scholarly journals Characterization of the OFP Gene Family and its Putative Involvement of Tuberous Root Shape in Radish

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanping Wang ◽  
Qingbiao Wang ◽  
Wei Hao ◽  
Honghe Sun ◽  
Li Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Root Elongation ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Tuberous Root ◽  
Quality Trait ◽  
Functional Protein ◽  
Specific Proteins ◽  
Important Quality

The shape of the tuberous root, a very important quality trait, varies dramatically among radish cultivars. Ovate family proteins (OFPs) are plant-specific proteins that regulate multiple aspects of plant growth and development. To investigate the possible role of OFPs in radish tuberous root formation, 35 putative RsOFPs were identified from radish, and their expression patterns were detected during tuberous root development in six different radish cultivars. Phylogenetically, RsOFP2.3 clustered together with AtOFP1 and other members of this family that are known to regulate organ shape. Moreover, RsOFP2.3 expression was negatively correlated with tuberous root elongation after the cortex splitting stage, which made this gene the top candidate for the involvement of tuberous root shape. To further characterize the function of RsOFP2.3, it was ectopically expressed in Arabidopsis. RsOFP2.3 overexpression in Arabidopsis led to multiple phenotypical changes, especially the decreased length and increased width of the hypocotyl. Furthermore, RsOFP2.3 expression was induced by all the five classic plant hormones except ethylene, and it was most sensitive to exogenous gibberellic acid treatment. We also found that RsOFP2.3 was localized in the cytoplasm. Taken together, our results suggested the possible involvement for RsOFP2.3 in suppressing radish tuberous root elongation and that it encodes a functional protein which mainly inhibits the elongation of Arabidopsis aerial organs.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of NDL1-AGB1 Mediated Salt Stress Signaling: Further Exploration of the Role of NDL1 Interacting Partners

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 2261
Author(s):  
Nidhi Gupta ◽  
Abhishek Kanojia ◽  
Arpana Katiyar ◽  
Yashwanti Mudgil
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Salt Stress Response

Salt stress is considered to be the most severe abiotic stress. High soil salinity leads to osmotic and ionic toxicity, resulting in reduced plant growth and crop production. The role of G-proteins during salt stresses is well established. AGB1, a G-protein subunit, not only plays an important role during regulation of Na+ fluxes in roots, but is also involved in the translocation of Na+ from roots to shoots. N-Myc Downregulated like 1 (NDL1) is an interacting partner of G protein βγ subunits and C-4 domain of RGS1 in Arabidopsis. Our recent in-planta expression analysis of NDL1 reported changes in patterns during salt stress. Based on these expression profiles, we have carried out functional characterization of the AGB1-NDL1 module during salinity stress. Using various available mutant and overexpression lines of NDL1 and AGB1, we found that NDL1 acts as a negative regulator during salt stress response at the seedling stage, an opposite response to that of AGB1. On the other hand, during the germination phase of the plant, this role is reversed, indicating developmental and tissue specific regulation. To elucidate the mechanism of the AGB1-NDL1 module, we investigated the possible role of the three NDL1 stress specific interactors, namely ANNAT1, SLT1, and IDH-V, using yeast as a model. The present study revealed that NDL1 acts as a modulator of salt stress response, wherein it can have both positive as well as negative functions during salinity stress. Our findings suggest that the NDL1 mediated stress response depends on its developmental stage-specific expression patterns as well as the differential presence and interaction of the stress-specific interactors.

scholarly journals Interactions of Cloud Proteins, Pectins and Pectinesterases in Flocculation of Citrus Cloud

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilan Shomer ◽  
Louise Wicker ◽  
Uzi Merin ◽  
William L. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Specific Interaction ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Heat Inactivation ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Neutral Sugars ◽  
Important Quality

