scholarly journals TmAtg6 Plays an Important Role in Anti-Microbial Defense Against Listeria monocytogenes in the Mealworm, Tenebrio molitor

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tariku Tesfaye Edosa ◽  
Yong Hun Jo ◽  
Maryam Keshavarz ◽  
Ki Beom Park ◽  
Jun Ho Cho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Related Gene ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Microbial Defense ◽  
Different Tissues

Autophagy-related gene-6 (Beclin-1 in mammals) plays a pivotal role in autophagy and is involved in autophagosome formation and autolysosome maturation. In this study, we identified and characterized the autophagy-related gene-6 from Tenebrio molitor (TmAtg6) and analyzed its functional role in the survival of the insect against infection. The expression of TmAtg6 was studied using qRT-PCR for the assessment of the transcript levels at various developmental stages in the different tissues. The results showed that TmAtg6 was highly expressed at the 6-day-old pupal stage. Tissue-specific expression studies revealed that TmAtg6 was highly expressed in the hemocytes of late larvae. The induction patterns of TmAtg6 in different tissues of T. molitor larvae were analyzed by injecting Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, or Candida albicans. The intracellular Gram-positive bacteria, L. monocytogenes, solely induced the expression of TmAtg6 in hemocytes at 9 h-post-injection, whilst in the fat body and gut, bimodal expression times were observed. RNAi-mediated knockdown of the TmAtg6 transcripts, followed by a challenge with microbes, showed a significant reduction in larval survival rate against L. monocytogenes. Taken together, our results suggest that TmAtg6 plays an essential role in anti-microbial defense against intracellular bacteria.

scholarly journals Two Roles for the Tenebrio molitor Relish in the Regulation of Antimicrobial Peptides and Autophagy-Related Genes in Response to Listeria monocytogenes

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Keshavarz ◽  
Yong Hun Jo ◽  
Tariku Tesfaye Edosa ◽  
Yeon Soo Han
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor ◽  
Imd Pathway ◽  
Atg Genes ◽  
Notable Increase ◽  
Significant Mortality

Relish is a key NF-κB transcription factor of the immune-deficiency (Imd) pathway that combats infection by regulating antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Understanding of the fundamental role of Tenebrio molitor Relish (TmRelish) in controlling of Listeria monocytogenes virulence through the regulation of both AMPs and autophagy-related (ATG) genes is unclear. Here, we show that TmRelish transcripts were highly abundant in the larval fat body and hemocytes compared to the gut upon L. monocytogenes infection. Furthermore, significant mortality was observed in TmRelish-silenced larvae after intracellular insult. To investigate the cause of this lethality, we measured the induction of AMPs and ATG genes in the TmRelish dsRNA-treated T. molitor larvae. The expression of TmTenecin-1, TmTenecin-4, TmColeptericin-1, TmAttacin-2, and TmCecropin-2 were suppressed in the fat body and hemocytes of dsTmRelish-injected larvae during L. monocytogenes infection. In addition, TmRelish knockdown led to a noticeable downregulation of TmATG1 (a serine-threonine protein kinase) in the fat body and hemocytes of young larvae 6 h post-infection (pi). The notable increase of autophagy genes in the early stage of infection (6 h pi), suggesting autophagy response is crucial for Listeria clearance. Taken together, these results suggest that TmRelish plays pivotal roles in not only regulation of AMP genes but also induction of autophagy genes in response to L. monocytogenes challenge in fat body and hemocytes of T. molitor larvae. Furthermore, negative regulation of several AMPs by TmRelish in the fat body, hemocytes, and gut leaves open the possibility of a crosstalk between Toll and Imd pathway.

Differential Expression of Stage-Specific Fat Body Proteins during Larval-Pupal Period in Silkworm (Bombyx mori)

2013 ◽  
Vol 796 ◽  
pp. 67-71
Author(s):  
Chi Chen ◽  
Yan Yan Liu ◽  
Zhi Ping Wu ◽  
Rui He Niu ◽  
Jian Zhong Tan
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Hypothetical Protein ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Protein Precursor ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Identification

