scholarly journals DRG2 Deficient Mice Exhibit Impaired Motor Behaviors with Reduced Striatal Dopamine Release

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Hye Ryeong Lim ◽  
Mai-Tram Vo ◽  
Dong Jun Kim ◽  
Unn Hwa Lee ◽  
Jong Hyuk Yoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Brain ◽  
Dopamine Release ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Dopamine Neurons ◽  
Dopamine Synthesis ◽  
Developmentally Regulated ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
Motor Deficiency ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Developmentally regulated GTP-binding protein 2 (DRG2) was first identified in the central nervous system of mice. However, the physiological function of DRG2 in the brain remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated that knocking out DRG2 impairs the function of dopamine neurons in mice. DRG2 was strongly expressed in the neurons of the dopaminergic system such as those in the striatum (Str), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and substantia nigra (SN), and on neuronal cell bodies in high-density regions such as the hippocampus (HIP), cerebellum, and cerebral cortex in the mouse brain. DRG2 knockout (KO) mice displayed defects in motor function in motor coordination and rotarod tests and increased anxiety. However, unexpectedly, DRG2 depletion did not affect the dopamine (DA) neuron population in the SN, Str, or VTA region or dopamine synthesis in the Str region. We further demonstrated that dopamine release was significantly diminished in the Str region of DRG2 KO mice and that treatment of DRG2 KO mice with l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), a dopamine precursor, rescued the behavioral motor deficiency in DRG2 KO mice as observed with the rotarod test. This is the first report to identify DRG2 as a key regulator of dopamine release from dopamine neurons in the mouse brain.

The Red Neuronal Pigment in the Nervous System of the Mussel, Mytilus Edulis: Localization and Its Effect on Lateral Ciliary Activity with Spectral and Analytical Changes

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 494-495
Author(s):  
Anthony A. Paparo ◽  
Judith A. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Ciliary Activity ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Intracellular Organelles ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Cryostat Sections

The purpose of this study was to localize the red neuronal pigment in Mytilus edulis and examine its role in the control of lateral ciliary activity in the gill. The visceral ganglia (Vg) in the central nervous system show an over al red pigmentation. Most red pigments examined in squash preps and cryostat sec tions were localized in the neuronal cell bodies and proximal axon regions. Unstained cryostat sections showed highly localized patches of this pigment scattered throughout the cells in the form of dense granular masses about 5-7 um in diameter, with the individual granules ranging from 0.6-1.3 um in diame ter. Tissue stained with Gomori's method for Fe showed bright blue granular masses of about the same size and structure as previously seen in unstained cryostat sections.Thick section microanalysis (Fig.l) confirmed both the localization and presence of Fe in the nerve cell. These nerve cells of the Vg share with other pigmented photosensitive cells the common cytostructural feature of localization of absorbing molecules in intracellular organelles where they are tightly ordered in fine substructures.

scholarly journals Brain spectrin(240/235) and brain spectrin(240/235E): two distinct spectrin subtypes with different locations within mammalian neural cells.

1986 ◽  
Vol 102 (6) ◽  
pp. 2088-2097 ◽  
Author(s):  
B M Riederer ◽  
I S Zagon ◽  
S R Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Mouse Brain ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Adult Mouse ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Adult Mouse Brain ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
Brain Spectrin

Adult mouse brain contains at least two distinct spectrin subtypes, both consisting of 240-kD and 235-kD subunits. Brain spectrin(240/235) is found in neuronal axons, but not dendrites, when immunohistochemistry is performed with antibody raised against brain spectrin isolated from enriched synaptic/axonal membranes. A second spectrin subtype, brain spectrin(240/235E), is exclusively recognized by red blood cell spectrin antibody. Brain spectrin(240/235E) is confined to neuronal cell bodies and dendrites, and some glial cells, but is not present in axons or presynaptic terminals.

scholarly journals Drosophila ßHeavy-Spectrin is required in polarized ensheathing glia that form a diffusion-barrier around the neuropil

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Pogodalla ◽  
Holger Kranenburg ◽  
Simone Rey ◽  
Silke Rodrigues ◽  
Albert Cardona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Diffusion Barrier ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Apical Plasma Membrane ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Basolateral Plasma Membrane ◽  
Nervous System Function ◽  
Spectrin Cytoskeleton

AbstractIn the central nervous system (CNS), functional tasks are often allocated to distinct compartments. This is also evident in the Drosophila CNS where synapses and dendrites are clustered in distinct neuropil regions. The neuropil is separated from neuronal cell bodies by ensheathing glia, which as we show using dye injection experiments, contribute to the formation of an internal diffusion barrier. We find that ensheathing glia are polarized with a basolateral plasma membrane rich in phosphatidylinositol-(3,4,5)-triphosphate (PIP3) and the Na+/K+-ATPase Nervana2 (Nrv2) that abuts an extracellular matrix formed at neuropil-cortex interface. The apical plasma membrane is facing the neuropil and is rich in phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP2) that is supported by a sub-membranous ßHeavy-Spectrin cytoskeleton. ßHeavy-spectrin mutant larvae affect ensheathing glial cell polarity with delocalized PIP2 and Nrv2 and exhibit an abnormal locomotion which is similarly shown by ensheathing glia ablated larvae. Thus, polarized glia compartmentalizes the brain and is essential for proper nervous system function.

