scholarly journals Gut Microbiota beyond Bacteria—Mycobiome, Virome, Archaeome, and Eukaryotic Parasites in IBD

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Matijašić ◽  
Tomislav Meštrović ◽  
Hana Čipčić Paljetak ◽  
Mihaela Perić ◽  
Anja Barešić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Ecosystem ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
The Past ◽  
Bacterial Microbiota ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

The human microbiota is a diverse microbial ecosystem associated with many beneficial physiological functions as well as numerous disease etiologies. Dominated by bacteria, the microbiota also includes commensal populations of fungi, viruses, archaea, and protists. Unlike bacterial microbiota, which was extensively studied in the past two decades, these non-bacterial microorganisms, their functional roles, and their interaction with one another or with host immune system have not been as widely explored. This review covers the recent findings on the non-bacterial communities of the human gastrointestinal microbiota and their involvement in health and disease, with particular focus on the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease.

scholarly journals Human Gut Mycobiome in IBD

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Matijasic ◽  
Tomislav Meštrović ◽  
Hana Čipčić Paljetak ◽  
Mihaela Perić ◽  
Anja Barešić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Microbial Ecosystem ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
The Past ◽  
Bacterial Microbiota ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

The human microbiota is a diverse microbial ecosystem associated with many beneficial physiological functions, as well as numerous disease etiologies. Dominated by bacteria, the microbiota also includes commensal populations of fungi, viruses, archaea, and protists. Unlike bacterial microbiota, which was extensively studied in the past two decades, these non-bacterial microorganisms, their functional roles, and their interaction with one another or with host immune system have not been as widely explored. This review covers the recent findings on the fungal communities of the human gastrointestinal microbiota, termed the “mycobiome”, and their involvement in health and disease, with particular focus on the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease.

scholarly journals The complex relationship between viruses and inflammatory bowel disease – review and practical advices for the daily clinical decision-making during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 175628482098819
Author(s):  
Klaudia Farkas ◽  
Daniella Pigniczki ◽  
Mariann Rutka ◽  
Kata Judit Szántó ◽  
Tamás Resál ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Patient Management ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Practical Recommendations

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak emerged in December 2019 in China and rapidly spread worldwide. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients are likely to be more susceptible to viral infections, and this is significantly influenced by the type of therapy they receive. Thus, issues specifically concerning the medical treatment of IBD patients were shortly addressed at the beginning of the pandemic. However, recently available data on the occurrence and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in IBD patients does not address the concerns raised at the beginning of the pandemic. Growing evidence and the rapid changes happening over the past few weeks have helped elucidate the current situation, contribute to our understanding of the disease, and many previously raised questions could now be answered. We hereby summarise available evidence regarding viral infections and IBD, focusing on SARS-CoV infections, and we provide practical recommendations related to patient management during the COVID-19 pandemic era.

scholarly journals The Economic Impact of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Canada

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 255-257
Author(s):  
Robert Hilsden
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Group Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Very High

Longobardi and colleagues examined the effect of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on employment, using data from 10,891 respondents aged 20 to 64 years from the 1998 cycle of the Canadian National Population Health Survey (NPHS) (1). This sample included 187 (1.7%) subjects who self-reported IBD or a similar bowel disorder. A significantly greater proportion of IBD than non-IBD respondents reported that they were not in the labour force (28.9% versus 18.5%). Even after adjusting for other factors (age group, level of pain, etc), subjects with IBD had a 2.9% higher nonparticipation rate (21.4%). For example, among people not hospitalized within the past year and with no limitation of activities due to pain, IBD subjects were 1.2 times more likely to be unemployed than those without IBD. Subjects who reported high levels of pain had a very high probability of being out of the labour force. Based on Canadian annual compensation data for all employed persons in Canada, and age- and sex-specific prevalence, and incidence rates for IBD, the authors estimated that there are 119,980 IBD patients between the ages of 20 and 64 years in Canada and that this group includes 3479 people who are not in the labour force. This translates into lost wages of $104.2 million, or $868 per IBD patient

scholarly journals Fecal Virome Transplantation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Lin ◽  
Henry C. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Full Extent ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Established Role

The gut virome consists of a large population of eukaryotic and prokaryotic viruses that have an emerging role in human health and disease. Growing evidence for the importance of the virome includes recent findings on fecal virome transplantation (FVT) that suggest FVT may have therapeutic potential for the resolution of dysbiosis and treatment of dysbiosis-related disorders. Most viruses in the gut virome are bacteriophages (phages), which have a well-established role in regulating bacterial communities across environments. Phages also influence health and disease by interacting directly with the host immune system. The full extent to which gut phages should be considered as both a target and a tool for microbiome modulation remains to be seen. This chapter will explore the current understanding of the gut virome and the therapeutic potential for FVT.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Small Particles, Big Players

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Valter ◽  
S Verstockt ◽  
J A Finalet Ferreiro ◽  
I Cleynen
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Abstract Extracellular vesicles are nanovesicles released by many cell types into the extracellular space. They are important mediators of intercellular communication, enabling the functional transfer of molecules from one cell to another. Moreover, their molecular composition reflects the physiological status of the producing cell and tissue. Consequently, these vesicles have been involved in many [patho]physiological processes such as immunomodulation and intestinal epithelial repair, both key processes involved in inflammatory bowel disease. Given that these vesicles are present in many body fluids, they also provide opportunities for diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic applications. In this review, we summarise functional roles of extracellular vesicles in health and disease, with a focus on immune regulation and intestinal barrier integrity, and review recent studies on extracellular vesicles and inflammatory bowel disease. We also elaborate on their clinical potential in inflammatory bowel disease.

