scholarly journals Genomic Characterization and Expressional Profiles of Autophagy-Related Genes (ATGs) in Oilseed Crop Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bing Han ◽  
Hui Xu ◽  
Yingting Feng ◽  
Wei Xu ◽  
Qinghua Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Function ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Castor Bean ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Seed Biology ◽  
Cellular Autophagy

Cellular autophagy is a widely-occurring conserved process for turning over damaged organelles or recycling cytoplasmic contents in cells. Although autophagy-related genes (ATGs) have been broadly identified from many plants, little is known about the potential function of autophagy in mediating plant growth and development, particularly in recycling cytoplasmic contents during seed development and germination. Castor bean (Ricinus communis) is one of the most important inedible oilseed crops. Its mature seed has a persistent and large endosperm with a hard and lignified seed coat, and is considered a model system for studying seed biology. Here, a total of 34 RcATG genes were identified in the castor bean genome and their sequence structures were characterized. The expressional profiles of these RcATGs were examined using RNA-seq and real-time PCR in a variety of tissues. In particular, we found that most RcATGs were significantly up-regulated in the later stage of seed coat development, tightly associated with the lignification of cell wall tissues. During seed germination, the expression patterns of most RcATGs were associated with the decomposition of storage oils. Furthermore, we observed by electron microscopy that the lipid droplets were directly swallowed by the vacuoles, suggesting that autophagy directly participates in mediating the decomposition of lipid droplets via the microlipophagy pathway in germinating castor bean seeds. This study provides novel insights into understanding the potential function of autophagy in mediating seed development and germination.

scholarly journals Genomics analysis of genes encoding respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs) in jatropha and the comparison with castor bean

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongguo Zhao ◽  
Zhi Zou
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Respiratory Burst ◽  
Castor Bean ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Global Gene Expression ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Global Gene Expression Profiling ◽  
Respiratory Burst Oxidase

Respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs), which catalyze the production of superoxide from oxygen and NADPH, play key roles in plant growth and development, hormone signaling, and stress responses. Compared with extensive studies in model plants arabidopsis and rice, little is known about RBOHs in other species. This study presents a genome-wide analysis of Rboh family genes in jatropha (Jatropha curcas) as well as the comparison with castor bean (Ricinus communis), another economically important non-food oilseed crop of the Euphorbiaceae family. The family number of seven members identified from the jatropha genome is equal to that present in castor bean, and further phylogenetic analysis assigned these genes into seven groups named RBOHD, -C, -B, -E, -F, -N, and -H. In contrast to a high number of paralogs present in arabidopsis and rice that experienced several rounds of recent whole-genome duplications, no duplicate was identified in both jatropha and castor bean. Conserved synteny and one-to-one orthologous relationship were observed between jatropha and castor bean Rboh genes. Although exon-intron structures are usually highly conserved between orthologs, loss of certain introns was observed for JcRbohB, JcRbohD, and RcRbohN, supporting their divergence. Global gene expression profiling revealed diverse patterns of JcRbohs over various tissues. Moreover, expression patterns of JcRbohs during flower development as well as various stresses were also investigated. These findings will not only improve our knowledge on species-specific evolution of the Rboh gene family, but also provide valuable information for further functional analysis of Rboh genes in jatropha.

scholarly journals Bulked segregant analysis reveals candidate genes responsible for dwarf formation in woody oilseed crop castor bean

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zaiqing Wang ◽  
Anmin Yu ◽  
Fei Li ◽  
Wei Xu ◽  
Bing Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Castor Bean ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Bulked Segregant Analysis ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Yeast Transformation ◽  
Dwarf Phenotype ◽  
Genetic Breeding

AbstractPlant dwarfism is a desirable agronomic trait in non-timber trees, but little is known about the physiological and molecular mechanism underlying dwarfism in woody plants. Castor bean (Ricinus communis) is a typical woody oilseed crop. We performed cytological observations within xylem, phloem and cambia tissues, revealing that divergent cell growth in all tissues might play a role in the dwarf phenotype in cultivated castor bean. Based on bulked segregant analyses for a F2 population generated from the crossing of a tall and a dwarf accession, we identified two QTLs associated with plant height, covering 325 candidate genes. One of these, Rc5NG4-1 encoding a putative IAA transport protein localized in the tonoplast was functionally characterized. A non-synonymous SNP (altering the amino acid sequence from Y to C at position 218) differentiated the tall and dwarf plants and we confirmed, through heterologous yeast transformation, that the IAA uptake capacities of Rc5NG4-1Y and Rc5NG4-1C were significantly different. This study provides insights into the physiological and molecular mechanisms of dwarfing in woody non-timber economically important plants, with potential to aid in the genetic breeding of castor bean and other related crops.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Spatial-temporal Dynamics of Gene Expression Essential for Soybean Seed Development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hengyou Zhang ◽  
Zhenbin Hu ◽  
Yuming Yang ◽  
Xiaoqian Liu ◽  
Haiyan Lv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Development ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Seed Formation ◽  
Developing Seeds