The silkworm fat body is the organ of many intermediary metabolic processes and sustenance of growth throughout the life, and its proteins are responsible for storing nutrients, providing energy and regulating hormones. To date, detailed differential expressions of fat body proteins have not been clearly analyzed. In this research, fat body proteins were extracted from the larvae of the 5th day of the 5th instar, un-pupated larvae of spinning end and pupae of pupating day of the multivoltine silkworm variety Da Zao, and the differential expressed proteins were characterized by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, followed by mass spectrometry identification and informatics method. 14 stage-specific expression proteins were detected and confirmed. Among them, 7 proteins were accurately identified, such as actin, calponin-like protein, beta-tubulin, hypothetical protein, antichymotrypsin precursor and 30K protein precursor etc. The biological roles of these important proteins during the larval-pupal developmental stages were discussed.

scholarly journals Dynamic Analysis of Major Components in the Different Developmental Stages of Tenebrio molitor

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Yu ◽  
Qiang He ◽  
Dun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Analysis ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Dynamic Analyses ◽  
Better Than

The yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, is an important resource insect with a high protein percentage that is widely farmed in many countries. In this study, the content dynamics for protein, fat, chitin, and other components in the whole development process of yellow mealworms were analyzed by sampling from different instars and combining with their growth conditions. The results of the component dynamic analyses in the different development stages showed that the percentages of protein, fat, and chitin were the highest in the larval stage, pupal stage, and adult stage, respectively. The results of amino acid composition dynamic analysis also indicated comparatively higher essential amino acids in the earlier instar (e.g., before the 9th instar) larvae. Therefore, we found that the earlier instar is better than the final instar as the insect farming harvest time. Furthermore, the larvae in the earlier instar consumed dramatically less feed and could effectively reduce the farming costs of insect farmers. This finding provides an alternative option to farm insects for different purposes and in an economic way.

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal selection of reference genes in the two congeneric species of Glycyrrhiza

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuping Li ◽  
Xiaoju Liang ◽  
Xuguo Zhou ◽  
Yu An ◽  
Ming Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Reference Genes ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Individual Factors ◽  
Congeneric Species ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Different Tissues ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractGlycyrrhiza, a genus of perennial medicinal herbs, has been traditionally used to treat human diseases, including respiratory disorders. Functional analysis of genes involved in the synthesis, accumulation, and degradation of bioactive compounds in these medicinal plants requires accurate measurement of their expression profiles. Reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) is a primary tool, which requires stably expressed reference genes to serve as the internal references to normalize the target gene expression. In this study, the stability of 14 candidate reference genes from the two congeneric species G. uralensis and G. inflata, including ACT, CAC, CYP, DNAJ, DREB, EF1, RAN, TIF1, TUB, UBC2, ABCC2, COPS3, CS, R3HDM2, were evaluated across different tissues and throughout various developmental stages. More importantly, we investigated the impact of interactions between tissue and developmental stage on the performance of candidate reference genes. Four algorithms, including geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and Delta Ct, were used to analyze the expression stability and RefFinder, a comprehensive software, provided the final recommendation. Based on previous research and our preliminary data, we hypothesized that internal references for spatio-temporal gene expression are different from the reference genes suited for individual factors. In G. uralensis, the top three most stable reference genes across different tissues were R3HDM2, CAC and TUB, while CAC, CYP and ABCC2 were most suited for different developmental stages. CAC is the only candidate recommended for both biotic factors, which is reflected in the stability ranking for the spatio (tissue)-temporal (developmental stage) interactions (CAC, R3HDM2 and DNAJ). Similarly, in G. inflata, COPS3, R3HDM2 and DREB were selected for tissues, while RAN, COPS3 and CS were recommended for developmental stages. For the tissue-developmental stage interactions, COPS3, DREB and ABCC2 were the most suited reference genes. In both species, only one of the top three candidates was shared between the individual factors and their interactions, specifically, CAC in G. uralensis and COPS3 in G. inflata, which supports our overarching hypothesis. In summary, spatio-temporal selection of reference genes not only lays the foundation for functional genomics research in Glycyrrhiza, but also facilitates these traditional medicinal herbs to reach/maximize their pharmaceutical potential.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity and Side Effect of Indigenous Beauveria bassiana on Coccinella undecimpunctata and Hippodamia variegata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Samy Sayed ◽  
Sayed-Ashraf Elarrnaouty ◽  
Saad AlOtaibi ◽  
Mohamed Salah
Keyword(s):  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Contact Method ◽  
Coccinella Undecimpunctata ◽  
Hippodamia Variegata ◽  
Application Methods