The overall objective was to understand the cloud flocculation of citrus juice by characterization of the interactions between proteins and pectins, and to determine the role of PE isozymes in catalyzing this phenomenon. Specific objectives were to: 1. identify/characterize cloud-proteins in relation to their coagulable properties and affinity to pectins; 2. to determine structural changes of PME and other proteins induced by cation/pectin interactions; 3. localize cloud proteins, PME and bound protein/pectates in unheated and pasteurized juices; 4. to create "sensitized" pectins and determine their effect on clarification. The original objectives were not changed but the methods and approach were modified due to specific research requirements. Two i postulates were: 1. there is a specific interaction of cloud proteins with de-esterified regions of ! pectin and this contributes to cloud loss; 2. isozymes of pectin-methyl-esterase (PME) vary in efficiency to create sensitized pectins. The appearance of citrus fruit juice is an important quality factor and is determined by the color and turbidity that .are conferred by the suspended particles, i.e., by the cloud and its homogeneity. Under some circumstances the cloud tend to flocculate and the juice clarifies. The accepted approach to explain the clarification is based on pectin demethoxylation by PME that promotes formation of Ca-pectate. Therefore, the juice includes immediate heat-inactivation upon ~ squeezing. Protein coagulation also promotes cloud instability of citrus fruit extracts. However, the clarification mechanism is not fully understood. Information accumulated from several laboratories indicates that clarification is a more complex process than can be explained by a single mechanism. The increasing trend to consume natural-fresh juice emphasizing the importance of the knowledge to assure homogeneity of fresh juice. The research included complementary directions: Conditions that induce cloud-instability of natural- juice [IL]. Evaluate purification schemes of protein [USA]. Identifications of proteins, pectin and neutral sugars ([IL]; Structure of the cloud components using light and electron microscopy and immuno-labeling of PME, high-methoxyl-pectin (HMP) and low-methoxyl-pectin (LMP); Molecular weight of calcium sensitized pectins [US]; Evaluation of the products of PME activity [US]. Fractions and size distribution and cloud components [IL-US]. The optimal pH activity of PME is 7 and the flocculation pH of the cloud is 3-4. Thus, the c roles of PME, proteins and pectins in the cloud instability, were studied in pH ranges of 2- 7. The experiments led to establish firstly repeatable simulate conditions for cloud instability [IL]. Thermostable PME (TS-PE) known to induce cloud instability, but also thermolabile forms of PME (TL-PE) caused clarification, most likely due to the formation and dissolution of inactive :. PE-pectin complexes and displacement of a protective colloid from the cloud surface [US]. Furthermore, elimination of non-PME protein increases TS-PE activity, indicating that non-PME proteins moderate PME activity [US]. Other experiments Concomitantly with the study of the PME activity but promotes the association of cloud-proteins to pectin. Adjusting of the juice pH to f 7 retains the cloud stability and re-adjusting of the pH to 40% DE reacts to immuno-labeling in the cloud fragments, whereas

scholarly journals Insights into cadmium-induced carcinogenesis through an in-vitro study using C3H10T1/2Cl8 cells: the multifaceted role of mitochondria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Oldani ◽  
Anna Maria Villa ◽  
Marta Manzoni ◽  
Pasquale Melchioretto ◽  
Paolo Parenti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Cell Transformation ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Atp Synthesis ◽  
Cadmium Treatment

Abstract In this paper we report the metabolic characterization of two foci, F1 and F3, obtained at the end of Cell Transformation Assay (CTA), performed by treating C3H10T1/2Cl8 mouse embryo fibroblasts with 1 µM CdCl2 for 24 h. The elucidation of cadmium action mechanism can be useful both to improve the in vitro CTA and to yield insights into carcinogenesis. We previously showed that, despite being both completely transformed type III foci, F1 and F3 foci display different morphologies, proliferative behaviors and gene expression patterns. In this work, the metabolism of the two foci was investigated through Seahorse and enzyme activity assays; moreover, mitochondria were studied in confocal microscopy and reactive oxygen species were detected by flow cytometry. Results showed that F1 focus has higher glycolytic and TCA fluxes compared to F3 focus, and a more negative mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ), so that most ATP synthesis is performed through oxidative phosphorylation. Confocal microscopy showed mitochondria crowded in the perinuclear region. On the other hand, F3 focus showed lower metabolic rates, with ATP mainly produced by glycolysis and damaged mitochondria. On the whole, our results showed that cadmium treatment induced lasting metabolic alterations in both foci. Triggered by the loss of Pasteur effect in F1 focus and by mitochondrial impairment in F3 focus, these alterations lead to a loss of coordination among glycolysis, TCA and oxidative phosphorylation, which leads to malignant transformation.

