scholarly journals Micronucleus Assay: The State of Art, and Future Directions

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylwester Sommer ◽  
Iwona Buraczewska ◽  
Marcin Kruszewski
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Micronucleus Assay ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Buccal Cells ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Genotoxicity Tests ◽  
State Of Art

During almost 40 years of use, the micronucleus assay (MN) has become one of the most popular methods to assess genotoxicity of different chemical and physical factors, including ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage. In this minireview, we focus on the position of MN among the other genotoxicity tests, its usefulness in different applications and visibility by international organizations, such as International Atomic Energy Agency, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and International Organization for Standardization. In addition, the mechanism of micronuclei formation is discussed. Finally, foreseen directions of the MN development are pointed, such as automation, buccal cells MN and chromothripsis phenomenon.

Evaluation of radiation-induced genotoxicity on hu-man melanoma cells (SK-MEL-37) by flow cytometry

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2A) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leticia Bonfim ◽  
Luma Ramirez de Carvalho ◽  
Daniel Perez Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Material ◽  
Micronucleus Assay ◽  
Melanoma Cells ◽  
Dead Cell ◽  
Genotoxic Damage ◽  
Sytox Green ◽  
60Co Source ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Death And Loss ◽  
Cell Fractions

Micronucleus assay is a test used to evaluate genotoxic damage in cells, which can be caused by various factors, like ionizing radiation. Interactions between radiation energies and DNA can cause breakage, leading to use chromosomal mutations or loss of genetic material, important events that could be induced in solid tumors to mitigate its expansion within human body.  Melanoma has been described as a tumor with increased radio resistance.  This work evaluated micronuclei percentages (%MN) in human melanoma cells (SK-MEL-37), irradiated by gamma radiation, with doses between 0 and 16Gy.  Cell suspensions were irradiated in PBS by a 60Co source in doses between 0 and 16Gy, and incubated by 48h.  Then cell membranes were lysed in the presence of SYTOX Green and EMA dyes, preserving nuclear membranes.  Using this method, EMA-stained nuclei could be discriminated as those derived from dead cells, and SYTOX nuclei and micronuclei could be quantified.  Micronuclei percentages were found to be proportional to dose, (R2 = 0.997).  Only the highest dose (16Gy) could induce statistically significant increase of MN (p<0.0001), although cultures irradiated by 4, 8 and 16Gy showed significant increase of dead cell fractions.  Calculation of the nuclei-to-beads ratio showed that 8 and 16Gy could reduce melanoma cell proliferation.  Results showed that although cell death and loss of proliferative capacity could be observed on cultures irradiated at lower doses, genotoxic damage could be induced only on a higher dose. Resistance to radiation-induced genotoxicity could explain a relatively high radio resistance of melanoma tumors.

An Assessment of Simulations on an : International Organization

1985 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 4-5
Author(s):  
Paul F. Diehl ◽  
Michael J. Montgomery
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Political Science ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
The United States ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
Existing Structure

Simulation is an increasingly popular pedagogical device; much of the recent literature on the theory and practice of political science instruction attests to this. Probably the most popular simulation device is called model United Nations. In recent articles in Teaching Political Science and NEWS for Teachers of Political Science, William Hazelton and James Jacob have described Model United Nations in glowing terms, focusing on one particular conference and completely ignoring the rest of the 200 or more conferences held annually across the United States.Like Jacob and Hazelton, we recognize the great potential value of United Nations simulations in trying to illuminate the often confusing politics of international organizations. As former participants and directors of these programs, however, we are keenly aware of the shortcomings and difficulties associated with the existing structure of model U.N. programs.

Competition, cooperation, and adaptation: The organizational ecology of international organizations in global energy governance

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Christian Downie
Keyword(s):  
Global Governance ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Shared Governance ◽  
International Energy Agency ◽  
Organizational Ecology ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Global Energy ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Energy Governance

Abstract In policy domains characterised by complexity, international organizations (IOs) with overlapping mandates and governance functions regularly interact in ways that have important implications for global governance. Yet the dynamics of IO interactions remain understudied. This article breaks new ground by building on the theoretical insights of organizational ecology to examine IO competition, cooperation, and adaptation in the domain of energy. Drawing on original empirical data, I consider three related hypotheses: (1) competition between IOs in the same population is likely to centre on material resources; (2) IOs are more likely to cooperate when they have a shared governance goal; and (3) individual IOs can adapt by changing their goals and boundaries. In considering these hypotheses, this article highlights the limits of the organizational ecology approach and the need to broaden it to account for the possibility that IOs do cooperate, and that individual IOs, such as the International Energy Agency, have the capacity to adapt to changes in their environment.

scholarly journals Will mesenchymal stem cells be future directions for treating radiation-induced skin injury?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuoqun Fang ◽  
Penghong Chen ◽  
Shijie Tang ◽  
Aizhen Chen ◽  
Chaoyu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Skin Injury ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
The Common ◽  
Apoptotic Activity ◽  
Different Sources

AbstractRadiation-induced skin injury (RISI) is one of the common serious side effects of radiotherapy (RT) for patients with malignant tumors. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are applied to RISI repair in some clinical cases series except some traditional options. Though direct replacement of damaged cells may be achieved through differentiation capacity of MSCs, more recent data indicate that various cytokines and chemokines secreted by MSCs are involved in synergetic therapy of RISI by anti-inflammatory, immunomodulation, antioxidant, revascularization, and anti-apoptotic activity. In this paper, we not only discussed different sources of MSCs on the treatment of RISI both in preclinical studies and clinical trials, but also summarized the applications and mechanisms of MSCs in other related regenerative fields.

