scholarly journals Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of ABC Transporters in Nine Rosaceae Species Identifying MdABCG28 as a Possible Cytokinin Transporter linked to Dwarfing

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 5783
Author(s):  
Yi Feng ◽  
Qiran Sun ◽  
Guifen Zhang ◽  
Ting Wu ◽  
Xinzhong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abc Transporter ◽  
Abc Transporters ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Apple Rootstocks ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Protein Motifs ◽  
Rosaceae Species ◽  
Abc Transporter Genes

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters constitute a large, diverse, and ubiquitous superfamily that is involved in a broad range of processes. The completion of genome sequencing provides an opportunity to understand the phylogenetic history of the ABC transporter superfamily among Rosaceae species. This study identified a total of 1323 ABC transporter genes from nine Rosaceae genomes: 191 from Malus domestica, 174 from Pyrus communis, 138 from Prunus persica, 118 from Prunus avium, 141 from Prunus dulcis, 122 from Fragaria vesca, 98 from Rubus occidentalis, 162 from Prunus mume, and 179 from Rosa chinensis. Their chemical characterization, phylogenetic analysis, chromosomal localization, gene structure, gene duplication, and tissue-specific expression were studied. Their subcellular localization, transmembrane structures, and protein motifs were predicted. All the ABC transporter genes were grouped into eight subfamilies on the basis of their phylogenetic relationships and structural features. Furthermore, cis-element and expression analysis of 10 potential phytohormone transporters in MdABCG subfamily genes were also performed. Loss of the W-box in the promoter region of MdABCG28 was found to reduce the gene expression level and was linked to the dwarfing phenotype in apple rootstocks. MdABCG28 overexpression promoted shoot growth of atabcg14 mutants in Arabidopsis.

scholarly journals Genome-wide comparative analysis of the BAHD superfamily in seven Rosaceae species and expression analysis in pear (Pyrus☓ bretschneideri)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunxin Liu ◽  
Xin Qiao ◽  
Qionghou Li ◽  
Weiwei Zeng ◽  
Shuwei Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Rosaceae Species ◽  
Expression Characteristics

Abstract Background: The BAHD acyltransferase superfamily exhibits various biological roles in plants, including regulating fruit quality, catalytic synthesizing of terpene, phenolics and esters, and improving stress resistance. However, the copy numbers, expression characteristics and associations with fruit aroma formation of the BAHD genes remain unclear. Results: In total, 717 BAHD genes were obtained from the genomes of seven Rosaceae , ( Pyrus bretschneideri , Malus domestica , Prunus avium , Prunus persica , Fragaria vesca , Pyrus communis and Rubus occidentalis ). Based on the detailed phylogenetic analysis and classifications in model plants, we divided the BAHD family genes into seven groups, I-a, I-b, II-a, II-b, III-a, IV and V. An inter-species synteny analysis revealed the ancient origin of BAHD superfamily with 78 syntenic gene pairs were detected among the seven Rosaceae species. Different types of gene duplication events jointly drive the expansion of BAHD superfamily, and purifying selection dominates the evolution of BAHD genes supported by the small Ka/Ks ratios . Based on the correlation analysis between the ester content and expression levels of BAHD genes at different developmental stages, four candidate genes were selected for verification as assessed by qRT-PCR. The result implied that Pbr020016.1 , Pbr019034.1 , Pbr014028.1 and Pbr029551.1 are important candidate genes involved in aroma formation during pear fruit development. Conclusion: We have thoroughly identified the BAHD superfamily genes and performed a comprehensive comparative analysis of their phylogenetic relationships, expansion patterns, and expression characteristics in seven Rosaceae species, and we also obtained four candidate genes involved in aroma synthesis in pear fruit . These results provide a theoretical basis for future studies of the specific biological functions of BAHD superfamily members and the improvement of pear fruit quality. Keywords : BAHD, pear, evolution, Rosaceae, transcriptome, volatile esters

scholarly journals Insecticide Exposure Triggers a Modulated Expression of ABC Transporter Genes in Larvae of Anopheles gambiae s.s.

