scholarly journals CD155: A Multi-Functional Molecule in Tumor Progression

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Molfetta ◽  
Beatrice Zitti ◽  
Mario Lecce ◽  
Nadia Domenica Milito ◽  
Helena Stabile ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Tumor Progression ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Cytotoxic Lymphocytes ◽  
Tumor Proliferation ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Activating Receptor

CD155 is an adhesion molecule belonging to the Nectin/Nectin-like family often overexpressed on tumor cells and involved in many different processes such as cell adhesion, migration and proliferation. In contrast to these pro-tumorigenic functions, CD155 is also a ligand for the activating receptor DNAM-1 expressed on cytotoxic lymphocytes including Natural Killer (NK) cells and involved in anti-tumor immune response. However, during tumor progression inhibitory receptors for CD155 are up-regulated on the surface of effector cells, contributing to an impairment of their cytotoxic capacity. In this review we will focus on the roles of CD155 as a ligand for the activating receptor DNAM-1 regulating immune surveillance against cancer and as pro-oncogenic molecule favoring tumor proliferation, invasion and immune evasion. A deeper understanding of the multiple roles played by CD155 in cancer development contributes to improving anti-tumor strategies aimed to potentiate immune response against cancer.

scholarly journals DNAM-1 Activating Receptor and Its Ligands: How Do Viruses Affect the NK Cell-Mediated Immune Surveillance during the Various Phases of Infection?

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 3715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loredana Cifaldi ◽  
Margherita Doria ◽  
Nicola Cotugno ◽  
Sonia Zicari ◽  
Caterina Cancrini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Associated Diseases ◽  
Activating Receptors ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Activating Receptor

Natural Killer (NK) cells play a critical role in host defense against viral infections. The mechanisms of recognition and killing of virus-infected cells mediated by NK cells are still only partially defined. Several viruses induce, on the surface of target cells, the expression of molecules that are specifically recognized by NK cell-activating receptors. The main NK cell-activating receptors involved in the recognition and killing of virus-infected cells are NKG2D and DNAM-1. In particular, ligands for DNAM-1 are nectin/nectin-like molecules involved also in mechanisms allowing viral infection. Viruses adopt several immune evasion strategies, including those affecting NK cell-mediated immune surveillance, causing persistent viral infection and the development of virus-associated diseases. The virus’s immune evasion efficacy depends on molecules differently expressed during the various phases of infection. In this review, we overview the molecular strategies adopted by viruses, specifically cytomegalovirus (CMV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), herpes virus (HSV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), aiming to evade NK cell-mediated surveillance, with a special focus on the modulation of DNAM-1 activating receptor and its ligands in various phases of the viral life cycle. The increasing understanding of mechanisms involved in the modulation of activating ligands, together with those mediating the viral immune evasion strategies, would provide critical tools leading to design novel NK cell-based immunotherapies aiming at viral infection control, thus improving cure strategies of virus-associated diseases.

IV. Lymphocyte trafficking in the intestine and liver

1998 ◽  
Vol 274 (1) ◽  
pp. G1-G6 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Salmi ◽  
D. Adams ◽  
S. Jalkanen
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Leukocyte Recruitment ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Large Array ◽  
Lymphocyte Trafficking ◽  
Lymphocyte Adhesion ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Important Barrier

Naive lymphocytes patrol continuously between the blood and different lymphatic tissues to sample the whole body for foreign antigens. During inflammation, leukocyte recruitment into tissue is enhanced to promote the recruitment of a range of effector cells into the affected area. The complex recirculatory pathways that underlie this process are governed by adhesion receptors on blood-borne leukocytes and by their specific ligands expressed on the luminal aspect of endothelial cells lining the vessels. Gut-associated lymphatic tissues are positioned strategically at the major port of entry for foreign antigens. They form a functionally unified entity that utilizes both the afferent and efferent arms of the immune response to respond to the large array of antigens entering via the gut under normal conditions as well as during inflammation. Once antigens have been absorbed from the gut, they may enter the portal vein and the liver where the immune response can be further regulated by the resident immune cells of the liver. Thus the gut and liver form an important barrier to enteral antigens, and leukocyte recruitment to these sites will need to be carefully regulated to ensure effective immune surveillance. In this article, we describe the current concepts of lymphocyte adhesion in these two organs as revealed by animal models. Subsequently, we discuss how well these principles apply to the lymphocyte-endothelial cell interactions in humans and what additional insights can be obtained from human studies.

scholarly journals Electron microscopic analysis of regional lymph nodes in the process of cancer development

2016 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-59
Author(s):  
D E Tsyplakov ◽  
A B Bazhanov
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cytotoxic Lymphocytes ◽  
Local Immune Response ◽  
Regional Lymph Nodes ◽  
Immune Reactions