faint sausage encodes a novel extracellular protein of the immunoglobulin superfamily required for cell migration and the establishment of normal axonal pathways in the Drosophila nervous system

Development ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 125 (14) ◽  
pp. 2747-2758 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.C. Lekven ◽  
U. Tepass ◽  
M. Keshmeshian ◽  
V. Hartenstein
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Migration ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Protein Product ◽  
Extracellular Protein ◽  
Immunoglobulin Superfamily ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
High Concentrations

We examined the structure of the nervous system in Drosophila embryos homozygous for a null mutation in the faint sausage (fas) gene. In the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of fas mutants, neurons fail to delaminate from the ectodermal epithelium; in the central nervous system (CNS), the positions of neuronal cell bodies and glial cells are abnormal and normal axonal pathways do not form. Sequence analysis of fas cDNAs revealed that the fas protein product has characteristics of an extracellular protein and that it is a novel member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily. In situ hybridization demonstrated that fas transcripts are expressed throughout the embryo but they are in relatively high concentrations in the lateral ectoderm, from which the peripheral nervous system delaminates and in the CNS. Antiserum directed against Fas protein was found to stain neurons but not glia in the CNS. We conclude that fas encodes a protein that, in the developing nervous system, is present on the surface of neurons and is essential for nerve cell migration and the establishment of axonal pathways.

scholarly journals New oligodendrocytes exhibit more abundant and accurate myelin regeneration than those that survive demyelination

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A Neely ◽  
Jill M Williamson ◽  
Anna Klingseisen ◽  
Lida Zoupi ◽  
Jason J Early ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Live Imaging ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Demyelinating Diseases ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Regeneration of myelin (remyelination) in the central nervous system (CNS) has long been thought to be principally mediated by newly generated oligodendrocytes, a premise underpinning therapeutic strategies for demyelinating diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent studies have indicated that oligodendrocytes that survive demyelination can also contribute to remyelination, including in MS, but it is unclear how remyelination by surviving oligodendrocytes compares to that of newly generated oligodendrocytes. Here we studied oligodendrocytes in MS, and also imaged remyelination in vivo by surviving and new oligodendrocytes using zebrafish. We define a previously unappreciated pathology in MS, myelination of neuronal cell bodies, which is recapitulated during remyelination by surviving oligodendrocytes in zebrafish. Live imaging also revealed that surviving oligodendrocytes make very few new sheaths, but can support sheath growth along axons. In comparison, newly made oligodendrocytes make abundant new sheaths, properly targeted to axons, and exhibit a much greater capacity for regeneration.

scholarly journals Morpho-Functional Consequences of Swiss Cheese Knockdown in Glia of Drosophila melanogaster

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 529
Author(s):  
Elena V. Ryabova ◽  
Pavel A. Melentev ◽  
Artem E. Komissarov ◽  
Nina V. Surina ◽  
Ekaterina A. Ivanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cortical Region ◽  
Swiss Cheese ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
Functional Consequences ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Glia are crucial for the normal development and functioning of the nervous system in many animals. Insects are widely used for studies of glia genetics and physiology. Drosophila melanogaster surface glia (perineurial and subperineurial) form a blood–brain barrier in the central nervous system and blood–nerve barrier in the peripheral nervous system. Under the subperineurial glia layer, in the cortical region of the central nervous system, cortex glia encapsulate neuronal cell bodies, whilst in the peripheral nervous system, wrapping glia ensheath axons of peripheral nerves. Here, we show that the expression of the evolutionarily conserved swiss cheese gene is important in several types of glia. swiss cheese knockdown in subperineurial glia leads to morphological abnormalities of these cells. We found that the number of subperineurial glia nuclei is reduced under swiss cheese knockdown, possibly due to apoptosis. In addition, the downregulation of swiss cheese in wrapping glia causes a loss of its integrity. We reveal transcriptome changes under swiss cheese knockdown in subperineurial glia and in cortex + wrapping glia and show that the downregulation of swiss cheese in these types of glia provokes reactive oxygen species acceleration. These results are accompanied by a decline in animal mobility measured by the negative geotaxis performance assay.

scholarly journals Subcellular proteomics of dopamine neurons in the mouse brain reveals axonal enrichment of proteins encoded by Parkinson's disease-linked genes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin D. Hobson ◽  
Se Joon Choi ◽  
Rajesh K. Soni ◽  
David Sulzer ◽  
Peter A Sims
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Mouse Brain ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Dopamine Neurons ◽  
Cell Type Specificity ◽  
Subcellular Proteomics