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Mastrantonio ◽  
Marco Ferrari ◽  
Agata Negri ◽  
Tommaso Sturmo ◽  
Guido Favia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Abc Transporter ◽  
Abc Transporters ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Gene Expression Response ◽  
Abc Transporter Genes

Insecticides remain a main tool for the control of arthropod vectors. The urgency to prevent the insurgence of insecticide resistance and the perspective to find new target sites, for the development of novel molecules, are fuelling the study of the molecular mechanisms involved in insect defence against xenobiotic compounds. In this study, we have investigated if ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, a major component of the defensome machinery, are involved in defence against the insecticide permethrin, in susceptible larvae of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto. Bioassays were performed with permethrin alone, or in combination with an ABC transporter inhibitor. Then we have investigated the expression profiles of five ABC transporter genes at different time points following permethrin exposure, to assess their expression patterns across time. The inhibition of ABC transporters increased the larval mortality by about 15-fold. Likewise, three genes were up-regulated after exposure to permethrin, showing different patterns of expression across the 48 h. Our results provide the first evidences of ABC transporters involvement in defence against a toxic in larvae of An. gambiae s.s. and show that the gene expression response is modulated across time, being continuous, but stronger at the earliest and latest times after exposure.

ABCChips as New Diagnostic Tool to Monitoring Multidrug Resistance in Human Tumor Cells to Chemotherapeutics Agents by Expression Profiling of ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter Genes.

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 4360-4360
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Gillet ◽  
Thomas Efferth ◽  
Damiel Steinbach ◽  
Françoise de Longueville ◽  
Vincent Bertholet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
Abc Transporter ◽  
Abc Transporters ◽  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Human Tumor ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Parental Cell ◽  
Hybridization Experiment ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Abc Transporter Genes

Abstract A major problem in the treatment of tumors represents the development of resistance to chemotherapy. Many mechanisms are responsible for the failure of treatment, the main one being the activation of the ABC transporters. In the present investigation, we developed a low density DNA microarray which contains 38 ABC transporter genes. This tool has been validated with three different characterized multidrug-resistant sublines (CEM/ADR5000, HL60/AR, MCF7-CH1000) and their corresponding drug-sensitive parental cell lines (CCRF-CEM, HL60, MCF7). The multidrug-resistant cell lines used are known to overexpress either the MDR1, MRP1, or BCRP genes. Interestingly, we found not only the overexpression of these genes but also of other ABC transporter genes by using low density microarrays. These results were corroborated by quantitative real time RT-PCR. The microarray allowed the determination of the expression profile of ABC transporters in a single hybridization experiment and may, hence harbor the potential as diagnostic tool to detect drug resistance in the clinic.

scholarly journals Genome-wide comparative analysis of the BAHD superfamily in seven Rosaceae species and expression analysis in pear (Pyrus bretschneideri)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunxin Liu ◽  
Xin Qiao ◽  
Qionghou Li ◽  
Weiwei Zeng ◽  
Shuwei Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Rosaceae Species ◽  
Expression Characteristics

Abstract Background The BAHD acyltransferase superfamily exhibits various biological roles in plants, including regulating fruit quality, catalytic synthesizing of terpene, phenolics and esters, and improving stress resistance. However, the copy numbers, expression characteristics and associations with fruit aroma formation of the BAHD genes remain unclear. Results In total, 717 BAHD genes were obtained from the genomes of seven Rosaceae, (Pyrus bretschneideri, Malus domestica, Prunus avium, Prunus persica, Fragaria vesca, Pyrus communis and Rubus occidentalis). Based on the detailed phylogenetic analysis and classifications in model plants, we divided the BAHD family genes into seven groups, I-a, I-b, II-a, II-b, III-a, IV and V. An inter-species synteny analysis revealed the ancient origin of BAHD superfamily with 78 syntenic gene pairs were detected among the seven Rosaceae species. Different types of gene duplication events jointly drive the expansion of BAHD superfamily, and purifying selection dominates the evolution of BAHD genes supported by the small Ka/Ks ratios. Based on the correlation analysis between the ester content and expression levels of BAHD genes at different developmental stages, four candidate genes were selected for verification as assessed by qRT-PCR. The result implied that Pbr020016.1, Pbr019034.1, Pbr014028.1 and Pbr029551.1 are important candidate genes involved in aroma formation during pear fruit development. Conclusion We have thoroughly identified the BAHD superfamily genes and performed a comprehensive comparative analysis of their phylogenetic relationships, expansion patterns, and expression characteristics in seven Rosaceae species, and we also obtained four candidate genes involved in aroma synthesis in pear fruit. These results provide a theoretical basis for future studies of the specific biological functions of BAHD superfamily members and the improvement of pear fruit quality.

scholarly journals ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporter Genes Involved in Pyrethroid Resistance in the Malaria Vector Anopheles sinensis: Genome-Wide Identification, Characteristics, Phylogenetics, and Expression Profile