Anterior neurectoderm is progressively induced during gastrulation: the role of the Xenopus homeobox gene orthodenticle

Development ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 993-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.L. Blitz ◽  
K.W. Cho
Keyword(s):  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Homeobox Gene ◽  
Neural Induction ◽  
Cement Gland ◽  
Spemann's Organizer ◽  
Vertical Contact

In order to study the regional specification of neural tissue we isolated Xotx2, a Xenopus homolog of the Drosophila orthodenticle gene. Xotx2 is initially expressed in Spemann's organizer and its expression is absent in the ectoderm of early gastrulae. As gastrulation proceeds, Xotx2 expression is induced in the overlying ectoderm and this domain of expression moves anteriorly in register with underlying anterior mesoderm throughout the remainder of gastrulation. The expression pattern of Xotx2 suggests that a wave of Xotx2 expression (marking anterior neurectoderm) travels through the ectoderm of the gastrula with the movement of underlying anterior (prechordal plate) mesoderm. This expression of Xotx2 is reminiscent of the Eyal-Giladi model for neural induction. According to this model, anterior neural-inducing signals emanating from underlying anterior mesoderm transiently induce anterior neural tissues after vertical contact with the overlying ectoderm. Further patterning is achieved when the ectoderm receives caudalizing signals as it comes in contact with more posterior mesoderm during subsequent gastrulation movements. Functional characterization of the Xotx2 protein has revealed its involvement in differentiation of the anterior-most tissue, the cement gland. Ectopic expression of Xotx2 in embryos induces extra cement glands in the skin as well as inducing a cement gland marker (XAG1) in isolated animal cap ectoderm. Microinjection of RNA encoding the organizer-specific homeo-domain protein goosecoid into the ventral marginal zone results in induction of the Xotx2 gene. This result, taken in combination with the indistinguishable expression patterns of Xotx2 and goosecoid in the anterior mesoderm suggests that Xotx2 is a target of goosecoid regulation.

Downregulation of apelin in the human placental chorionic villi from preeclamptic pregnancies

2015 ◽  
Vol 309 (10) ◽  
pp. E852-E860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliya M. Yamaleyeva ◽  
Mark C. Chappell ◽  
K. Bridget Brosnihan ◽  
Lauren Anton ◽  
David L. Caudell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Chorionic Villi ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Predominant Form ◽  
Pooled Samples ◽  
In Pregnancy

The role of the endogenous apelin system in pregnancy is not well understood. Apelin's actions in pregnancy are further complicated by the expression of multiple forms of the peptide. Using radioimmunoassay (RIA) alone, we established the expression of apelin content in the chorionic villi of preeclamptic (PRE) and normal pregnant women (NORM) at 36–38 wk of gestation. Total apelin content was lower in PRE compared with NORM chorionic villi (49.7 ± 3.4 vs. 72.3 ± 9.8 fmol/mg protein; n = 20–22) and was associated with a trend for lower preproapelin mRNA in the PRE. Further characterization of apelin isoforms by HPLC-RIA was conducted in pooled samples from each group. The expression patterns of apelin peptides in NORM and PRE villi revealed little or no apelin-36 or apelin-17. Pyroglutamate apelin-13 [(Pyr1)-apelin-13] was the predominant form of the peptide in NORM and PRE villi. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activity was higher in PRE villi (572.0 ± 23.0 vs. 485.3 ± 24.8 pmol·mg−1·min−1; n = 18–22). A low dose of ANG II (1 nM; 2 h) decreased apelin release in NORM villous explants that was blocked by the ANG II receptor 1 (AT1) antagonist losartan. Moreover, losartan enhanced apelin release above the 2-h baseline levels in both NORM and PRE villi ( P < 0.05). In summary, these studies are the first to demonstrate the lower apelin content in human placental chorionic villi of PRE subjects using quantitative RIA. (Pyr1)-apelin-13 is the predominant form of endogenous apelin in the chorionic villi of NORM and PRE. The potential mechanism of lower apelin expression in the PRE villi may involve a negative regulation of apelin by ANG II.

