scholarly journals Genes and Diet in the Prevention of Chronic Diseases in Future Generations

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marica Franzago ◽  
Daniele Santurbano ◽  
Ester Vitacolonna ◽  
Liborio Stuppia
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Transgenerational Transmission ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Diabetes Gestational

Nutrition is a modifiable key factor that is able to interact with both the genome and epigenome to influence human health and fertility. In particular, specific genetic variants can influence the response to dietary components and nutrient requirements, and conversely, the diet itself is able to modulate gene expression. In this context and the era of precision medicine, nutrigenetic and nutrigenomic studies offer significant opportunities to improve the prevention of metabolic disturbances, such as Type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases, even with transgenerational effects. The present review takes into account the interactions between diet, genes and human health, and provides an overview of the role of nutrigenetics, nutrigenomics and epigenetics in the prevention of non-communicable diseases. Moreover, we focus our attention on the mechanism of intergenerational or transgenerational transmission of the susceptibility to metabolic disturbances, and underline that the reversibility of epigenetic modifications through dietary intervention could counteract perturbations induced by lifestyle and environmental factors.

scholarly journals Promethin Is a Conserved Seipin Partner Protein

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inês Castro ◽  
Michal Eisenberg-Bord ◽  
Elisa Persiani ◽  
Justin Rochford ◽  
Maya Schuldiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Lipid Droplet ◽  
Storage Disease ◽  
Human Protein ◽  
Partner Protein ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Related Proteins

Seipin (BSCL2/SPG17) is a key factor in lipid droplet (LD) biology, and its dysfunction results in severe pathologies, including the fat storage disease Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy type 2, as well as several neurological seipinopathies. Despite its importance for human health, the molecular role of seipin is still enigmatic. Seipin is evolutionarily conserved from yeast to humans. In yeast, seipin was recently found to cooperate with the lipid droplet organization (LDO) proteins, Ldo16 and Ldo45, two structurally-related proteins involved in LD function and identity that display remote homology to the human protein promethin/TMEM159. In this study, we show that promethin is indeed an LD-associated protein that forms a complex with seipin, and its localization to the LD surface can be modulated by seipin expression levels. We thus identify promethin as a novel seipin partner protein.

scholarly journals Adipose Tissue-Derived Signatures for Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: Adipokines, Batokines and MicroRNAs

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Woo Lee ◽  
Mihye Lee ◽  
Kyoung-Jin Oh
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Exosomal Mirnas ◽  
Exosomal Mirna

Obesity is one of the main risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is closely related to metabolic disturbances in the adipose tissue that primarily functions as a fat reservoir. For this reason, adipose tissue is considered as the primary site for initiation and aggravation of obesity and T2DM. As a key endocrine organ, the adipose tissue communicates with other organs, such as the brain, liver, muscle, and pancreas, for the maintenance of energy homeostasis. Two different types of adipose tissues—the white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT)—secrete bioactive peptides and proteins, known as “adipokines” and “batokines,” respectively. Some of them have beneficial anti-inflammatory effects, while others have harmful inflammatory effects. Recently, “exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs)” were identified as novel adipokines, as adipose tissue-derived exosomal miRNAs can affect other organs. In the present review, we discuss the role of adipose-derived secretory factors—adipokines, batokines, and exosomal miRNA—in obesity and T2DM. It will provide new insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in disturbances of adipose-derived factors and will support the development of adipose-derived factors as potential therapeutic targets for obesity and T2DM.

scholarly journals Inflammation in Obesity-Related Complications in Children: The Protective Effect of Diet and Its Potential Role as a Therapeutic Agent

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1324
Author(s):  
Valeria Calcaterra ◽  
Corrado Regalbuto ◽  
Debora Porri ◽  
Gloria Pelizzo ◽  
Emanuela Mazzon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Nutrition And Diet ◽  
Pediatric Overweight ◽  
Healthy Growth ◽  
The Impact

Obesity is a growing health problem in both children and adults, impairing physical and mental state and impacting health care system costs in both developed and developing countries. It is well-known that individuals with excessive weight gain frequently develop obesity-related complications, which are mainly known as Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and many other risk factors proven to be associated with chronic inflammation, causing disability and reduced life expectancy. This review aims to present and discuss complications related to inflammation in pediatric obesity, the critical role of nutrition and diet in obesity-comorbidity prevention and treatment, and the impact of lifestyle. Appropriate early dietary intervention for the management of pediatric overweight and obesity is recommended for overall healthy growth and prevention of comorbidities in adulthood.