scholarly journals Renal involvement in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Mutalib
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Renal Involvement ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Extraintestinal Manifestation ◽  
Metabolic Complications ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Renal Manifestation ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

AbstractInflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis and inflammatory bowel disease unclassified, is a chronic inflammatory disorder that predominantly affects the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and has a rising incidence in both children and adults. Symptoms are caused by inappropriate inflammatory response triggered by interaction between the environment, gut microbiome and host immune system in a genetically susceptible individual. Extranintestinal manifestations of IBD are common and can affect any body system outside the gut; they can precede or run parallel to GI inflammation. Renal involvement in IBD is uncommon and can be part of extraintestinal manifestation or metabolic complications of IBD. Many medications used to treat IBD can cause renal damage. Renal manifestation in children with IBD can range from asymptomatic biochemical abnormalities to variable stages of renal impairment with significant morbidity and even mortality burden.

scholarly journals Blastocystis in Health and Disease: Are We Moving from a Clinical to a Public Health Perspective?

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 524-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee O'Brien Andersen ◽  
Christen Rune Stensvold
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Public Health Perspective ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Health Indices ◽  
Stable Component ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Convincing Data

Blastocystisis a genus of common single-celled intestinal parasitic protists with an unsettled role in human health and disease. Being a stable component of intestinal microbiota, once established, theBlastocystisparasite appears more common in healthy individuals than in patients with infectious, functional, or inflammatory bowel disease. Recent data suggest that the parasite is associated with certain gut microbiota profiles and health indices. Convincing data and tools differentiating asymptomatic colonization from infection are yet to be demonstrated. Although the parasite may elicit disease under certain circumstances, the focus onBlastocystismay be shifting from a clinical to a public health perspective.

scholarly journals Bifidobacterium Longum: Protection against Inflammatory Bowel Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Shunyu Yao ◽  
Zixi Zhao ◽  
Weijun Wang ◽  
Xiaolu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Bifidobacterium Longum ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

The prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), increases gradually worldwide in the past decades. IBD is generally associated with the change of the immune system and gut microbiota, and the conventional treatments usually result in some side effects. Bifidobacterium longum, as colonizing bacteria in the intestine, has been demonstrated to be capable of relieving colitis in mice and can be employed as an alternative or auxiliary way for treating IBD. Here, the mechanisms of the Bifidobacterium longum in the treatment of IBD were summarized based on previous cell and animal studies and clinical trials testing bacterial therapies. This review will be served as a basis for future research on IBD treatment.

scholarly journals Going Beyond Bacteria: Uncovering the Role of Archaeome and Mycobiome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yashar Houshyar ◽  
Luca Massimino ◽  
Luigi Antonio Lamparelli ◽  
Silvio Danese ◽  
Federica Ungaro
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Chronic Intestinal Inflammation

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a multifaceted class of relapsing-remitting chronic inflammatory conditions where microbiota dysbiosis plays a key role during its onset and progression. The human microbiota is a rich community of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists, and archaea, and is an integral part of the body influencing its overall homeostasis. Emerging evidence highlights dysbiosis of the archaeome and mycobiome to influence the overall intestinal microbiota composition in health and disease, including IBD, although they remain some of the least understood components of the gut microbiota. Nonetheless, their ability to directly impact the other commensals, or the host, reasonably makes them important contributors to either the maintenance of the mucosal tissue physiology or to chronic intestinal inflammation development. Therefore, the full understanding of the archaeome and mycobiome dysbiosis during IBD pathogenesis may pave the way to the discovery of novel mechanisms, finally providing innovative therapeutic targets that can soon implement the currently available treatments for IBD patients.

scholarly journals Pivotal Roles for pH, Lactate, and Lactate-Utilizing Bacteria in the Stability of a Human Colonic Microbial Ecosystem

mSystems ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shui Ping Wang ◽  
Luis A. Rubio ◽  
Sylvia H. Duncan ◽  
Gillian E. Donachie ◽  
Grietje Holtrop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Microbial Ecosystem ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Colonic Bacteria ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Impact

Lactate is formed by many species of colonic bacteria, and can accumulate to high levels in the colons of inflammatory bowel disease subjects. Conversely, in healthy colons lactate is metabolized by lactate-utilizing species to the short-chain fatty acids butyrate and propionate, which are beneficial for the host. Here, we investigated the impact of continuous lactate infusions (up to 20 mM) at two pH values (6.5 and 5.5) on human colonic microbiota responsiveness and metabolic outputs. At pH 5.5 in particular, lactate tended to accumulate in tandem with decreases in butyrate and propionate and with corresponding changes in microbial composition. Moreover, microbial communities with low numbers of lactate-utilizing bacteria were inherently less stable and therefore more prone to lactate-induced perturbations. These investigations provide clear evidence of the important role these lactate utilizers may play in health maintenance. These should therefore be considered as potential new therapeutic probiotics to combat microbiota perturbations.

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