scholarly journals Designing for international law: The architecture of international organizations 1922–1952

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Miriam Bak McKenna
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
International Organization ◽  
International Labour Organization ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Physical Manifestation ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Do So

Abstract Situating itself in current debates over the international legal archive, this article delves into the material and conceptual implications of architecture for international law. To do so I trace the architectural developments of international law’s organizational and administrative spaces during the early to mid twentieth century. These architectural endeavours unfolded in three main stages: the years 1922–1926, during which the International Labour Organization (ILO) building, the first building exclusively designed for an international organization was constructed; the years 1927–1937 which saw the great polemic between modernist and classical architects over the building of the Palace of Nations; and the years 1947–1952, with the triumph of modernism, represented by the UN Headquarters in New York. These events provide an illuminating allegorical insight into the physical manifestation, modes of self-expression, and transformation of international law during this era, particularly the relationship between international law and the function and role of international organizations.

Piercing the Corporate Veil: The Responsibility of Member states of an International Organization

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odette Murray
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Member State ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Good Faith ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Member States ◽  
Draft Article ◽  
Legal Limit ◽  
Primary Rule

AbstractThis paper applies two manifestations of the principle of good faith – pacta sunt servanda and the doctrine of abuse of rights – to the complex relationship between member states and international organizations. The paper argues that these existing doctrines operate as a legal limit on the conduct of states when creating, controlling and functioning within international organizations. The paper begins by exploring an innovative provision in the International Law Commission's recently finalised Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organisations – Draft Article 61 – according to which a member state will bear international responsibility for the act of an international organization where the member state uses the organization to circumvent its own international obligations. Examining the development of Draft Article 61 and the jurisprudence upon which it is based, this paper argues that the principle which the Commission in fact seeks to articulate in Draft Article 61 is that of good faith in the performance of treaties. As such, being based on a primary rule of international law, this paper queries whether Draft Article 61 belongs in a set of secondary rules. The paper then considers the role of states in the decision-making organs of international organizations and argues that the widely held presumption against member state responsibility for participation in decision-making organs can and should be displaced in certain cases, in recognition of the various voting mechanisms in international organizations and the varied power which certain states may wield. The paper argues that the doctrine of abuse of rights operates as a fundamental legal limit on the exercise of a member state's voting discretion, and thereby forms a complementary primary obligation placed on states in the context of their participation in international organizations.

AlGaN/GaN HEMTs: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (04) ◽  
pp. 913-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
SIDDHARTH RAJAN ◽  
UMESH K. MISHRA ◽  
TOMÁS PALACIOS
Keyword(s):  
Field Effect ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Digital Circuits ◽  
Field Effect Transistors ◽  
Rf Power ◽  
Power Performance ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Gan Hemts ◽  
State Of Art

This paper provides an overview of recent work and future directions in Gallium Nitride transistor research. We discuss the present status of Ga -polar AlGaN / GaN HEMTs and the innovations that have led to record RF power performance. We describe the development of N -polar AlGaN / GaN HEMTs with microwave power performance comparable with state-of-art Ga -polar AlGaN / GaN HEMTs. Finally we will discuss how GaN -based field effect transistors could be promising for a less obvious application: low-power high-speed digital circuits.

Modern problems and challenges of human resources management in international organizations

2021 ◽  
pp. 86-90
Author(s):  
M.S. Safarli ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Personnel Management ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Human Resources Management ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Research Challenges

Researched is the problem of management of human resources in international organization, that is significantly different from human resources’ management in own country. The article discusses issues, related to personnel management in international enterprises. The purpose of the article is to identify factors that influence personnel management in the international aspect, and also to research challenges and problems, associated with them. On results of the analyses, offered are measures, as to solution of showed up challenges and problems, and also point out the special role of cadre departments in solution of this problem.

Institutionalization in the United Nations General Assembly

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 859-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert O. Keohane
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
International Organization ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Mount Everest ◽  
Systematic Testing ◽  
United Nations General ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
United Nations General Assembly ◽  
Theoretical Conceptualization

Except for the subfield of comparative regional integration, international organization as an area of study is notorious for its lack of systematic and testable theory. This situation has been created less by a deficiency of techniques for quantitative analysis than by the absence of attention to theoretical conceptualization and its necessary accompaniment, the imaginative use of data to test hypotheses. There is little shortage of case studies, abstract theorizing, or sophisticated quantitative techniques, but systematic testing of important concepts is rare. Much of the literature in the field fails even to ask relevant and important theoretical questions. The “Mount Everest Syndrome”–studying international organizations “because they are there”–has afflicted the field for too long.

The Institutionalization of a Process

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 308-340
Author(s):  
Gloria Fernández Arribas
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Kimberley Process ◽  
Law Making

The Kimberley Process represents a new method of international cooperation between subjects of international law. It was named by its creators as a process, setting it apart from international organizations, and leading too to its consideration as informal international law-making or soft law. In this study we shall analyze the extent to which the Kimberley Process falls into these categories. Our main task, however, is to compare it to formal international organizations, with a view to establishing whether what really has been created is an institutionalization process that is like an international organization, but with a different name. To do this, we will analyze with reference to the Kimberley Process the various respective fields of international organizations, such as founding agreement, membership, structure, decision-making process and legal order.

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