Abstract Background: Seeds are the economic basis of oilseed crops, especially for soybean, thus far the most widely cultivated oilseed crop worldwide. Seed development is accompanied with a multitude of diverse cellular processes and revealing the underlying regulatory activities is critical for seed improvement. Results: Here, we profiled transcriptomes of developing seeds (20, 25, 30, 40 days after flowering) representing key points of seed development from early to full development. We identified a set of highly-abundant genes and highlighted the importance of these genes to support nutrient accumulation and transcriptional regulation in developing seeds. We identified 8,925 differentially expressed genes that exhibited temporal expression patterns over the course and had expression specificities in distinct tissues including seeds and non-seed tissues (roots, stems, leaves). Genes with specificities to non-seed tissues have tissue-specialized roles while remain relatively low transcript abundance in developing seeds, exhibiting their supportive roles spatially for seed development. Co-expression network analysis identified several under-explored genes in soybean that bridge tissue-specific gene modules. Conclusions: Our study provides a global view of gene activities and biological processes critical for seed formation in soybean and prioritizes a set of genes for further study. The results shed insight into the mechanism controlling seed development and storage reserves.

scholarly journals cDNA-AFLP analysis of transcript derived fragments during seed development in castor bean (Ricinus communis L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 1119-1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fenglan Huang ◽  
Mu Peng ◽  
Xiaofeng Chen ◽  
Guorui Li ◽  
Jianjun Di ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Development ◽  
Castor Bean ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Aflp Analysis ◽  
Ricinus Communis L

scholarly journals Immunolocalization of ricin accumulation during castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) seed development

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aisy Botega Baldoni ◽  
Ana Cláudia Guerra Araújo ◽  
Mayara Holanda De Carvalho ◽  
Ana Cristina M. M. Gomes ◽  
Francisco J. L. Aragao
Keyword(s):  
Seed Development ◽  
Castor Bean ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Protein Storage ◽  
Protein Storage Vacuoles ◽  
Ricinus Communis L ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Localization Signal

Ricin is a dimeric glycoprotein that accumulates in protein storage vacuoles of endosperm cells of Ricinus communis L. (castor bean). The proricin travels through the Golgi appar­atus and co-localizes throughout its route to the storage vacuoles of developing castor bean endosperm. We report here the pattern of seed morphological and ultrastructural changes during various stages of seed development, associated with ricin accumulation. ELISA was used to compare the ricin content in mature seeds of four Brazilian commercial cultivars. ELISA and immunoelectron microscopy anal­ysis were used to study ricin accumulation during seed development from 10 to 60 days after pollination (DAP). Results have shown that no ricin could be localized in the endosperm cells in the early development stages (before 20 DAP) and only a few localization points could be observed at 30 DAP. However, a significant ricin localization signal was observed at 40 DAP in the matrix of the protein storage vacuoles. The signal increased significantly from 50 to 60 DAP, when ricin was observed in both the matrix and crystalloids of the protein storage vacuoles. Understanding ricin expression at the cellular level is fundamental for the development of strategies for gene suppression using molecular breeding approaches.

scholarly journals Genomic insights into the origin, domestication and genetic basis of agronomic traits of castor bean

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Xu ◽  
Di Wu ◽  
Tianquan Yang ◽  
Chao Sun ◽  
Zaiqing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Castor Bean ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Trait Locus ◽  
Wild Progenitors

Abstract Background Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is an important oil crop, which belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family. The seed oil of castor bean is currently the only commercial source of ricinoleic acid that can be used for producing about 2000 industrial products. However, it remains largely unknown regarding the origin, domestication, and the genetic basis of key traits of castor bean. Results Here we perform a de novo chromosome-level genome assembly of the wild progenitor of castor bean. By resequencing and analyzing 505 worldwide accessions, we reveal that the accessions from East Africa are the extant wild progenitors of castor bean, and the domestication occurs ~ 3200 years ago. We demonstrate that significant genetic differentiation between wild populations in Kenya and Ethiopia is associated with past climate fluctuation in the Turkana depression ~ 7000 years ago. This dramatic change in climate may have caused the genetic bottleneck in wild castor bean populations. By a genome-wide association study, combined with quantitative trait locus analysis, we identify important candidate genes associated with plant architecture and seed size. Conclusions This study provides novel insights of domestication and genome evolution of castor bean, which facilitates genomics-based breeding of this important oilseed crop and potentially other tree-like crops in future.

scholarly journals Salt-Tolerance in Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.) Is Associated with Thicker Roots and Better Tissue K+/Na+ Distribution

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 821
Author(s):  
Junlin Zheng ◽  
Gilang B. F. Suhono ◽  
Yinghao Li ◽  
Maggie Ying Jiang ◽  
Yinglong Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Castor Bean ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Ricinus Communis L ◽  
Young Leaves

