scholarly journals Existence of Circulating Mitochondria in Human and Animal Peripheral Blood

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 2122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Song ◽  
Wei Hu ◽  
Haibo Yu ◽  
Honglan Wang ◽  
Yelu Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Heat Inactivation ◽  
Human Blood Plasma ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
B Cell Activation ◽  
Human Cord Blood ◽  
Animal Blood ◽  
Cd28 Bead

Mitochondria are usually located in the cytoplasm of cells where they generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to empower cellular functions. However, we found circulating mitochondria in human and animal blood. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of mitochondria in adult human blood plasma. Flow cytometry analyses demonstrated that circulating mitochondria from the plasma of human cord blood and adult peripheral blood displayed the immune tolerance-associated membrane molecules such as CD270 and PD-L1 (programmed cell death-ligand 1). Similar data were obtained from fetal bovine serum (FBS) and horse serum of different vendors. Mitochondria remained detectable even after 56 °C heat inactivation. A real-time PCR array revealed purified mitochondria from animal sera expressed several genes that contribute to human T- and B-cell activation. Transwell experiments confirmed the migration capability of mitochondria through their expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in responses to its ligand stromal-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α). Functional analysis established that human plasma mitochondria stimulated the proliferation of anti-CD3/CD28 bead-activated PBMC, up-regulated the percentage of activated CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells, and reduced the production of inflammatory cytokines. These findings suggested that the existence of circulating mitochondria in blood may function as a novel mediator for cell-cell communications and maintenance of homeostasis. Plasma-related products should be cautiously utilized in cell cultures due to the mitochondrial contamination.

scholarly journals Telomerase Activity Is Induced in Human Peripheral B Lymphocytes by the Stimulation to Antigen Receptor

Blood ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 1299-1307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideya Igarashi ◽  
Nobuo Sakaguchi
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Antigen Receptor ◽  
Telomerase Activity ◽  
B Cell Activation ◽  
Molecular Events

Abstract To understand the molecular events for the proliferation of B cells, we studied the induction of telomerase activity in vitro after stimulation to B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) on human peripheral B cells. Although unstimulated purified B cells of tonsils and peripheral blood from healthy volunteers do not express detectable telomerase activity, anti-IgM beads induce telomerase activity in these B cells. Soluble anti-IgM antibody (Ab) alone does not induce telomerase activity, but the second signal, given by either one of the cytokines of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, and IL-13 or by anti-CD40 monoclonal Ab (MoAb), is effective as the costimulation for the induction of the activity. Stimulation with antiIgM Ab and anti-CD40 MoAb induces telomerase activity in most mature B cells of the tonsils and peripheral blood. The stimuli to both IgM and IgD receptors similarly induce the activity. Induction of telomerase activity is accompanied with the proliferation of B cells, but is not absolutely correlated with the extent of B-cell growth. Phorbol dibutylate (PDB) plus calcium (Ca) ionophore (PDB/Ca), which replace the activation through BCR and the costimulatory molecules, also induce telomerase activity. Moreover, it is suggested that phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase plays a role for the induction of telomerase activity in B cells stimulated with anti-IgM Ab and anti-CD40 MoAb. These results suggest that telomerase activity is induced in the B-cell activation of the antigen specific immune response.

scholarly journals Dysregulated transcriptional responses to SARS-CoV-2 in the periphery support novel diagnostic approaches

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micah T McClain ◽  
Florica J Constantine ◽  
Ricardo Henao ◽  
Yiling Liu ◽  
Ephraim L Tsalik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Bacterial Pneumonia ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
B Cell Activation ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Transcriptomic Response ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Diagnostic Approaches ◽  
Interferon Responses

In order to elucidate novel aspects of the host response to SARS-CoV-2 we performed RNA sequencing on peripheral blood samples across 77 timepoints from 46 subjects with COVID-19 and compared them to subjects with seasonal coronavirus, influenza, bacterial pneumonia, and healthy controls. Early SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers a conserved transcriptomic response in peripheral blood that is heavily interferon-driven but also marked by indicators of early B-cell activation and antibody production. Interferon responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection demonstrate unique patterns of dysregulated expression compared to other infectious and healthy states. Heterogeneous activation of coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways are present in early COVID-19, as are IL1 and JAK/STAT signaling pathways, that persist into late disease. Classifiers based on differentially expressed genes accurately distinguished SARS-CoV-2 infection from other acute illnesses (auROC 0.95). The transcriptome in peripheral blood reveals unique aspects of the immune response in COVID-19 and provides for novel biomarker-based approaches to diagnosis.

