lipid metabolic processes in different steps of the viral life cycle. In general, HCV changes the cells’ lipidomic profile by differentially regulating key pathways of lipid synthesis, remodeling, and utilization. In this review, we sum up the latest data mainly from the past five years, emphasizing the role of lipids in HCV RNA replication, assembly, and egress. In detail, we highlight changes in the fatty acid content as well as alterations of the membrane lipid composition during replication vesicle formation. We address the role of lipid droplets as a lipid provider during replication and as an essential hub for HCV assembly. Finally, we depict different ideas of HCV maturation and egress including lipoprotein association and potential secretory routes.

P.168 Role of chaperonin-containing TCP complex (CCT) and heat shock cognate protein 70 (Hsc70) in the HCV RNA replication

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. S112-S113
Author(s):  
T. Suzuki ◽  
Y. Inoue ◽  
H. Aizaki ◽  
M. Matsuda ◽  
M. Shirakura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Rna Replication ◽  
Hcv Rna ◽  
Heat Shock Cognate Protein ◽  
Cognate Protein

scholarly journals The yeast FIT2 homologs are necessary to maintain cellular proteostasis and membrane lipid homeostasis

2020 ◽  
Vol 133 (21) ◽  
pp. jcs248526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Sheng Yap ◽  
Peter Shyu ◽  
Maria Laura Gaspar ◽  
Stephen A. Jesch ◽  
Charlie Marvalim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Model System ◽  
Lipid Homeostasis ◽  
Compensatory Mechanism ◽  
Unfolded Protein ◽  
Protein Response

ABSTRACTLipid droplets (LDs) are implicated in conditions of lipid and protein dysregulation. The fat storage-inducing transmembrane (FIT; also known as FITM) family induces LD formation. Here, we establish a model system to study the role of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae FIT homologues (ScFIT), SCS3 and YFT2, in the proteostasis and stress response pathways. While LD biogenesis and basal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced unfolded protein response (UPR) remain unaltered in ScFIT mutants, SCS3 was found to be essential for proper stress-induced UPR activation and for viability in the absence of the sole yeast UPR transducer IRE1. Owing to not having a functional UPR, cells with mutated SCS3 exhibited an accumulation of triacylglycerol within the ER along with aberrant LD morphology, suggesting that there is a UPR-dependent compensatory mechanism that acts to mitigate lack of SCS3. Additionally, SCS3 was necessary to maintain phospholipid homeostasis. Strikingly, global protein ubiquitylation and the turnover of both ER and cytoplasmic misfolded proteins is impaired in ScFITΔ cells, while a screen for interacting partners of Scs3 identifies components of the proteostatic machinery as putative targets. Together, our data support a model where ScFITs play an important role in lipid metabolism and proteostasis beyond their defined roles in LD biogenesis.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.

scholarly journals An ER Protein Functionally Couples Neutral Lipid Metabolism on Lipid Droplets to Membrane Lipid Synthesis in the ER

Cell Reports ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel F. Markgraf ◽  
Robin W. Klemm ◽  
Mirco Junker ◽  
Hans K. Hannibal-Bach ◽  
Christer S. Ejsing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Neutral Lipid ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Membrane Lipid

scholarly journals The Role of Triacylglycerol in Plant Stress Response

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junhao Lu ◽  
Yang Xu ◽  
Juli Wang ◽  
Stacy D. Singer ◽  
Guanqun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Plant Stress Response ◽  
Different Types

Vegetable oil is mainly composed of triacylglycerol (TAG), a storage lipid that serves as a major commodity for food and industrial purposes, as well as an alternative biofuel source. While TAG is typically not produced at significant levels in vegetative tissues, emerging evidence suggests that its accumulation in such tissues may provide one mechanism by which plants cope with abiotic stress. Different types of abiotic stress induce lipid remodeling through the action of specific lipases, which results in various alterations in membrane lipid composition. This response induces the formation of toxic lipid intermediates that cause membrane damage or cell death. However, increased levels of TAG under stress conditions are believed to function, at least in part, as a means of sequestering these toxic lipid intermediates. Moreover, the lipid droplets (LDs) in which TAG is enclosed also function as a subcellular factory to provide binding sites and substrates for the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds that protect against insects and fungi. Though our knowledge concerning the role of TAG in stress tolerance is expanding, many gaps in our understanding of the mechanisms driving these processes are still evident. In this review, we highlight progress that has been made to decipher the role of TAG in plant stress response, and we discuss possible ways in which this information could be utilized to improve crops in the future.

scholarly journals A Study of the Regulatory Mechanism of the CB1/PPARγ2/PLIN1/HSL Pathway for Fat Metabolism in Cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruili Liu ◽  
Xianxun Liu ◽  
Xuejin Bai ◽  
Chaozhu Xiao ◽  
Yajuan Dong
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Fat Metabolism ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi Muscle ◽  
Dorsi Muscle ◽  
Lipid Formation

