scholarly journals Animal Model for Prodromal Parkinson’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoyuki Taguchi ◽  
Masashi Ikuno ◽  
Hodaka Yamakado ◽  
Ryosuke Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Behavior Disorder ◽  
Alpha Synuclein ◽  
Motor Symptoms ◽  
Prodromal Stage ◽  
Prodromal Symptoms ◽  
Sleep Behavior ◽  
Olfactory Loss

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and subsequent motor symptoms, but various non-motor symptoms (NMS) often precede motor symptoms. Recently, NMS have attracted much attention as a clue for identifying patients in a prodromal stage of PD, which is an excellent point at which to administer disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). These prodromal symptoms include olfactory loss, constipation, and sleep disorders, especially rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD), all of which are also important for elucidating the mechanisms of the initiation and progression of the disease. For the development of DMTs, an animal model that reproduces the prodromal stage of PD is also needed. There have been various mammalian models reported, including toxin-based, genetic, and alpha synuclein propagation models. In this article, we review the animal models that exhibit NMS as prodromal symptoms and also discuss an appropriate prodromal model and its importance for the development of DMT of PD.

scholarly journals REM Sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease: a model for identification and prediction of its progression from the prodromal stage

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. S59-S60
Author(s):  
M. Cesari ◽  
J.A.E. Christensen ◽  
H.B.D. Sorensen ◽  
B. Mollenhauer ◽  
M.-L. Muntean ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Rem Sleep Behavior Disorder ◽  
Behavior Disorder ◽  
Prodromal Stage ◽  
Sleep Behavior

scholarly journals Recent advances in treating Parkinson’s disease

F1000Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang H. Oertel
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Behavior Disorder ◽  
Symptomatic Therapy ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Disease Modification ◽  
Prodromal Stage ◽  
Sleep Behavior ◽  
Primary Endpoints ◽  
Non Motor Symptoms

This article summarizes (1) the recent achievements to further improve symptomatic therapy of motor Parkinson’s disease (PD) symptoms, (2) the still-few attempts to systematically search for symptomatic therapy of non-motor symptoms in PD, and (3) the advances in the development and clinical testing of compounds which promise to offer disease modification in already-manifest PD. However, prevention (that is, slowing or stopping PD in a prodromal stage) is still a dream and one reason for this is that we have no consensus on primary endpoints for clinical trials which reflect the progression in prodromal stages of PD, such as in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) —a methodological challenge to be met in the future.

scholarly journals A Stage-Based Approach to Therapy in Parkinson’s Disease

Biomolecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Carrarini ◽  
Mirella Russo ◽  
Fedele Dono ◽  
Martina Di Pietro ◽  
Marianna G. Rispoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Rem Sleep Behavior Disorder ◽  
Behavior Disorder ◽  
Motor Symptoms ◽  
Pharmacological Management ◽  
Sleep Behavior ◽  
Heavy Burden ◽  
Non Motor Symptoms

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that features progressive, disabling motor symptoms, such as bradykinesia, rigidity, and resting tremor. Nevertheless, some non-motor symptoms, including depression, REM sleep behavior disorder, and olfactive impairment, are even earlier features of PD. At later stages, apathy, impulse control disorder, neuropsychiatric disturbances, and cognitive impairment can present, and they often become a heavy burden for both patients and caregivers. Indeed, PD increasingly compromises activities of daily life, even though a high variability in clinical presentation can be observed among people affected. Nowadays, symptomatic drugs and non-pharmaceutical treatments represent the best therapeutic options to improve quality of life in PD patients. The aim of the present review is to provide a practical, stage-based guide to pharmacological management of both motor and non-motor symptoms of PD. Furthermore, warning about drug side effects, contraindications, as well as dosage and methods of administration, are highlighted here, to help the physician in yielding the best therapeutic strategies for each symptom and condition in patients with PD.

scholarly journals Parkinson’s disease and REM sleep behavior disorder result in increased non-motor symptoms

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 959-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariel B. Neikrug ◽  
Julie A. Avanzino ◽  
Lianqi Liu ◽  
Jeanne E. Maglione ◽  
Loki Natarajan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Rem Sleep Behavior Disorder ◽  
Behavior Disorder ◽  
Motor Symptoms ◽  
Sleep Behavior ◽  
Non Motor Symptoms

Acting out Dreams: REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Eric Ahlskog
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Multiple System Atrophy ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Rem Sleep Behavior Disorder ◽  
Behavior Disorder ◽  
Alpha Synuclein ◽  
Sleep Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Normal dreaming occurs during the deepest sleep states. Obviously, if experiencing a frightening dream, sleeping people could be injured if they jumped out of bed and started to run. Fortunately, the brain has a natural protective mechanism during dreaming: body paralysis. During the primary sleep stage in which dreaming occurs, the body’s muscle tone is shut off and muscles become limp. Only the eye muscles are spared, still able to move during a dream. This state in which dreaming takes place is rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Restated, during REM sleep, a switch is thrown in the brain stem that shuts off body movement during dreaming. People with Lewy disorders of all types often lose this switch function. In other words, they can still move during the dreams of REM sleep. In the midst of a dream, they may act out by yelling, kicking, or hitting the air. This behavior is termed dream enactment behavior. When it is a recurring event it is termed REM sleep behavior disorder. REM sleep behavior disorder occurs in people with Lewy disorders—Parkinson’s disease, DLB, or PDD. It also occurs in another disorder in which alpha-synuclein is abnormally deposited in the nervous system, multiple system atrophy (MSA). Recall from Chapter 2 that alpha-synuclein is present in Lewy bodies and is thought to be a causative factor in all of these conditions. REM sleep behavior disorder may be present years or even decades before the occurrence of DLB, PDD, Parkinson’s disease, or multiple system atrophy. It is often one of the first signs of these disorders, predating most other manifestations. That does not mean that everyone who acts out their dreams will eventually develop Parkinson’s disease, DLB, or MSA. However, it does confer an increased risk. It should be noted that certain medications may provoke REM sleep behavior disorder, such as the commonly used antidepressants. Also, sleepwalking in children should not be confused with this disorder. Sleepwalking occurs in a different sleep stage and is not thought to be a forerunner of Lewy body conditions.

scholarly journals Impact of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and autonomic disorders on Parkinson's disease: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-166
Author(s):  
Pérola de Oliveira ◽  
Francisco Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Autonomic Dysfunction ◽  
Behavior Disorder ◽  
Motor Symptoms ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Sleep Behavior ◽  
Disease Subtype ◽  
Non Motor Symptoms

ABSTRACT Parkinson's disease (PD) has heterogeneous clinical manifestations and prognoses. It is accompanied by a group of motor and non-motor symptoms ranging from independence to total disability, limiting work and personal care activities. Currently, disease subtype markers for informing prognosis remain elusive. However, some studies have reported an association between rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) and faster motor and non-motor symptom progression, including autonomic dysfunction and cognitive decline. Moreover, since autonomic dysfunction has been described in idiopathic forms of RBD, and they share some central regulatory pathways, it remains unclear whether they have a primary association or if they are more severe in patients with PD and RBD, and thus are a disease subtype marker. This article aimed at critically reviewing the literature on the controversies about the prevalence of RBD in PD, the higher incidence of PD non-motor symptoms associated with RBD, the evidence of faster motor worsening in parkinsonian patients with this parasomnia, and the main pathophysiological hypotheses that support these findings.

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