scholarly journals The Effects of Essential Oils and Terpenes in Relation to Their Routes of Intake and Application

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachiko Koyama ◽  
Thomas Heinbockel
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Gaba Receptors ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Trp Channels ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential Channels ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid

Essential oils have been used in multiple ways, i.e., inhaling, topically applying on the skin, and drinking. Thus, there are three major routes of intake or application involved: the olfactory system, the skin, and the gastro-intestinal system. Understanding these routes is important for clarifying the mechanisms of action of essential oils. Here we summarize the three systems involved, and the effects of essential oils and their constituents at the cellular and systems level. Many factors affect the rate of uptake of each chemical constituent included in essential oils. It is important to determine how much of each constituent is included in an essential oil and to use single chemical compounds to precisely test their effects. Studies have shown synergistic influences of the constituents, which affect the mechanisms of action of the essential oil constituents. For the skin and digestive system, the chemical components of essential oils can directly activate gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and transient receptor potential channels (TRP) channels, whereas in the olfactory system, chemical components activate olfactory receptors. Here, GABA receptors and TRP channels could play a role, mostly when the signals are transferred to the olfactory bulb and the brain.

scholarly journals Differential role of TRP channels in prostate cancer

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Prevarskaya ◽  
M. Flourakis ◽  
G. Bidaux ◽  
S. Thebault ◽  
R. Skryma
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Trp Channels ◽  
Receptor Potential ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential Channels ◽  
Potential Channels ◽  
Differentiation And Proliferation

A major clinical problem with PC (prostate cancer) is the cell's ability to survive and proliferate upon androgen withdrawal. Indeed, deregulated cell differentiation and proliferation, together with the suppression of apoptosis, provides the condition for abnormal tissue growth. Here, we examine the differential role of TRP (transient receptor potential) channels in the control of Ca2+ homoeostasis and growth of PC cells.

Research Progress of Essential Oil as a New Complementary Therapy in the Treatment of Depression

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinli Liang ◽  
Xinli Wang ◽  
Guowei Zhao ◽  
Xiaoying Huang ◽  
Xiqiang Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Complementary Therapy ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Plant Essential Oils ◽  
Treatment Of Depression

: Depression is a mood disorder or affective disorder disease with depression as the main symptom. It has become a kind of mental disease that cannot be ignored in the world that seriously endangers human physical and mental health. Antidepressants commonly used in clinics generally have some defects including slow action, unremarkable effects and large side-effects. Therefore, there has a huge developing space for the research of new and effective therapeutic drugs to supplement or replace traditional drugs. Essential oil has obvious advantages in the treatment of depression and other emotional diseases, its aromatic odor can directly stimulate the olfactory nerves, and the lipophilic small- molecular compounds can cross the blood-brain barrier easily, to play its regulatory role of releasing of neurotransmitters and hormones related to depression, or adjusting the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and proinflammatory cytokines. The pathogenesis of depression and the problems in traditional medication was illustrated, the research on the antidepressant effects and mechanism of essential oils in recent years was summarized and the antidepressant chemical components in plant essential oils were reviewed in this article. It could provide scientific basis for essential oil to be a new choice for relieving depression and treating depression.

scholarly journals Chemical Characterization and Antidiabetic Activity of Essential Oils from Pelargonium graveolens Leaves

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-113
Author(s):  
Javed Ahamad ◽  
Subasini Uthirapathy
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Study Finding ◽  
Antidiabetic Activity ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Pelargonium Graveolens

Pelargonium graveolens (Geranium) is a source of the finest quality of fragrance and its essential oils are used as antibacterial, and antifungal agents. The aim of the current research is to determine chemical constituents in the essential oil of P. graveolens by GC-MS and evaluate its antidiabetic activity via α-glucosidase inhibition assay. The chemical composition of P. graveolens essential oil was determined by GC/MS and its antidiabetic activity was assessed through inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme in in-vitro models. GC-MS analysis determines 36 chemical components in the essential oil of P. graveolens leaves, and citronellyl isovalerate (10.41 %), menthol (9.61 %), linalool (8.63 %), p-menthone (6.31 %), and geranyl tiglate (4.99 %) were recorded as major constituents. The essential oil of P. graveolens leaves showed concentration dependant inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme ranging from 28.13±1.41 to 74.24±2.53 µg/mL for concentration ranging from 31.25 to 1000 µg/mL. The IC50 values for of P. graveolens and acarbose were found as 93.72±4.76 and 80.4±2.17 µg/mL, respectively against the α-glucosidase enzyme. The study finding explores the chemical components of P. graveolens growing in the Iraqi Kurdistan region and scientifically supported its possible use in diabetic patients for controlling postprandial hyperglycemia.