Soil salinity is a serious threat to agriculture worldwide. Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is an in-demand oilseed crop containing 40–60% highly valued oil in its seeds. It is moderately sensitive to salinity. Two glasshouse experiments were conducted to assess plant growth and ion tissue distribution in different castor bean genotypes under various salt stress conditions to explore their potential for cultivation on saline land. Experiment 1 evaluated the response of five castor bean genotypes to four salt treatments (0, 50, 100, or 150 mM NaCl) up to 91 days after sowing (DAS). Experiment 2 further evaluated two genotypes selected from Experiment 1 in 1 m deep PVC tubes exposed to 0, 100, or 200 mM NaCl treatment for 112 DAS (Experiment 2). Experiment 1 showed that salt addition (particularly 150 mM NaCl) reduced plant height, stem diameter, shoot and root dry weights, photosynthetic traits, and leaf K+/Na+ ratio while increasing the leaf Na+ concentration of castor bean plants. Two genotypes, Zibo (Chinese variety) and Freo (Australian wild type), were more salt-tolerant than the other tested genotypes. In Experiment 2, salt-stressed Zibo flowered earlier than the control, while flowering time of Freo was not influenced by salt stress. The 200 mM NaCl treatment reduced the total root length and increased the average root diameter of both Zibo and Freo compared to the control. In addition, the 200 mM NaCl treatment significantly decreased total leaf area, chlorophyll content, and shoot and root dry weight of both castor bean genotypes by 50%, 10.6%, 53.1%, and 59.4%, respectively, relative to the control. In contrast, the 100 mM NaCl treatment did not significantly affect these traits, indicating that both genotypes tolerated salt stress up to 100 mM NaCl. In general, Freo had greater salt tolerance than Zibo, due to its higher average root diameter, lower Na+ concentration, and higher K+/Na+ ratio in young leaves under salt conditions. In conclusion, genotype Freo is recommended for cultivation in saline soils and could be used to breed high-yielding and salt-tolerant castor bean genotypes.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Analysis of the Fatty Acid Desaturase Gene Family Reveals the Key Role of PfFAD3 in α-Linolenic Acid Biosynthesis in Perilla Seeds

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wu Duan ◽  
Yang Shi-Mei ◽  
Shang Zhi-Wei ◽  
Xu Jing ◽  
Zhao De-Gang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Fatty Acid Desaturase ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Evolutionary Features

Perilla (Perilla frutescens), a traditional medicinal and oilseed crop in Asia, contains extremely high levels of polyunsaturated α-linolenic acid (ALA) (up to 60.9%) in its seeds. ALA biosynthesis is a multistep process catalyzed by fatty acid desaturases (FADs), but the FAD gene family in perilla has not been systematically characterized. Here, we identified 42 PfFADs in the perilla genome and classified them into five subfamilies. Subfamily members of PfFADs had similar exon/intron structures, conserved domain sequences, subcellular localizations, and cis-regulatory elements in their promoter regions. PfFADs also possessed various expression patterns. PfFAD3.1 was highly expressed in the middle stage of seed development, whereas PfFAD7/8.3 and PfFAD7/8.5 were highly expressed in leaf and later stages of seed development, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the evolutionary features coincided with the functionalization of different subfamilies of PUFA desaturase. Heterologous overexpression of PfFAD3.1 in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds increased ALA content by 17.68%–37.03%. These findings provided insights into the characteristics and functions of PfFAD genes in perilla.

scholarly journals Seed Biology of Lepidium apetalum (Brassicaceae), with Particular Reference to Dormancy and Mucilage Development

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 333
Author(s):  
Keliang Zhang ◽  
Yin Zhang ◽  
Yusong Ji ◽  
Jeffrey L. Walck ◽  
Jun Tao
Keyword(s):  
Seed Development ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Outer Integument ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Cold Stratification ◽  
Anatomical Changes ◽  
Seed Biology ◽  
Physiological Dormancy

Lepidium apetalum (Brassicaceae) is an annual or biennial weed widely distributed in Asia and Europe. The outer surface of L. apetalum seeds produces a large amount of mucilage. The primary aim of this study was to explore the dormancy characteristics and to determine how mucilage develops. The role of mucilage in water absorption/dehydration, the effects of after-ripening, gibberellin acid (GA3), cold stratification and seed coat scarification on germination, the role of mucilage in germination and seedling growth during drought, and the progress of mucilage production during seed development were investigated. The results indicate that the best temperature regime for germination was 10/20 °C. After-ripening, GA3 and seed coat scarification helped to break dormancy. Light promoted germination. Seedling growth of mucilaged seeds were significantly higher than those of demucilaged seeds at −0.606 and −1.027 MPa. Anatomical changes during seed development showed that mucilage was derived from the outer layer of the outer integument cells. Our findings suggest that seeds of L. apetalum exhibited non-deep physiological dormancy. The dormancy characteristics along with mucilage production give seeds of L. apetalum a competitive advantage over other species, and thus contribute to its potential as a weed. Effective control of this weed can be achieved by deep tillage.

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