scholarly journals Role of Nutrient and Energy Sensors in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verónica Hurtado-Carneiro ◽  
Ana Pérez-García ◽  
Elvira Álvarez ◽  
Carmen Sanz
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Control Food ◽  
Control Food Intake

Cell survival depends on the constant challenge to match energy demands with nutrient availability. This process is mediated through a highly conserved network of metabolic fuel sensors that orchestrate both a cellular and whole-body energy balance. A mismatch between cellular energy demand and nutrient availability is a key factor in the development of type 2 diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and other associated pathologies; thus, understanding the fundamental mechanisms by which cells detect nutrient availability and energy demand may lead to the development of new treatments. This chapter reviews the role of the sensor PASK (protein kinase with PAS domain), analyzing its role in the mechanisms of adaptation to nutrient availability and the metabolic response in different organs (liver, hypothalamus) actively cooperating to control food intake, maintain glycaemia homeostasis, and prevent insulin resistance and weight gain.

scholarly journals Lkb1 suppresses amino acid-driven gluconeogenesis in the liver

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Alexandre Just ◽  
Sara Charawi ◽  
Raphaël G. P. Denis ◽  
Mathilde Savall ◽  
Massiré Traore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glucose Production ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Postprandial Period ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Liver Kinase B1 ◽  
Whole Body Metabolism ◽  
Specific Deletion

AbstractExcessive glucose production by the liver is a key factor in the hyperglycemia observed in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Here, we highlight a novel role of liver kinase B1 (Lkb1) in this regulation. We show that mice with a hepatocyte-specific deletion of Lkb1 have higher levels of hepatic amino acid catabolism, driving gluconeogenesis. This effect is observed during both fasting and the postprandial period, identifying Lkb1 as a critical suppressor of postprandial hepatic gluconeogenesis. Hepatic Lkb1 deletion is associated with major changes in whole-body metabolism, leading to a lower lean body mass and, in the longer term, sarcopenia and cachexia, as a consequence of the diversion of amino acids to liver metabolism at the expense of muscle. Using genetic, proteomic and pharmacological approaches, we identify the aminotransferases and specifically Agxt as effectors of the suppressor function of Lkb1 in amino acid-driven gluconeogenesis.

scholarly journals The role of adipokines in β-cell failure of type 2 diabetes

2012 ◽  
Vol 216 (1) ◽  
pp. T37-T45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon J Dunmore ◽  
James E P Brown
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Excessive Adiposity ◽  
Factor Α

β-Cell failure coupled with insulin resistance is a key factor in the development of type 2 diabetes. Changes in circulating levels of adipokines, factors released from adipose tissue, form a significant link between excessive adiposity in obesity and both aforementioned factors. In this review, we consider the published evidence for the role of individual adipokines on the function, proliferation, death and failure of β-cells, focusing on those reported to have the most significant effects (leptin, adiponectin, tumour necrosis factor α, resistin, visfatin, dipeptidyl peptidase IV and apelin). It is apparent that some adipokines have beneficial effects whereas others have detrimental properties; the overall contribution to β-cell failure of changed concentrations of adipokines in the blood of obese pre-diabetic subjects will be highly dependent on the balance between these effects and the interactions between the adipokines, which act on the β-cell via a number of intersecting intracellular signalling pathways. We emphasise the importance, and comparative dearth, of studies into the combined effects of adipokines on β-cells.

Postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia in treated type 2 diabetic subjects — the role of dietary components

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Snehalatha ◽  
S Sivasankari ◽  
K Satyavani ◽  
V Vijay ◽  
A Ramachandran
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Components ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic

Abstract 441: Role of the Mitochondrial Translocator Protein (TSPO) in the Proarrhythmic Vulnerability of the Diabetic Heart

2016 ◽  
Vol 119 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Hu ◽  
Won-Joon Koh ◽  
Chaoqin Xie ◽  
Fadi G Akar
Keyword(s):  
Anion Channel ◽  
Mitochondrial Pathway ◽  
Translocator Protein ◽  
Diabetic Heart ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Ros Scavenger ◽  
Zdf Rats ◽  
Tspo Expression