scholarly journals Characterization of POU2F1 Gene and Its Potential Impact on the Expression of Genes Involved in Fur Color Formation in Rex Rabbit

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naisu Yang ◽  
Bohao Zhao ◽  
Shuaishuai Hu ◽  
Zhiyuan Bao ◽  
Ming Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Dorsal Skin ◽  
Color Formation ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Fur Color ◽  
Rex Rabbit

The naturally colorful fur of the Rex rabbit is becoming increasingly popular in the modern textile market. Our previous study found that POU class 2 homeobox 1 gene (POU2F1) potentially affects the expression of genes involved in fur color formation in the Rex rabbit, but the function and regulation of POU2F1 has not been reported. In this study, the expression patterns of POU2F1 in Rex rabbits of various colors, as well as in different organs, were analyzed by RT-qPCR. Interference and overexpression of POU2F1 were used to identify the potential effects of POU2F1 on other genes related to fur color formation. The results show that the levels of POU2F1 expression were significantly higher in the dorsal skin of the brown and protein yellow Rex rabbits, compared with that of the black one. POU2F1 mRNAs were widespread in the tissues examined in this study and showed the highest level in the lungs. By transfecting rabbit melanocytes with an POU2F1-overexpression plasmid, we found that the POU2F1 protein was located at the nucleus, and the protein showed the classic characteristics of a transcription factor. In addition, abnormal expression of POU2F1 significantly affected the expression of pigmentation-related genes, including SLC7A11, MITF, SLC24A5, MC1R, and ASIP, revealing the regulatory roles of POU2F1 on pigmentation. The results provide the basis for further exploration of the role of POU2F1 in fur color formation of the Rex rabbit.

scholarly journals Heterogeneity Among Ly-49C Natural Killer (NK) Cells: Characterization of Highly Related Receptors with Differing Functions and Expression Patterns

1996 ◽  
Vol 184 (6) ◽  
pp. 2085-2090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Brennan ◽  
Suzanne Lemieux ◽  
J. Douglas Freeman ◽  
Dixie L. Mager ◽  
Fumio Takei
Keyword(s):  
Nk Cells ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Flow Cytometric Analysis ◽  
Cdna Clones ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Color Flow ◽  
Flow Cytometric

Ly-49C is a member of the polymorphic family of murine NK cell inhibitory receptors. The 5E6 antibody that defines a subset of NK cells responsible for the rejection of parental H-2d bone marrow by F1 mice has been shown previously to react with Ly-49C. Here, the 5E6 antibody was found to detect two Ly-49C-related molecules in B6 mice. Two cDNA clones were isolated from B6 NK cells, one identical to previously reported Ly-49CB6 and the other a novel cDNA. The deduced amino acid sequence of the latter differs from that of Ly-49CBALB at only 4 residues, whereas the previously reported Ly-49CB6 differs at 22 residues. Flow cytometric analyses of COS cells transfected with the two cDNAs showed that the 5E6 antibody binds to both Ly-49 molecules, while another anti-Ly-49C antibody, 4LO3311, binds to the newly described Ly-49C but not the previously reported Ly-49CB6. Two-color flow cytometric analysis detected 5E6+4LO3311− as well as 5E6+4LO3311+ subsets of NK cells from B6, but not BALB/c, mice. The level of Ly-49C expression on B6 NK cells detected by the 4LO3311 antibody was substantially lower than that on BALB/c NK cells. Binding specificity of the novel Ly-49CB6 was indistinguishable from that of Ly-49CBALB, whereas no binding was detectable with previously reported Ly-49CB6. These results demonstrate that the newly described Ly-49CB6, not the previously reported Ly-49CB6, is the probable B6 allelic form of Ly49C. The previously reported Ly-49CB6 must be encoded by a separate gene and should be renamed Ly-49I. The implication of these results with respect to the role of Ly-49C in hybrid resistance is discussed.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptomic and Lipidomic Analyses of Human Male and Female Meibomian Glands Reveal Common Signature Genes of Meibogenesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 4539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor A. Butovich ◽  
Nita Bhat ◽  
Jadwiga C. Wojtowicz
Keyword(s):  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cholesteryl Esters ◽  
Lipid Profiling ◽  
Signature Genes ◽  
Ocular Disorders ◽  
Meibomian Glands ◽  
Microarray Analyses