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiyi He ◽  
Zhentian Yan ◽  
Fengling Si ◽  
Yong Zhou ◽  
Wenbo Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abc Transporter ◽  
Abc Transporters ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Anopheles Sinensis ◽  
Atp Binding ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Transporter Family ◽  
Abc Transporter Genes ◽  
Atp Binding Cassette

background: The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters family is one of the largest families of membrane proteins existing in all living organisms. Pyrethroid resistance has become the largest unique obstacle for mosquito control worldwide. ABC transporters are thought to be associated with pyrethroid resistance in some agricultural pests, but little information is known for mosquitoes. Herein, we investigated the diversity, location, characteristics, phylogenetics, and evolution of ABC transporter family of genes in the Anopheles sinensis genome, and identified the ABC transporter genes associated with pyrethroid resistance through expression profiles using RNA-seq and qPCR. Results: 61 ABC transporter genes are identified and divided into eight subfamilies (ABCA-H), located on 22 different scaffolds. Phylogenetic and evolution analyses with ABC transporters of A. gambiae, Drosophila melanogaster, and Homo sapiens suggest that the ABCD, ABCG, and ABCH subfamilies are monophyly, and that the ABCC and ABCG subfamilies have experienced a gene duplication event. Both RNA-seq and qPCR analyses show that the AsABCG28 gene is uniquely significantly upregulated gene in all three field pyrethroid-resistant populations (Anhui, Chongqing, and Yunnan provinces) in comparison with a laboratory-susceptible strain from Jiangsu province. The AsABCG28 is significantly upregulated at 12-h and 24-h after deltamethrin exposure in three-day-old female adults. Conclusion: This study provides the information frame for ABC transporter subfamily of genes, and lays an important basis for the better understanding and further research of ABC transporter function in insecticide toxification. The AsABCG28 gene is associated with pyrethroid detoxification, and it functions at later period in the detoxification process for xenobiotics transportation.

Selective Expression of a Number of ABC Transporter Genes in Normal CD34+CD38− Versus CD34+CD38− Cells, with a Reverse Pattern in a Subgroup of AML Patients.

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 4291-4291
Author(s):  
Dorina M. van der Kolk ◽  
Susan D.P.W.M. Peeters ◽  
Gerald de Haan ◽  
Leonid Bystrykh ◽  
Elisabeth G.E. de Vries ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem Cells ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Abc Transporter ◽  
Abc Transporters ◽  
Cholesterol Synthesis ◽  
Leukemic Stem Cells ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Reverse Pattern ◽  
Abc Transporter Genes

Abstract Several ABC transporters involved in drug transport have been identified in hematopoietic stem cells, including ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG2. The ABC transporters play a role in chemotherapy resistant AML, although the relevant information is mostly obtained from the total AML cell population instead of the leukemic stem cells characterized by the CD34+CD38− phenotype. In this study we investigated which ABC transporters are selectively expressed in normal CD34+CD38− hematopoietic stem cells versus CD34+CD38+ cells, and to what extent lineage-restricted modulation is aberrantly regulated in AML stem cells. We first investigated murine microarray expression data of 29 ABC transporter genes in lin−sca-1+c-kit+ cells (available on www.webqtl.org). Based on these data 7 of the 29 ABC transporters were selected with a high expression profile (abcg1, abcb2, abca2, abcd1, abcc3, abcc5, and abcg2). Based on data published at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/1073823/DC1, concerning the lineage restricted expression of genes in lin−AA4.1+ + c-kit+sca-1+ murine stem cells, 6 additional stem cell-related ABC transporters (abcb1, abcb11, abcc1b, abcd4, abce1 and abcf2) were selected. The mRNA expression of the 13 ABC transporters was analyzed in the CD34+CD38− versus CD34+CD38+ fraction of human normal bone marrow cells (n=10) by quantitative RT-PCR. Five ABC transporter genes were not detectable in the human CD34+CD38− and CD34+CD38+cells (ABCA2, ABCB11, ABCC3, ABCD1 and ABCF2). Three ABC transporters were expressed equally in both fractions (ABCC5, ABCE1 and ABCG2). However, five ABC transporters were differentially expressed, with a higher expression in the CD34+CD38− cells, (ABCB1, ratio of CD34+CD38+/CD34+CD38− expression of 0.22, p<0.001; ABCG1, 0.27, p<0.001; ABCC1, 0.52, p<0.001; ABCD4, 0.60, p<0.001; and ABCB2, 0.71, p<0.02). Additionally these five ABC transporters were studied in sorted AML subpopulations (n=7). In the sorted AML cells (CD34+CD38− versus CD34+CD38+) a more heterogeneous expression pattern was observed as compared to normal CD34+CD38− cells. In general, the expression levels of ABCB1 and ABCC1 in the AML subpopulations were lower than in normal CD34+CD38− cells, ABCB2 expression was higher in the AML fractions and ABCG1 and ABCD4 were expressed similar in AML and normal CD34+CD38− cells. Downregulation of the ABC transporters in the leukemic CD34+CD38+ cells was observed in 50%–60% of the samples, the reverse pattern was observed for the remaining cases, independent of FAB classification. Since ABCG1 plays a prominent role in cholesterol transport and was strongly downregulated in normal CD34+CD38+ cells (ratio 0.27, p<0.001), the mRNA expression of a number of additional cholesterol synthesis genes was investigated. PPARβ, LXRα and HMCGCoA reductase appeared to be downregulated in the CD34+CD38+ cells (ratios of 0.59, p=0.002, 0.32, p<0.001 and 0.59, p= 0.002 respectively). In conclusion, these results indicate that cholesterol synthesis and transport might play an important role in hematopoietic stem cells. Furthermore, a number of ABC transporter genes appeared to be predominantly expressed in hematopoietic stem cells, and are downregulated upon maturation, whereas the reverse pattern is observed in about 40% of the AML patients suggesting that these more committed leukemic cells might have gained some properties of the leukemic stem cells.