In structurally normal hearts, inhibition of the mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) prevents ROS-mediated proarrhythmia. Whether and how TSPO modulates electrophysiological (EP) function of diabetic hearts, in which classically cardioprotective pathways are impaired, is unknown. We determined the EP effects of TSPO activation & inhibition in a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (t2DM) and studied the mitochondrial pathway underlying TSPO-related proarrhythmia. Methods: TSPO expression & function were determined in Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats with established t2DM (N=16) compared to controls (ctrl, N=15). Optical mapping was performed before & after challenge of hearts with ischemia for 12 min followed by reperfusion. Hearts underwent TSPO activation (FGIN 4.6uM, N=10), blockade (DZP 64uM, N=7) or no treatment (N=14). Dependence of TSPO-related proarrhythmia on ROS and on the PTP a target of TSPO were also determined. Results: t2DM hearts exhibited markedly increased TSPO expression (mRNA & protein) compared to ctrl. TSPO activation did not alter EP properties at baseline in ctrl or t2DM. In contrast TSPO activation accelerated action potential (AP) shortening during ischemia in t2DM but not ctrl hearts. Following 8 min of ischemia, FGIN-mediated AP shortening was 2X greater in t2DM compared to ctrl (p=0.008). FGIN-treated t2DM (5/7) but not ctrl (0/5) hearts exhibited VT by 12min of ischemia (p=0.027). AP shortening and VT in FGIN-treated t2DM hearts were not prevented by the PTP blocker Cyclosporin A but rather by the ROS scavenger EUK implicating the inner membrane anion channel in the proarrhythmic activity of TSPO. Upon reperfusion, TSPO activation with FGIN caused VF in 100% of ctrl & t2DM hearts compared to ~50% of untreated hearts. DZP prolonged the AP in t2DM (by 53% p<0.01) but not ctrl (p=0.14) hearts consistent with heightened sensitivity of t2DM to TSPO ligands. DZP blunted AP shortening during ischemia and prevented VF upon reperfusion in ctrl and t2DM hearts. Conclusion: t2DM hearts exhibit heightened sensitivity to TSPO ligands. TSPO upregulation may be a key factor in the proarrhythmic vulnerability of the diabetic heart. The cardioprotective efficacy of TSPO inhibition against arrhythmias is preserved in t2DM.

scholarly journals SEIPIN: A Key Factor for Nuclear Lipid Droplet Generation and Lipid Homeostasis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 8208
Author(s):  
Yi Jin ◽  
Yanjie Tan ◽  
Pengxiang Zhao ◽  
Zhuqing Ren
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Lipid Droplet ◽  
Normal Cell ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Lipid Homeostasis ◽  
Cell Physiology ◽  
Phospholipid Membrane ◽  
Key Factor

Lipid homeostasis is essential for normal cell physiology. Generally, lipids are stored in a lipid droplet (LD), a ubiquitous organelle consisting of a neutral lipid core and a single layer of phospholipid membrane. It is thought that LDs are generated from the endoplasmic reticulum and then released into the cytosol. Recent studies indicate that LDs can exist in the nucleus, where they play an important role in the maintenance of cell phospholipid homeostasis. However, the details of nuclear lipid droplet (nLD) generation have not yet been clearly characterized. SEIPIN is a nonenzymatic protein encoded by the Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy type 2 (BSCL2) gene. It is associated with lipodystrophy diseases. Many recent studies have indicated that SEIPIN is essential for LDs generation. Here, we review much of this research in an attempt to explain the role of SEIPIN in nLD generation. From an integrative perspective, we conclude by proposing a theoretical model to explain how SEIPIN might participate in maintaining homeostasis of lipid metabolism.

scholarly journals Macronutrient Determinants of Obesity, Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Health

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 336
Author(s):  
Jibran A. Wali ◽  
Samantha M. Solon-Biet ◽  
Therese Freire ◽  
Amanda E. Brandon
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Nutritional Science ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Modifiable Factor

Obesity caused by the overconsumption of calories has increased to epidemic proportions. Insulin resistance is often associated with an increased adiposity and is a precipitating factor in the development of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and altered metabolic health. Of the various factors contributing to metabolic impairments, nutrition is the major modifiable factor that can be targeted to counter the rising prevalence of obesity and metabolic diseases. However, the macronutrient composition of a nutritionally balanced “healthy diet” are unclear, and so far, no tested dietary intervention has been successful in achieving long-term compliance and reductions in body weight and associated beneficial health outcomes. In the current review, we briefly describe the role of the three major macronutrients, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, and their role in metabolic health, and provide mechanistic insights. We also discuss how an integrated multi-dimensional approach to nutritional science could help in reconciling apparently conflicting findings.

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