Does serotonin deficiency lead to anosmia, ageusia and dysfunctional chemesthesis in COVID-19?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amarnath Sen
Keyword(s):  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Trp Channels ◽  
Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Receptor Potential ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential Channels ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Potential Channels ◽  
Transient Receptor

Anosmia, ageusia and impaired chemesthetic sensations are quite common in coronavirus patients. Different mechanisms have been proposed to explain the anosmia and ageusia of COVID-19 patients, though for reversible anosmia and ageusia, which are resolved quickly, the proposed mechanisms seem to be incomplete. In addition, the reason behind the impaired chemesthetic sensations of some coronavirus patients remains unknown. It is proposed that in coronavirus patients, there is depletion of tryptophan (an essential amino acid), as ACE2, a key element in the process of absorption of tryptophan from food, is significantly reduced due to the attack of coronavirus which use ACE2 as the receptor for its entry into the host cells. Incidentally, the depletion of tryptophan should lead to deficiency of serotonin (5-HT) in SARS-COV-2 patients because tryptophan is the precursor in the synthesis of 5-HT. Such 5-HT deficiency not only explains fast resolved anosmia and ageusia, but also dysfunctional chemesthesis, given the fact that 5-HT is an important neuromodulator in the olfactory neurons and taste receptor cells and 5-HT also enhances the nociceptor activity of transient receptor potential channels (TRP channels) responsible for chemesthetic sensations. The female predominance of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions can also be explained by considering low 5-HT levels in women. In addition, 5-HT deficiency worsens silent hypoxemia and explains why hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is nearly absent in coronavirus patients leading to poor outcome. Hence, clinical trials should be conducted on coronavirus patients to find out how different selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin agonists work out in eliminating or improving the olfactory, gustatory and chemesthetic dysfunctions as well as hypoxemia.

scholarly journals Transient Receptor Potential Channels as an Emerging Target for the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease: An Insight Into Role of Pharmacological Interventions

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhupesh Vaidya ◽  
Shyam Sunder Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Trp Channels ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Receptor Potential ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential Channels ◽  
Transient Receptor

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the symptoms of motor deficits and cognitive decline. There are a number of therapeutics available for the treatment of PD, but most of them suffer from serious side effects such as bradykinesia, dyskinesia and on-off effect. Therefore, despite the availability of these pharmacological agents, PD patients continue to have an inferior quality of life. This has warranted a need to look for alternate strategies and molecular targets. Recent evidence suggests the Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels could be a potential target for the management of motor and non-motor symptoms of PD. Though still in the preclinical stages, agents targeting these channels have shown immense potential in the attenuation of behavioral deficits and signaling pathways. In addition, these channels are known to be involved in the regulation of ionic homeostasis, which is disrupted in PD. Moreover, activation or inhibition of many of the TRP channels by calcium and oxidative stress has also raised the possibility of their paramount involvement in affecting the other molecular mechanisms associated with PD pathology. However, due to the paucity of information available and lack of specificity, none of these agents have gone into clinical trials for PD treatment. Considering their interaction with oxidative stress, apoptosis and excitotoxicity, TRP channels could be considered as a potential future target for the treatment of PD.

scholarly journals Molecular Regulations and Functions of the Transient Receptor Potential Channels of the Islets of Langerhans and Insulinoma Cells

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Shahidul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Islets Of Langerhans ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Trp Channels ◽  
Receptor Potential ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential Channels ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Transient Receptor ◽  
Insulinoma Cells

Insulin secretion from the β-cells of the islets of Langerhans is triggered mainly by nutrients such as glucose, and incretin hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). The mechanisms of the stimulus-secretion coupling involve the participation of the key enzymes that metabolize the nutrients, and numerous ion channels that mediate the electrical activity. Several members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels participate in the processes that mediate the electrical activities and Ca2+ oscillations in these cells. Human β-cells express TRPC1, TRPM2, TRPM3, TRPM4, TRPM7, TRPP1, TRPML1, and TRPML3 channels. Some of these channels have been reported to mediate background depolarizing currents, store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), electrical activity, Ca2+ oscillations, gene transcription, cell-death, and insulin secretion in response to stimulation by glucose and GLP1. Different channels of the TRP family are regulated by one or more of the following mechanisms: activation of G protein-coupled receptors, the filling state of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ store, heat, oxidative stress, or some second messengers. This review briefly compiles our current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of regulations, and functions of the TRP channels in the β-cells, the α-cells, and some insulinoma cell lines.

scholarly journals Comparative Evaluation of the Inhibitory Effect of Some Essential Oils with Antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lobna El-Hosseiny ◽  
Moustafa El-Shenawy ◽  
Medhat Haroun ◽  
Fadhil Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Spectroscopy Analysis ◽  
Thyme Oil ◽  
Bioactive Agents ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy

Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy analysis was performed to identify the chemical components of three extracted essential oils including thyme, marjoram, and sage. The antibacterial activity of the extracted essential oils against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) was investigated using disc diffusion assay, either alone or in combination with standard antibiotics (piperacillin, cefepime, meropenem, gentamicin, and norfloxacin). Results showed that the studied oils exhibited a variety of activities against the tested bacterium. Thyme oil was the most active followed by marjoram oil, whereas sage displayed no activity towards the tested organism. Thyme oil enhanced the antibacterial activity of cell wall targeting antibiotics (piperacillin, cefepime, and meropenem) by more than twofold. Marjoram oil potentiated the activity of all the tested antibiotics except norfloxacin. Sage, despite its inactivity against pseudomonas, synergistically enhanced the activity of piperacillin, meropenem, and gentamicin. Thyme essential oil, containing thymol as a major component (33.6%), exhibited higher activity alone or in combination with antibiotics than marjoram which contained alcoholic terpenes or sage essential oil that contained 1,8-cineole as its major component (29%). The investigated oils, as natural bioactive agents, may be used to enhance the activity of antibiotics towards pseudomonas.