Meibum is a lipid secretion that is produced by holocrine Meibomian glands (MGs). MGs are a specialized type of sebaceous glands that are embedded in the human eyelids. Chemically, meibum and sebum are different. A detailed characterization of lipidome and transcriptome of MG is required to deconvolute a complex and poorly characterized array of biosynthetic reactions (termed meibogenesis) that lead to formation of meibum. Changes in the composition and quality of meibum have been linked to various ocular disorders, some of which are more prevalent in males, while others in females. To establish the role of gender in meibogenesis in humans, we characterized MG transcriptomes and lipidomes of females and males, and identified signature genes of meibogenesis in both genders. Specimens of MG tissues were subjected to mRNA microarray analyses. Chemical composition of meibum samples was assessed chromatographically and mass spectrometrically. Both targeted and untargeted approaches were used. About 290 signature genes of meibogenesis were identified. The analyses of their expression patterns demonstrated no major differences between the genders. Lipid profiling of major classes of meibomian lipids, such as wax esters, cholesteryl esters, free cholesterol, (O)-acylated omega-hydroxy fatty acids (OAHFA), cholesteryl esters of OAHFA, and triacylglycerols, also demonstrated only minor (and random) differences in these lipids. The results of transcriptomic analyses correlated well with lipidomic data. Taken together, our data imply that in males and females, meibogenesis proceeds in a similar fashion, yielding secretions with similar, highly conserved, compositions. This finding is important for designing novel, gender-independent diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to various MG-related diseases and pathological conditions.

scholarly journals Polysome-Associated lncRNAs during Cardiomyogenesis of hESCs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabela Tiemy Pereira ◽  
Lucia Spangenberg ◽  
Guillermo Cabrera ◽  
Bruno Dallagiovanna
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Translational Regulation ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Complete Characterization ◽  
Differential Association ◽  
Gene Expression Patterns ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been found to be involved in many biological processes, including the regulation of cell differentiation, but a complete characterization of lncRNA is still lacking. Additionally, there is evidence that lncRNAs interact with ribosomes, raising questions about their functions in cells. Here, we used a developmentally staged protocol to induce cardiogenic commitment of hESCs and then investigated the differential association of lncRNAs with polysomes. Our results identified lncRNAs in both the ribosome-free and polysome-bound fractions during cardiogenesis and showed a very well-defined temporal lncRNA association with polysomes. Clustering of lncRNAs was performed according to the gene expression patterns during the five timepoints analyzed. In addition, differential lncRNA recruitment to polysomes was observed when comparing the differentially expressed lncRNAs in the ribosome-free and polysome-bound fractions or when calculating the polysome-bound vs ribosome-free ratio. The association of lncRNAs with polysomes could represent an additional cytoplasmic role of lncRNAs, e.g., in translational regulation of mRNA expression.

scholarly journals Genome-wide identification and characterization of Dof transcription factors in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingzhen Wei ◽  
Wuhong Wang ◽  
Tianhua Hu ◽  
Haijiao Hu ◽  
Weihai Mao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Genome Database ◽  
Homologous Genes ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
The Family ◽  
And Function

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an important vegetable cultivated in Asia, Africa and southern Europe and, following tomato and pepper, ranks as the third most important solanaceous vegetable crop. The Dof (DNA-binding with one finger) family is a group of plant-specific transcription factors that play important roles in plant growth, development, and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. The genes in the Dof family have been identified and analysed in many plant species, but the information remains lacking for eggplant. In the present study, we identified 29 SmeDof members from the eggplant genome database, which were classifed into nine subgroups. The phylogeny, gene structure, conserved motifs and homologous genes of SmeDof genes were comprehensively investigated. Subsequently, we analysed the expression patterns of SmeDof genes in six different eggplant subspecies. The results provide novel insights into the family of SmeDof genes and will promote the understanding of the structure and function of Dof genes in eggplant, and the role of Dof expression during stress.

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