Aim. To study regional lymph nodes ultrastructure at different cancer stages, determine the reactive changes dynamics and identify the factors contributing to the inadequate local immune response and spread of tumor.Methods. The regional lymph nodes obtained from 149 cancer patients during surgery for cancer of various localization were studied. Lymph nodes obtained from 32 apparently healthy individuals who died of accidental causes were used as a control. One part of lymph node, cut in two parts along the major axis, was used for the histological sections preparation, the second - for electron microscopy. A comparative study of the following groups of preparations was conducted: (1) lymph nodes of the control group; (2) lymph nodes without metastases in stage I cancer; (3) lymph nodes without metastases in stage II cancer; (4) the affected lymph nodes in the II and III stages with various volume metastasis.Results. Ultrastructural changes in the regional lymph nodes in the process of cancer development have a certain dynamics: amid increasing microcirculation disorders and sclerotic processes, redistribution of immune cells and the immune reactions shift to B-cell humoral immunity occurs, resulting in the later stages to inactivation of T-cell-mediated immune reactions and macrophage-monocyte system, while maintaining plasmacytic reaction with high antibody-producing ability of the cells.Conclusion. Factors, contributing to inadequate local immune response are: (a) a progressive decrease in the number of activated (immune) lymphocytes - main cytotoxic anticancer elements, in cancer development; (b) high amount of antibody-producing plasma cells, which can block T-cell cytotoxic effect by humoral antibodies, at all stages of cancer development; (c) decrease of the number of migrated (free) macrophages of monocytic origin and the fixed macrophages - sinuses reticular cells, phagocytic activity decrease; (d) the sclerotic processes and microcirculatory disorders that impede tumor cells and cytotoxic lymphocytes contact.

scholarly journals Targeting Pin1 for Modulation of Cell Motility and Cancer Therapy

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 359
Author(s):  
Hsiang-Hao Chuang ◽  
Yen-Yi Zhen ◽  
Yu-Chen Tsai ◽  
Cheng-Hao Chuang ◽  
Ming-Shyan Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Tumor Suppressors ◽  
Protein Conformation ◽  
Genome Stability ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Cancer Hallmarks ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
And Function

Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1 (Pin1) specifically binds and isomerizes the phosphorylated serine/threonine-proline (pSer/Thr-Pro) motif, which leads to changes in protein conformation and function. Pin1 is widely overexpressed in cancers and plays an important role in tumorigenesis. Mounting evidence has revealed that targeting Pin1 is a potential therapeutic approach for various cancers by inhibiting cell proliferation, reducing metastasis, and maintaining genome stability. In this review, we summarize the underlying mechanisms of Pin1-mediated upregulation of oncogenes and downregulation of tumor suppressors in cancer development. Furthermore, we also discuss the multiple roles of Pin1 in cancer hallmarks and examine Pin1 as a desirable pharmaceutical target for cancer therapy. We also summarize the recent progress of Pin1-targeted small-molecule compounds for anticancer activity.

scholarly journals The Brilliance of Borrelia: Mechanisms of Host Immune Evasion by Lyme Disease-Causing Spirochetes

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 281
Author(s):  
Cassidy Anderson ◽  
Catherine A. Brissette
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Borrelia Burgdorferi Sensu Lato ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Tick Saliva ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptide Resistance

Lyme disease (LD) has become the most common vector-borne illness in the northern hemisphere. The causative agent, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, is capable of establishing a persistent infection within the host. This is despite the activation of both the innate and adaptive immune responses. B. burgdorferi utilizes several immune evasion tactics ranging from the regulation of surface proteins, tick saliva, antimicrobial peptide resistance, and the disabling of the germinal center. This review aims to cover the various methods by which B. burgdorferi evades detection and destruction by the host immune response, examining both the innate and adaptive responses. By understanding the methods employed by B. burgdorferi to evade the host immune response, we gain a deeper knowledge of B. burgdorferi pathogenesis and Lyme disease, and gain insight into how to create novel, effective treatments.