scholarly journals An increase in circulating B cells and B cell activation markers in peripheral blood is associated with cigarette smoking in a male cohort in Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 384 ◽  
pp. 114783
Author(s):  
Scott W. Burchiel ◽  
Fredine T. Lauer ◽  
Pam Factor-Litvak ◽  
Xinhua Liu ◽  
Regina M. Santella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
B Cell Activation ◽  
Activation Markers ◽  
Male Cohort

scholarly journals Limiting dilution analysis of Epstein-Barr virus-induced immunoglobulin production by human B cells.

1983 ◽  
Vol 157 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Yarchoan ◽  
G Tosato ◽  
R M Blaese ◽  
R M Simon ◽  
D L Nelson
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
B Cell Activation ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Human B Cells ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Limiting Dilution

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a herpes virus that has the capacity to infect human B cells and to induce them to secrete immunoglobulin (Ig). In the current experiments, Poisson analysis of limiting dilution cultures has been used to study the activation of human peripheral B cells by the B95-8 strain of EBV. Under the culture conditions used, 0.2-1% of peripheral blood B cells were activated by EBV to secrete IgM or IgG. In addition, when multiple replicate cultures containing limited numbers of B cells were tested for IgM and for IgG production, the precursors for IgM and IgG segregated independently; thus, individual B cell precursors matured into cells secreting IgM or IgG but not both classes of Ig. Additional experiments using limiting dilutions of EBV were undertaken to study the viral requirements for B cell activation. These studies indicated that B cell activation by EBV to produce Ig was consistent with a "one-hit" model and inconsistent with a "two-hit" model. Taken together, these results indicate that infection by one EBV virion is sufficient to induce a precursor peripheral blood B cell to secrete Ig and that only one isotype of Ig is then secreted.

Differential expression of VLA-4 integrin by resident and peripheral blood B lymphocytes. Acquisition of functionally active α4β1-fibronectin receptors upon B cell activation

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 2437-2445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio A. Postigo ◽  
Rafael Pulido ◽  
Miguel R. Campanero ◽  
Agustín Acevedo ◽  
Angeles García-Pardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cell ◽  
Differential Expression ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
B Cell Activation

scholarly journals Dysregulated transcriptional responses to SARS-CoV-2 in the periphery

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Micah T. McClain ◽  
Florica J. Constantine ◽  
Ricardo Henao ◽  
Yiling Liu ◽  
Ephraim L. Tsalik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
B Cell Activation ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Transcriptomic Response ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
Interferon Responses

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 infection has been shown to trigger a wide spectrum of immune responses and clinical manifestations in human hosts. Here, we sought to elucidate novel aspects of the host response to SARS-CoV-2 infection through RNA sequencing of peripheral blood samples from 46 subjects with COVID-19 and directly comparing them to subjects with seasonal coronavirus, influenza, bacterial pneumonia, and healthy controls. Early SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers a powerful transcriptomic response in peripheral blood with conserved components that are heavily interferon-driven but also marked by indicators of early B-cell activation and antibody production. Interferon responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection demonstrate unique patterns of dysregulated expression compared to other infectious and healthy states. Heterogeneous activation of coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways are present in early COVID-19, as are IL1 and JAK/STAT signaling pathways, which persist into late disease. Classifiers based on differentially expressed genes accurately distinguished SARS-CoV-2 infection from other acute illnesses (auROC 0.95 [95% CI 0.92–0.98]). The transcriptome in peripheral blood reveals both diverse and conserved components of the immune response in COVID-19 and provides for potential biomarker-based approaches to diagnosis.

B cell activation in peripheral blood and lymph nodes during HIV infection

AIDS ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 1217-1226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Zamarchi ◽  
Andrea Barelli ◽  
Alfredo Borri ◽  
Gaetano Petralia ◽  
Lucia Ometto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
B Cell Activation
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