scholarly journals Synthesis, Bioapplications, and Toxicity Evaluation of Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 5776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balsam R. Rizeq ◽  
Nadin N. Younes ◽  
Kashif Rasool ◽  
Gheyath K. Nasrallah
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Engineering ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽  
Nanoparticle Synthesis ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Bactericidal Properties

The development of advanced nanomaterials and technologies is essential in biomedical engineering to improve the quality of life. Chitosan-based nanomaterials are on the forefront and attract wide interest due to their versatile physicochemical characteristics such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity, which play a promising role in biological applications. Chitosan and its derivatives are employed in several applications including pharmaceuticals and biomedical engineering. This article presents a comprehensive overview of recent advances in chitosan derivatives and nanoparticle synthesis, as well as emerging applications in medicine, tissue engineering, drug delivery, gene therapy, and cancer therapy. In addition to the applications, we critically review the main concerns and mitigation strategies related to chitosan bactericidal properties, toxicity/safety using tissue cultures and animal models, and also their potential environmental impact. At the end of this review, we also provide some of future directions and conclusions that are important for expanding the field of biomedical applications of the chitosan nanoparticles.

Chitosan in Biomedical Engineering: A Critical Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shabnam Mohebbi ◽  
Mojtaba Nasiri Nezhad ◽  
Payam Zarrintaj ◽  
Seyed Hassan Jafari ◽  
Saman Seyed Gholizadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Biomedical Engineering ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Advanced Materials ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Bio Imaging ◽  
Significant Attention ◽  
Unique Chemical

Biomedical engineering seeks to enhance the quality of life by developing advanced materials and technologies. Chitosan-based biomaterials have attracted significant attention because of having unique chemical structures with desired biocompatibility and biodegradability, which play different roles in membranes, sponges and scaffolds, along with promising biological properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability and non-toxicity. Therefore, chitosan derivatives have been widely used in a vast variety of uses, chiefly pharmaceuticals and biomedical engineering. It is attempted here to draw a comprehensive overview of chitosan emerging applications in medicine, tissue engineering, drug delivery, gene therapy, cancer therapy, ophthalmology, dentistry, bio-imaging, bio-sensing and diagnosis. The use of Stem Cells (SCs) has given an interesting feature to the use of chitosan so that regenerative medicine and therapeutic methods have benefited from chitosan-based platforms. Plenty of the most recent discussions with stimulating ideas in this field are covered that could hopefully serve as hints for more developed works in biomedical engineering.

scholarly journals Malignant pleural effusion: from bench to bedside

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (140) ◽  
pp. 189-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis Psallidas ◽  
Ioannis Kalomenidis ◽  
Jose M. Porcel ◽  
Bruce W. Robinson ◽  
Georgios T. Stathopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Pleural Effusion ◽  
Healthcare Costs ◽  
Malignant Pleural Effusion ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Current Clinical Practice ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Future Directions

Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is a common but serious condition that is related with poor quality of life, morbidity and mortality. Its incidence and associated healthcare costs are rising and its management remains palliative, with median survival ranging from 3 to 12 months. During the last decade there has been significant progress in unravelling the pathophysiology of MPE, as well as its diagnostics, imaging, and management. Nowadays, formerly bed-ridden patients are genotyped, phenotyped, and treated on an ambulatory basis. This article attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of current advances in MPE from bench to bedside. In addition, it highlights unanswered questions in current clinical practice and suggests future directions for basic and clinical research in the field.

scholarly journals The biocorona: a challenge for the biomedical application of nanoparticles

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Shannahan
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Biomedical Application ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Biological Media ◽  
Biological Impact ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Laboratory Screening ◽  
Significant Obstacle ◽  
Biological Environment