Immunotherapy: New insights in breast cancer treatment

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Bader Alshehri
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Breast Tumor ◽  
Parp Inhibitor ◽  
Breast Cancer Treatment ◽  
New Treatment

Breast cancer being the most malignant and lethal disease persistent among women globally. Immunotherapy as a new treatment modality has emerged in understanding the loopholes in the treatment of breast cancer which is mainly attributed to the potential of tumor cells to evade and survive the immune response by developing various strategies. Therefore, improved understanding of the immune evasion by cancer cells and the monoclonal antibodies against PD- and PD-L1 can help us in the diagnosis of this malignancy. Here in this article, I have highlighted that in addition to focusing on other strategies for breast cancer treatment, the involvement of immune system in breast cancer is vital for the understanding of this malignancy. Further, the complete involvement of immune system in the relapse or recurrence of the breast tumor and have also highlighted the role of vaccines, PD-1 and CTLA-4 with the recent advances in the field. Moreover, in addition to the application of immunotherapy as a sole therapy, combinations of immunotherapy with various strategies like targeting it with MEK inhibitors, Vaccines, chemotherapy and PARP inhibitor has shown to have significant benefits is also discussed in this article.

scholarly journals Hypoxia and the Tumor Microenvironment

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 153303382110363
Author(s):  
Yue Li ◽  
Long Zhao ◽  
Xiao-Feng Li
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Tumor Progression ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Tumor Biology ◽  
Metastatic Potential ◽  
Tumor Detection ◽  
Tumor Aggressiveness

Hypoxia is an important feature of the tumor microenvironment, and is closely associated with cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metabolism and the tumor immune response. All these factors can further promote tumor progression, increase tumor aggressiveness, enhance tumor metastatic potential and lead to poor prognosis. In this review, these effects of hypoxia on tumor biology will be discussed, along with their significance for tumor detection and treatment.

scholarly journals Tumor progression by immune evasion in melanoma

Cancer ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 116 (7) ◽  
pp. 1623-1625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Kashani-Sabet
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Progression ◽  
Immune Evasion

scholarly journals DAP12 Inhibits Pulmonary Immune Responses to Cryptococcus neoformans

2016 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 1879-1886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena J. Heung ◽  
Tobias M. Hohl
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Efficient Uptake ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Cryptococcus neoformansis an opportunistic fungal pathogen that is inhaled into the lungs and can lead to life-threatening meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised patients. Currently, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the mammalian immune response to respiratory cryptococcal challenge remain poorly defined. DAP12, a signaling adapter for multiple pattern recognition receptors in myeloid and natural killer (NK) cells, has been shown to play both activating and inhibitory roles during lung infections by different bacteria and fungi. In this study, we demonstrate that DAP12 plays an important inhibitory role in the immune response toC. neoformans. Infectious outcomes in DAP12−/−mice, including survival and lung fungal burden, are significantly improved compared to those in C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice. We find that eosinophils and macrophages are decreased while NK cells are increased in the lungs of infected DAP12−/−mice. In contrast to WT NK cells, DAP12−/−NK cells are able to repressC. neoformansgrowthin vitro. Additionally, DAP12−/−macrophages are more highly activated than WT macrophages, with increased production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and CCL5/RANTES and more efficient uptake and killing ofC. neoformans. These findings suggest that DAP12 acts as a brake on the pulmonary immune response toC. neoformansby promoting pulmonary eosinophilia and by inhibiting the activation and antifungal activities of effector cells, including NK cells and macrophages.

scholarly journals Functional analysis of T cells expressing Ia antigens. I. Demonstration of helper T-cell heterogeneity.

1979 ◽  
Vol 150 (6) ◽  
pp. 1293-1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
J E Swierkosz ◽  
P Marrack ◽  
J W Kappler
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin ◽  
T Cell Subsets ◽  
Cytotoxic Lymphocytes ◽  
Lymphocyte Function ◽  
Con A ◽  
Helper T Cell ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Ia Antigens

We have examined the expression of I-region antigens on functional subpopulations of murine T cells. A.TH anti-A.TL (anti-Ik, Sk, Gk) alloantiserum was raised by immunization of recipients with concanavalin A (Con A) stimulated thymic and peripheral T-cell blasts. In contrast to similar antisera made by conventional methods, the anti-Ia blast serum was highly cytotoxic for purified T lymphocytes. Moreover, it reacted in a specific fashion with T cells having particular functions. Treatment of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-primed B10.A (H-2 alpha) T cells with this antiserum plus complement resulted in the elimination of helper activity for B-cell responses to trinitrophenyl-KLH. Inhibition was shown to be a result of the selective killing of one type of helper T cell whose activity could be replaced by a factor(s) found in the supernate of Con A-activated spleen cells. A second type of helper cell required for responses to protein-bound antigens appeared to be Ia-. By absorption and analysis on H-2 recombinants, at least two specificities were detectable on helper T cells; one mapping in the I-A subregion and a second in a region(s) to the right of I-J. In addition, the helper T cell(s) involved in the generation of alloreactive cytotoxic lymphocytes was shown to be Ia+, whereas cytotoxic effector cells and their precursors were Ia- with this antiserum. These results provide strong evidence for the selective expression of I-region determinants on T-cell subsets and suggest that T-cell-associated Ia antigens may play an important role in T-lymphocyte function.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document