This study aimed to estimate the virulence of an indigenous Beauveria bassiana on all developmental stages of two indigenous coccinellids; Coccinella undecimpunctata and Hippodamia variegata through three application methods; direct spray, contact method, and feeding on aphids treated with the fungus (ingestion). Also, indirect effect on all developmental stages resulted from 1st larval instar treated with these application methods. All treatments were done with a concentration of 1 × 105 which was recommended in previous studies for different aphid species with a control of 0.02% Tween 80 (v/v). The mortality of 1st larval instar of both H. variegata and C. undecimpunctata and pupal stage of C. undecimpunctata were significantly increased with spray method only. Also, contact method achieved significantly higher mortality on 1st larval instar of C. undecimpunctata only. Regard to indirect effect, except of mortality of 1st larval instar of both predators and 2nd larval instar of H. variegata, other developmental instars/stages of both predators were not affected by B. bassiana through the three tested application methods in the mortality, duration, survival, cumulative survival male and female longevity, and fecundity. Therefore, both tested predatory coccinellids could be compatible with this indigenous isolate of B. bassiana where, in general, there are no negative effects of the fungus on both predators.

scholarly journals The Scent of Ant Brood: Caste Differences in Surface Hydrocarbons of Formica exsecta Pupae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Unni Pulliainen ◽  
Nick Bos ◽  
Patrizia d’Ettorre ◽  
Liselotte Sundström
Keyword(s):  
Surface Chemistry ◽  
Chemical Communication ◽  
Cuticular Hydrocarbons ◽  
Social Insects ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Chemical Stimuli ◽  
Caste Differences ◽  
Long Chain

AbstractChemical communication is common across all organisms. Insects in particular use predominantly chemical stimuli in assessing their environment and recognizing their social counterparts. One of the chemical stimuli used for recognition in social insects, such as ants, is the suite of long-chain, cuticular hydrocarbons. In addition to providing waterproofing, these surface hydrocarbons serve as a signature mixture, which ants can perceive, and use to distinguish between strangers and colony mates, and to determine caste, sex, and reproductive status of another individual. They can be both environmentally and endogenously acquired. The surface chemistry of adult workers has been studied extensively in ants, yet the pupal stage has rarely been considered. Here we characterized the surface chemistry of pupae of Formica exsecta, and examine differences among sexes, castes (reproductive vs. worker), and types of sample (developing individual vs. cocoon envelope). We found quantitative and qualitative differences among both castes and types of sample, but male and female reproductives did not differ in their surface chemistry. We also found that the pupal surface chemistry was more complex than that of adult workers in this species. These results improve our understanding of the information on which ants base recognition, and highlights the diversity of surface chemistry in social insects across developmental stages.

Hymenolepis diminuta: metacestode-induced reduction in the synthesis of the yolk protein, vitellogenin, in the fat body of Tenebrio molitor

Parasitology ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Webb ◽  
H. Hurd
Keyword(s):  
Post Infection ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Potent Inhibitor ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Vitellogenin Synthesis ◽  
Specific Stage ◽  
Fat Bodies ◽  
Do So

SUMMARYVitellogenin synthesis by the fat body has been monitored using in vitro culture and immunoprecipitation. This system was found to be efficient for measuring vitellogenin production in both non-infected Tenebrio molitor and those infected with Hymenolepis diminuta. In fat bodies from infected beetles, vitellogenin production was decreased by up to 75% (day 24 post-infection) and, at all times investigated, vitellogenin synthesis was significantly below control levels (days 3–30 post-infection). Incubating fat bodies from control insects with isolated metacestodes indicated that this may be a direct effect by the parasite which is developmental stage-specific. Stage II, but not stage III–IV, nor heat-killed parasites could bring about this decrease in vitellogenin. In addition, these effects may be density dependent within the range of 2–20 parasites per fat body; only 2 metacestodes were necessary to cause a significant decrease. Since metacestodes do not take up vitellogenin, nor limit the amount of [14C] leucine available to the fat body for vitellogenin production, it is conceivable that the parasite produces a potent inhibitor of vitellogenin synthesis, or a molecule which induces cells within the fat body to do so.

scholarly journals L-DOPA Trends in Different Tissues at Early Stages of Vicia faba Growth: Effect of Tyrosine Treatment

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Oviedo-Silva ◽  
Mhartyn Elso-Freudenberg ◽  
Mario Aranda-Bustos
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Vicia Faba ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Growth Effect ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Nonprotein Amino Acid ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Gpx Activity ◽  
Different Tissues