AbstractFormation of the biocorona on the surface of nanoparticles is a significant obstacle for the development of safe and effective nanotechnologies, especially for nanoparticles with biomedical applications. Following introduction into a biological environment, nanoparticles are rapidly coated with biomolecules resulting in formation of the nanoparticle-biocorona. The addition of these biomolecules alters the nanoparticle’s physicochemical characteristics, functionality, biodistribution, and toxicity. To synthesize effective nanotherapeutics and to more fully understand possible toxicity following human exposures, it is necessary to elucidate these interactions between the nanoparticle and the biological media resulting in biocorona formation. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms by which the addition of the biocorona governs nanoparticle-cell interactions is also required. Through elucidating the formation and the biological impact of the biocorona, the field of nanotechnology can reach its full potential. This understanding of the biocorona will ultimately allow for more effective laboratory screening of nanoparticles and enhanced biomedical applications. The importance of the nanoparticle-biocorona has been appreciated for a decade; however, there remain numerous future directions for research which are necessary for study. This perspectives article will summarize the unique challenges presented by the nanoparticle-biocorona and avenues of future needed investigation.

scholarly journals Roles of Chitosan in Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 273
Author(s):  
Thi Tuong Vy Phan ◽  
Duc Tri Phan ◽  
Xuan Thang Cao ◽  
Thanh-Canh Huynh ◽  
Junghwan Oh
Keyword(s):  
Green Synthesis ◽  
Metal Nanoparticles ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Biomedical Engineering ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
The Future ◽  
Size Controlling

Chitosan (CS) is a well-known stabilizer for metal nanoparticles in biomedical engineering. However, very few studies have explored other important roles of CS including reducing, shape-directing, and size-controlling. This review aims to provide the latest and most comprehensive overview of the roles of CS in the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles for biomedical applications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review that highlights these potentialities of CS. At first, a brief overview of the properties and the bioactivity of CS is presented. Next, the benefits of CS for enhancing the physicochemical behaviors of metal nanoparticles are discussed in detail. The representative biomedical applications of CS-metal nanoparticles are also given. Lastly, the review outlines the perceptual vision for the future development of CS-metal nanoparticles in the biomedicine field.

scholarly journals Insights into Terminal Sterilization Processes of Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 2068
Author(s):  
Sergio A. Bernal-Chávez ◽  
María Luisa Del Prado-Audelo ◽  
Isaac H. Caballero-Florán ◽  
David M. Giraldo-Gomez ◽  
Gabriela Figueroa-Gonzalez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Sterile Filtration ◽  
Nonionizing Radiation ◽  
The Stability

Nanoparticles possess a huge potential to be employed in numerous biomedical purposes; their applications may include drug delivery systems, gene therapy, and tissue engineering. However, the in vivo use in biomedical applications requires that nanoparticles exhibit sterility. Thus, diverse sterilization techniques have been developed to remove or destroy microbial contamination. The main sterilization methods include sterile filtration, autoclaving, ionizing radiation, and nonionizing radiation. Nonetheless, the sterilization processes can alter the stability, zeta potential, average particle size, and polydispersity index of diverse types of nanoparticles, depending on their composition. Thus, these methods may produce unwanted effects on the nanoparticles’ characteristics, affecting their safety and efficacy. Moreover, each sterilization method possesses advantages and drawbacks; thus, the suitable method’s choice depends on diverse factors such as the formulation’s characteristics, batch volume, available methods, and desired application. In this article, we describe the current sterilization methods of nanoparticles. Moreover, we discuss the advantages and drawbacks of these methods, pointing out the changes in nanoparticles’ biological and physicochemical characteristics after sterilization. Our main objective was to offer a comprehensive overview of terminal sterilization processes of nanoparticles for biomedical applications.

Bactericidal activity of drugs from Juglans Regia to the microflora of livestock premises in organic pig breeding

2020 ◽  
pp. 113-122
Author(s):  
Serhii Zinoviev ◽  
Andrii Kurman ◽  
Dmytro Bindiug ◽  
Pavlo Grubich ◽  
Liubov Lepeta
Keyword(s):  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Herbal Remedies ◽  
Potential Efficacy ◽  
Internal Structures ◽  
Bactericidal Properties ◽  
Experimental Base ◽  
Quality Of Products ◽  
Gram Positive Cocci