Fat metabolism is closely related to the economic characteristics of beef cattle. Therefore, regulating fat deposition and increasing intramuscular fat deposition are among the main goals of breeders. In this study, we aim to explore the regulatory role of CB1 gene on PPARγ2/PLIN1/HSL pathway in fat metabolism, and to further explore the differential expression of regulatory factors of this pathway in Shandong black cattle and Luxi cattle. In this study, CB1 overexpression stimulated lipid synthesis in adipocytes to some extent by increasing the levels of FASN and ACSL1. CB1 inhibitors reduce the lipid content in adipocytes and reduce the expression of GLUT1 and Insig1. In addition, overexpression of CB1 decreased the expression of PPARγ2 and led to an increase in PLIN1 expression and a decrease in HSL expression in adipocytes. We also found that the CB1/PPARγ2/PLIN1/HSL was differentially expressed in the different breeds of cattle and was involved in the regulation of fat metabolism, which affected the fatty acid content in the longissimus dorsi muscle of the two breeds. In short, CB1 participates in lipid metabolism by regulating HSL in the PPARγ2 and PLIN1 pathways, and improves lipid formation in adipocytes. In conclusion, CB1/PPARγ2/PLIN1/HSL pathway may be involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism.

scholarly journals Cholesterol and Sphingolipid Enriched Lipid Rafts as Therapeutic Targets in Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 726
Author(s):  
Michela Codini ◽  
Mercedes Garcia-Gil ◽  
Elisabetta Albi
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Rafts ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nuclear Membranes ◽  
Technical Advances

Lipid rafts are critical cell membrane lipid platforms enriched in sphingolipid and cholesterol content involved in diverse cellular processes. They have been proposed to influence membrane properties and to accommodate receptors within themselves by facilitating their interaction with ligands. Over the past decade, technical advances have improved our understanding of lipid rafts as bioactive structures. In this review, we will cover the more recent findings about cholesterol, sphingolipids and lipid rafts located in cellular and nuclear membranes in cancer. Collectively, the data provide insights on the role of lipid rafts as biomolecular targets in cancer with good perspectives for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals Lipid droplets fuel SARS-CoV-2 replication and production of inflammatory mediators

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suelen da Silva Gomes Dias ◽  
Vinicius Cardoso Soares ◽  
André C. Ferreira ◽  
Carolina Q. Sacramento ◽  
Natalia Fintelman-Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Intracellular Parasites ◽  
Infected Cells

AbstractViruses are obligate intracellular parasites that make use of the host metabolic machineries to meet their biosynthetic needs, identifying the host pathways essential for the virus replication may lead to potential targets for therapeutic intervention. The mechanisms and pathways explored by SARS-CoV-2 to support its replication within host cells are not fully known. Lipid droplets (LD) are organelles with major functions in lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis, and have multiple roles in infections and inflammation. Here we described that monocytes from COVID-19 patients have an increased LD accumulation compared to SARS-CoV-2 negative donors. In vitro, SARS-CoV-2 infection modulates pathways of lipid synthesis and uptake, including CD36, SREBP-1, PPARγ and DGAT-1 in monocytes and triggered LD formation in different human cells. LDs were found in close apposition with SARS-CoV-2 proteins and double-stranded (ds)-RNA in infected cells. Pharmacological modulation of LD formation by inhibition of DGAT-1 with A922500 significantly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication as well as reduced production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Taken together, we demonstrate the essential role of lipid metabolic reprograming and LD formation in SARS-CoV-2 replication and pathogenesis, opening new opportunities for therapeutic strategies to COVID-19.

On Future Directions in Pathology

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 274-277
Author(s):  
Benjamin F. Trump ◽  
Irene K. Berezesky ◽  
Raymond T. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Diagnostic Pathology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Many

The role of electron microscopy and associated techniques is assured in diagnostic pathology. At the present time, most of the progress has been made on tissues examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and correlated with light microscopy (LM) and by cytochemistry using both plastic and paraffin-embedded materials. As mentioned elsewhere in this symposium, this has revolutionized many fields of pathology including diagnostic, anatomic and clinical pathology. It began with the kidney; however, it has now been extended to most other organ systems and to tumor diagnosis in general. The results of the past few years tend to indicate the future directions and needs of this expanding field. Now, in addition to routine EM, pathologists have access to the many newly developed methods and instruments mentioned below which should aid considerably not only in diagnostic pathology but in investigative pathology as well.

A literature review on firms' internationalisation through e-commerce

2019 ◽  
pp. 121-143
Author(s):  
Riccardo Resciniti ◽  
Federica De Vanna
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
International Business ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
New Markets ◽  
Integrative Framework ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Relationship

The rise of e-commerce has brought considerable changes to the relationship between firms and consumers, especially within international business. Hence, understanding the use of such means for entering foreign markets has become critical for companies. However, the research on this issue is new and so it is important to evaluate what has been studied in the past. In this study, we conduct a systematic review of e-commerce and internationalisation studies to explicate how firms use e-commerce to enter new markets and to export. The studies are classified by theories and methods used in the literature. Moreover, we draw upon the internationalisation decision process (antecedents-modalities-consequences) to propose an integrative framework for understanding the role of e-commerce in internationalisation

Concealment of Illegally Obtained Assets in Nigeria: Revisiting the Role of the Churches in Money Laundering

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-121
Author(s):  
Kato Gogo Kingston
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Money Laundering ◽  
Financial Crime ◽  
The Past ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
Nigerian Government

Financial crime in Nigeria – including money laundering – is ravaging Nigeria's economic growth. In the past few years, the Nigerian government has made efforts to tackle money laundering by enacting laws and setting up several agencies to enforce the laws. However, there are substantial loopholes in the regulatory and enforcement regimes. This article seeks to unravel the involvement of the churches as key drivers in money laundering crimes in Nigeria. It concludes that the permissive secrecy which enables churches to conceal the names of their financiers and donors breeds criminality on an unimaginable scale.

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