The nonprotein amino acid Levo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) has insecticidal, allelochemical, and antiparkinsonian effects. The aim of this research was to assess L-DOPA content in different tissues of Vicia faba (cv. Super Agua Dulce), and to verify if treatment with the phenolic amino acid L-4-hydroxyphenylalanine (tyrosine) had an effect on such content. Under light germination, control and tyrosine-treated early seedling stages of V. faba were studied and L-DOPA was quantified spectrophotometrically (Arnow’s method) and by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), as well. Additionally, tyrosinase (TYROX) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activities (considered markers of a phenolic compounds metabolism) were quantified as germination proceeded. Different organs (roots, sprouts, and seeds) and different developmental stages were considered. Steady high L-DOPA concentrations were found in untreated sprouts and roots compared to seeds, as time progressed. While TYROX activity was not detected in these experiments, GPX had diverse trends. In control tissues, GPX increased in seed tissue as germination progressed, whereas in roots and sprouts, a decreasing GPX activity was observed. Tyrosine exposure decreased L-DOPA content, and decreased or did not change GPX activity (depending on the organ). Both Arnow’s and HPTLC methods were consistent in terms of tendencies, except for the scarce contents found in seeds, in which HPTLC was more sensitive. The richest source of L-DOPA was found in shoots (untreated), reaching as high as 125 mg g−1 DW (12% in DW) (the highest content reported in fava bean seedlings until now), whereas the smallest L-DOPA content was found in seeds. The importance of light germination conditions is discussed in terms of L-DOPA yield and from a physiological perspective. It is concluded that V. faba (cv. Super Agua Dulce) shoots are a good source of L-DOPA and that tyrosine addition (0.55 mM) decreases L-DOPA content in actively growing tissues (shoots and roots).

scholarly journals Comparative study on five kinds of cytokines in the tissues of Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) of different developmental stages

2021 ◽  
Vol 869 (1) ◽  
pp. 012067
Author(s):  
J Qian ◽  
X Y Zhai ◽  
L Guo ◽  
W G Chen ◽  
J J Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Andrias Davidianus ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Sandwich Method ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Chinese Giant Salamander ◽  
Different Tissues

Abstract By using of the double antibody sandwich method of ELISA, the activities of five cytokines including IL-2, IL-4, IFN-α, IFN-β and TNF-α from the blood serum, liver, intestine and spleen at two developmental stages of Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) were determined to analyze the distribution of the cytokines. The result indicated that five cytokines were found in these four tissues, while their activities were different in different tissues and different ages. The highest activity of IL-2 and IL-4 was all present in blood serum of two different ages. The activity of IFN-α was the highest in blood serum of 1-year-old and in spleen of 2-year-old, respectively. The activity of IFN-β was also highest in blood serum of two different ages. The activity of TNF-α was highest in liver of two different ages. Thus, this study provides convincing reference for blood serum and liver as the most important distribution area of Chinese giant salamander.

The developmental switch in embryonic rho-globin expression is correlated with erythroid lineage-specific differences in transcription factor levels

Development ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 1149-1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.E. Minie ◽  
T. Kimura ◽  
G. Felsenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Globin Gene ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Binding Studies ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Dna Binding Studies ◽  
Translational Start ◽  
Erythroid Development ◽  
Early Developmental

During chicken embryogenesis, the rho-globin gene is expressed only in the early developmental stages. We have examined the mechanisms that are responsible for this behavior. The transcription of the rho-globin gene is strongly correlated with the presence during development of primitive erythroid lineage cells, consistent with the idea that the expression of the rho-globin gene is restricted to that lineage. The “switching off” of rho-globin during development thus reflects the change from primitive to definitive cell lineages which occurs during erythropoiesis in chicken. We use transient expression assays in primary erythroid and other cells to show that the information for lineage- and tissue-specific expression of the rho-globin gene is contained in a 456 bp region upstream of the gene's translational start site. DNA-binding studies, coupled with analysis of the effect on expression of deletions and binding site mutations, were used to identify important control elements within this 456 bp region. We find that binding sites for the ubiquitous transcription factor Sp1, and the specific hematopoietic factor GATA-1, are crucial for expression of the gene in primitive erythroid cells. Quantitative analysis shows that nuclei of the primitive erythroid lineage contain 10-fold more of these factors than do the nuclei of definitive cells. We show that in principle these differences in factor concentration are sufficient to explain the lineage-specific behavior that we observe in our assays. We suggest that this may be an important part of the mechanism for lineage-restricted rho-globin expression during chicken erythroid development. Similar mechanisms may be involved in regulation of other (but not all) members of the globin family.

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