scholarly journals Chemical Components of Agarwood (Aquilaria crassna) Essential Oils Grown in Various Regions of Asia

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tran Thi Kim Ngan ◽  
Dinh Thi Thu Thuy ◽  
Tran Thi Tuyen ◽  
Cam Thi Inh ◽  
Hoang Thi Bich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Volatile Aromatic Compounds ◽  
Aquilaria Crassna

This study presents a chemometric study on agarwood (Aquilaria crassna) essential oils extracted from selected agarwood samples grown in various regions of Asia. Adopting gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique, it was revealed that essential oils, produced by hydrodistillation,constitutes mainly volatile aromatic compounds. Several major components are shared in all samples including dihydro-agarofuran-15-al, jinkoeremol, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, agarospirol, valerianol, n-hexadecanoic acid, neopetasane and dihydrokaranone. Despite differences in composition, extraction yield and detected constituents found in analyzed samples, characteristic aromatic compounds were abundantly found in the Agarwood essential oil. These discrepancies could be due to cultivation season, climatic conditions and extraction methods. Unambiguous identification of components in agarwood essential oils thereby opens new potential in the application of high-value aromatic compounds in agarwood essential oil in cosmetic products, perfumes, and pharmaceuticals.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition of Essential Oils Obtained from Heteromorpha arborescens (Spreng.) Cham. and Schltdl Leaves Using Two Extraction Methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Taiwo Oluwafunmilola Abifarin ◽  
Gloria Aderonke Otunola ◽  
Anthony Jide Afolayan
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Solvent Free ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Microwave Extraction ◽  
Oxygenated Compounds

This study was aimed at comparing the essential oils obtained from Heteromorpha arborescens leaves by Solvent-Free Microwave Extraction (SFME) and Hydrodistillation (HD) methods in terms of their chemical compositions, yield, CO2 emission, and energy consumption. The solvent-free microwave extraction method indicated a higher oil yield of 0.7 mL/200 g (0.35%) as compared to 0.59 mL/200 g (0.295%) obtained through hydrodistillation. GC-MS analysis of the oils revealed a total of 52 chemical components from both methods with the presence of 35 (96.52%) and 30 (71.15%) chemical constituents for HD and SFME, respectively. The major constituents observed in the essential oil extracted by SFME methods include α-pinene (6%), D-limonene (11.27%), β-ocimene (9.09%), β-phellandrene (6.33%), β-mycene (8.49%), caryophyllene (5.96%), and camphene (4.28%). However, in the hydrodistillation method, the oil was majorly composed of a-pinene (4.41%), β-pinene (10.68%), β-ocimene (6.30%), germacrene-D (5.09%), humulene (5.55%), and α-elemene (6.18%). The SFME method was better in terms of saving energy (0.25 kWh against 4.2 kWh of energy consumed), reduced CO2 emission (200 g against 3360 g of CO2), a higher yield, and better quality of essential oil due to the presence of higher valuable oxygenated compounds (8.52%) against that of the hydrodistillation method (2.96%). The SFME method is, therefore, a good alternative for extracting the oils of H. arborescens leaves since the essential oil yield is higher with more oxygenated compounds, considerable energy savings, lower cost, and reduced environmental burden at substantially reduced extraction time (30 min as opposed to 180 min).

Changes in Chemical Composition, Total Phenolics and Antioxidant Activity of Alpinia (Alpinia zerumbet) Leaves Exposed to UV

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 25-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tran Dang Xuan ◽  
Tran Dang Khanh ◽  
Do Tan Khang ◽  
Nguyen Thanh Quan ◽  
Abdelnaser Abdelghany Elzaawely
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Traditional Medicines ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Uv C ◽  
Alpinia Zerumbet ◽  
Essential Oil Production

Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L. Burtt. & R.M. Sm is an important perennial ginger plant in the tropics with various uses as foods, dietary supplement, cosmetics, essential oil production and traditional medicines. In this study, essential oils, phenolic acids, fatty acids, kavains, total phenols and antioxidant activity in A. zerumbet plants exposed to UV-C were investigated. Number and weights of essential oils increased rapidly from 1 to 3 days of exposure. Major extend of essential oils was recorded in methyl cinnamate and followed by benzyl acetone. The correspondence to the accumulation of palmitic acid was 15 folds, in contrast to the strong reduction of stearic quantity was 10 folds at 3 days of treatment. Changes in chemical components and antioxidant capacity in A. zerumbet are differed reversely between the exposure of UV-C and heavy toxic chemicals. The exposure of UV-C is beneficial for the increasing of essential oil production in A. zerumbet.

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