Dopaminergic neurons modulate neural circuits and behaviors via dopamine release from expansive, long range axonal projections. The elaborate cytoarchitecture of these neurons is embedded within complex brain tissue, making it difficult to access the neuronal proteome using conventional methods. Here, we demonstrate APEX2 proximity labeling within genetically targeted neurons in the mouse brain, enabling subcellular proteomics with cell type-specificity. By combining APEX2 biotinylation with mass spectrometry, we mapped the somatodendritic and axonal proteomes of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Our dataset reveals the proteomic architecture underlying proteostasis, axonal metabolism, and neurotransmission in these neurons. We find a significant enrichment of proteins encoded by Parkinson's disease-linked genes in striatal dopaminergic axons, including proteins with previously undescribed axonal localization. These proteomic datasets provide a resource for neuronal cell biology, and this approach can be readily adapted for study of other neural cell types.

scholarly journals Drosophila beta-Heavy-Spectrin is required in polarized ensheathing glia that form a diffusion-barrier around the neuropil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Pogodalla ◽  
Holger Kranenburg ◽  
Simone Rey ◽  
Silke Rodrigues ◽  
Albert Cardona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Diffusion Barrier ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Apical Plasma Membrane ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
Insect Cns ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System Function ◽  
Spectrin Cytoskeleton

In the central nervous system (CNS), functional tasks are often allocated to distinct compartments. This is also evident in the insect CNS where synapses and dendrites are clustered in distinct neuropil regions. The neuropil is separated from neuronal cell bodies by ensheathing glia, which as we show using dye injection experiments forms an internal diffusion barrier. We find that ensheathing glial cells are polarized with a basolateral plasma membrane rich in phosphatidylinositol-(3,4,5)-triphosphate (PIP3) and the Na+/K+-ATPase Nervana2 (Nrv2) that abuts an extracellular matrix formed at neuropil-cortex interface. The apical plasma membrane is facing the neuropil and is rich in phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP2) that is supported by a sub-membranous beta-Heavy-Spectrin cytoskeleton. beta-Heavy-spectrin mutant larvae affect ensheathing glial cell polarity with delocalized PIP2 and Nrv2 and exhibit an abnormal locomotion which is similarly shown by ensheathing glia ablated larvae. Thus, polarized glia compartmentalizes the brain and is essential for proper nervous system function.

scholarly journals Distribution of N-Acetylgalactosamine-Positive Perineuronal Nets in the Macaque Brain: Anatomy and Implications

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrienne L. Mueller ◽  
Adam Davis ◽  
Samantha Sovich ◽  
Steven S. Carlson ◽  
Farrel R. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cerebellar Nuclei ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Perineuronal Nets ◽  
Simple Relationship ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Extracellular Molecules

Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular molecules that form around neurons near the end of critical periods during development. They surround neuronal cell bodies and proximal dendrites. PNNs inhibit the formation of new connections and may concentrate around rapidly firing inhibitory interneurons. Previous work characterized the important role of perineuronal nets in plasticity in the visual system, amygdala, and spinal cord of rats. In this study, we use immunohistochemistry to survey the distribution of perineuronal nets in representative areas of the primate brain. We also document changes in PNN prevalence in these areas in animals of different ages. We found that PNNs are most prevalent in the cerebellar nuclei, surrounding >90% of the neurons there. They are much less prevalent in cerebral cortex, surrounding less than 10% of neurons in every area that we examined. The incidence of perineuronal nets around parvalbumin-positive neurons (putative fast-spiking interneurons) varies considerably between different areas in the brain. Our survey indicates that the presence of PNNs may not have a simple relationship with neural plasticity and may serve multiple functions in the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Serotonin release from the neuronal cell body and its long-lasting effects on the nervous system

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1672) ◽  
pp. 20140196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco F. De-Miguel ◽  
Carolina Leon-Pinzon ◽  
Paula Noguez ◽  
Bruno Mendez
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Body ◽  
Calcium Release ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Serotonin Release ◽  
Neuronal Cell Body ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
Multistep Process ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Calcium Induced Calcium Release

Serotonin, a modulator of multiple functions in the nervous system, is released predominantly extrasynaptically from neuronal cell bodies, axons and dendrites. This paper describes how serotonin is released from cell bodies of Retzius neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) of the leech, and how it affects neighbouring glia and neurons. The large Retzius neurons contain serotonin packed in electrodense vesicles. Electrical stimulation with 10 impulses at 1 Hz fails to evoke exocytosis from the cell body, but the same number of impulses at 20 Hz promotes exocytosis via a multistep process. Calcium entry into the neuron triggers calcium-induced calcium release, which activates the transport of vesicle clusters to the plasma membrane. Exocytosis occurs there for several minutes. Serotonin that has been released activates autoreceptors that induce an inositol trisphosphate-dependent calcium increase, which produces further exocytosis. This positive feedback loop subsides when the last vesicles in the cluster fuse and calcium returns to basal levels. Serotonin released from the cell body is taken up by glia and released elsewhere in the CNS. Synchronous bursts of neuronal electrical activity appear minutes later and continue for hours. In this way, a brief train of impulses is translated into a long-term modulation in the nervous system.

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