scholarly journals Analysis of ABC Transporter Gene Expression in Atherosclerosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 204-220
Author(s):  
Stanislav Kotlyarov ◽  
Anna Kotlyarova
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Abc Transporter ◽  
Abc Transporters ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Gene Expression Omnibus ◽  
Transport Mechanisms ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Atherosclerotic Lesions ◽  
Abc Transporter Genes

ABC transporters are a large family of membrane proteins that transport chemically diverse substrates across the cell membrane. Disruption of transport mechanisms mediated by ABC transporters causes the development of various diseases, including atherosclerosis. Methods: A bioinformatic analysis of a dataset from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) was performed. A GEO dataset containing data on gene expression levels in samples of atherosclerotic lesions and control arteries without atherosclerotic lesions from carotid, femoral, and infrapopliteal arteries was used for analysis. To evaluate differentially expressed genes, a bioinformatic analysis was performed in comparison groups using the limma package in R (v. 4.0.2) and the GEO2R and Phantasus tools (v. 1.11.0). Results: The obtained data indicate the differential expression of many ABC transporters belonging to different subfamilies. The differential expressions of ABC transporter genes involved in lipid transport, mechanisms of multidrug resistance, and mechanisms of ion exchange are shown. Differences in the expression of transporters in tissue samples from different arteries are established. Conclusions: The expression of ABC transporter genes demonstrates differences in atherosclerotic samples and normal arteries, which may indicate the involvement of transporters in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

scholarly journals Genome-wide comparative analysis of the BAHD superfamily in seven Rosaceae species and expression analysis in pear (Pyrus☓ bretschneideri)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunxin Liu ◽  
Xin Qiao ◽  
Qionghou Li ◽  
Weiwei Zeng ◽  
Shuwei Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Gene Duplication ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Gene Pairs ◽  
Rosaceae Species

Abstract Background: The BAHD acyltransferase superfamily exhibits various biological roles in plants, including regulating fruit quality, catalytic synthesizing of terpene, phenolics and esters, and improving stress resistance. However, the copy numbers, expression characteristics and associations with fruit aroma formation of the BAHD genes remain unclear. Results: In total, 717 BAHD genes were obtained from the genomes of seven Rosaceae, ( Pyrus bretschneideri , Malus domestica , Prunus avium , Prunus persica , Fragaria vesca , Pyrus communis and Rubus occidentalis ). Based on the classifications in model plants, we divided the BAHD family genes into seven groups, I-a, I-b, II-a, II-b, III-a, IV and V. An intra-species synteny analysis detected 78 syntenic gene pairs among the seven Rosaceae species. Dispersed gene duplication occurred frequently in all the investigated species. Different modes of duplicated gene pairs identified in each investigated species revealed that the Ka/Ks ratios were less than one, indicating that they evolved through purifying selection. Based on the correlation analysis between the ester content and expression levels of BAHD genes at different developmental stages, we selected five genes for verification as assessed by qRT-PCR. Pbr020016.1 , Pbr019034.1 , Pbr014028.1 and Pbr029551.1 are important candidate genes involved in aroma formation during pear fruit development. Conclusion: We have thoroughly annotated the BAHD superfamily genes and performed a comprehensive comparative analysis of their colinearity, phylogenetic relationships and gene duplication patterns in seven Rosaceae species, and we also obtained four candidate genes involved in aroma synthesis in pear fruit. These results provide a theoretical basis for future studies of the specific biological functions of BAHD superfamily members and the improvement of pear fruit quality. Keywords : BAHD, pear, evolution, Rosaceae, transcriptome, volatile esters

scholarly journals Genome wide comparative analysis of the BAHD superfamily in seven Rosaceae species and expression analysis in pear (Pyrus☓ bretschneideri)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunxin Liu ◽  
Xin Qiao ◽  
Qionghou Li ◽  
Weiwei Zeng ◽  
Shuwei Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Gene Duplication ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Gene Pairs ◽  
Rosaceae Species

Abstract Background: The BAHD acyltransferase superfamily exhibits various biological roles in plants, including regulation the fruit quality; catalytic synthesis of terpene, phenolic and esters; improvement of stress resistance. However, the copy number, evolutionary history and potential functions of the BAHD superfamily genes in the genome sequenced Rosaceae species remains unclear. Results: Totally, 755 BAHD genes were obtained from the genomes of seven Rosaceae fruit species (Pyrus bretschneideri, Malus domestica, Prunus avium, Prunus persica, Fragaria vesca, Pyrus communis and Rubus occidentalis). Based on the classification results from model plants, we divided the BAHD family genes into seven subgroups (I-a, I-b, II-a, II-b, III-a, IV, V). Based on intra-species synteny analysis, 61 syntenic gene pairs were detected from the six Rosaceae species. Dispersed gene duplication occurred frequently in all investigated species. Different modes of duplicated gene pairs identified in each investigated species show that the Ka/Ks is less than one, indicating they evolved through purifying selection. Based on the correlation analysis between ester content and expression level of BAHD genes at different development stages, we selected five genes to perform qRT-PCR verification, and the results showed that Pbr020016.1, Pbr019034.1, Pbr014028.1 and Pbr029551.1 are the important candidate genes involved in aroma formation during pear fruit development. Conclusion: We have thoroughly annotated the BAHD superfamily genes and made a comprehensive comparative analysis of their colinearity, phylogenetic relationships and gene duplication patterns in the seven Rosaceae species, and also obtained four candidate genes might be involved in the aroma synthesis in the pear fruit. These presented results provide a theoretical basis for the future studies of the specific biological functions of BAHD superfamily members and the improvement of pear fruit quality. Keywords: BAHD, pear, evolution, Rosaceae, transcriptome, volatile esters

ABC transporters and β-tubulin in macrocyclic lactone resistance: prospects for marker development

Parasitology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 134 (8) ◽  
pp. 1123-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. PRICHARD ◽  
A. ROULET
Keyword(s):  
Abc Transporter ◽  
Abc Transporters ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Macrocyclic Lactone Resistance ◽  
Constitutive Overexpression ◽  
Reliable Marker ◽  
Abc Transporter Genes ◽  
Β Tubulin

SUMMARYMacrocyclic lactones (MLs) are highly lipophilic anthelmintics which are known to bind to and open ligand-gated ion channels. However, these anthelmintics, and particularly the avermectin members of the ML class of endectocides, are potent substrates for ABC transporters and these transporters may regulate drug concentration in both the host and the parasite. There is accumulating evidence that ivermectin (IVM), and to a lesser extent moxidectin (MOX), selects for certain alleles of P-glycoprotein and other ABC transporter genes, selects for constitutive overexpression of some of these gene products, and induces overexpression of some P-glycoproteins in nematodes. However, such mechanisms of ML resistance do not easily lend themselves to the identification of SNP markers for resistance because of the diversity of ABC transporters in nematodes, the apparent diversity of effects of different MLs, and because regulatory elements for ABC transporter gene expression are not well understood in nematodes. Another non ligand-gated ion channel gene which appears to be under IVM selection, at least in Onchocerca volvulus and Haemonchus contortus, is β-tubulin, and a simple genetic test for this selection has been described in O. volvulus. However, further work is required to elucidate a reliable marker associated with this gene in H. contortus or other parasitic nematodes of livestock. The possible involvement of ABC transporter genes and β-tubulin in ML resistance provides a start in developing our understanding of this phenotype and markers for its detection in field populations of parasitic nematodes. However, more work is required before these leads can provide practical SNP markers for ML resistance.

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