The introduction of the newest technologies of organic pig breeding has the basic principle of minimizing the use in pigs of chemicals, trace amounts of which in pig production adversely affect the quality of products and the health of consumers. The transition to herbal remedies, the maximum possible rejection of chemical synthesis products, is inhibited, in the main, by the relatively small spectrum of plant compounds with the investigated activity. According to the results of previous studies, six working solutions of Juglans regia L phytosupply extracts - potential phytosine disinfectants were developed: To investigate the bactericidal activity of the experimental preparations of Juglans regia, flushes were made from the internal structures and technological equipment of the housing of the pig stock of the experimental base v. Takhtaulove. Obtained samples of typical banal microflora of the pig complex were mixed to obtain a bacterial-containing suspension averaged over the concentration of microbial bodies and the spectrum of types of microflora in the microbiota. When cultured on nutrient media, with the superficial sowing of a suspension of banal microflora of a pig in the presence of a potential phytodisinfectant, processes of development of individual colonies of the microflora are observed. The amount and intensity of their development, the degree of inhibition of life, assess the level of bactericidal activity of the extracts. The highest bactericidal and fungicidal activity, and consequently, the potential efficacy as a possible disinfectant in the technology of organic pig breeding was revealed by the extracts of phytosupply Juglans regia L No. 2 (extractant - acetic acid to 5 %, nut of wax ripeness) and 4 (extractant, alcohol 20 % nutrient wax ripeness (proven after obtaining the primary extract of up to 5 % alcohol), which have bactericidal properties against gram-positive cocci and gram-negative sticks, but have a weak effect on the spore-forming bacilli. Key words: organic pig breeding, bactericidal activity, phyto-disinfectant, commonplace typical microflora of a pig complex, phyto row materials, walnut extract.

Green Synthesized Nanomaterials as Theranostic Platforms for Cancer Treatment: Principles, Challenges and the Road Ahead

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 1311-1327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pala Rajasekharreddy ◽  
Chao Huang ◽  
Siddhardha Busi ◽  
Jobina Rajkumari ◽  
Ming-Hong Tai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nanoparticle Synthesis ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Synthetic Approach ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Road ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Theranostic Applications ◽  
Insight Into

With the emergence of nanotechnology, new methods have been developed for engineering various nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Nanotheranostics is a burgeoning research field with tremendous prospects for the improvement of diagnosis and treatment of various cancers. However, the development of biocompatible and efficient drug/gene delivery theranostic systems still remains a challenge. Green synthetic approach of nanoparticles with low capital and operating expenses, reduced environmental pollution and better biocompatibility and stability is a latest and novel field, which is advantageous over chemical or physical nanoparticle synthesis methods. In this article, we summarize the recent research progresses related to green synthesized nanoparticles for cancer theranostic applications, and we also conclude with a look at the current challenges and insight into the future directions based on recent developments in these areas.

Introduction to Games User Research

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Drachen ◽  
Pejman Mirza-Babaei ◽  
Lennart E. Nacke
Keyword(s):  
User Experience ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Digital Games ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
User Research ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
Present Book ◽  
Optimal Quality ◽  
Experienced User

This chapter provides an introduction to the field of Games User Research (GUR) and to the present book. GUR is an interdisciplinary field of practice and research concerned with ensuring the optimal quality of usability and user experience in digital games. GUR inevitably involves any aspect of a video game that players interface with, directly or indirectly. This book aims to provide the foundational, accessible, go-to resource for people interested in GUR. It is a community-driven effort—it is written by passionate professionals and researchers in the GUR community as a handbook and guide for everyone interested in user research and games. We aim to provide the most comprehensive overview from an applied perspective, for a person new to GUR, but which is also useful for experienced user researchers.

Leukemia Support Groups: How Are They Doing?

1997 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 407-412
Author(s):  
Donna Corwin Moss
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Support Groups ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cancer Treatments ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Course Of Illness ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Sources Of Support ◽  
Practical Impact

Background Support groups help their participants to cope with the emotional and practical impact of their illnesses. Methods The effectiveness of the Leukemia Society of America support groups in enhancing the quality of life for their participants is reviewed. The groundwork, purpose, and structure of such groups, as well as alternate sources of support, are presented. Evaluation and future directions for oncology groupwork are discussed. Results Support groups complement the therapies provided by clinical practitioners and scientists by addressing the additional needs of cancer patients over the course of illness and survival. Conclusions New concepts and methods that address the needs of specific age-groups and incorporate the newly generated data on cancer treatments will further enhance the benefits provided by support groups.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Overview of Sleep Disorders in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 142
Author(s):  
Oana-Mihaela Plotogea ◽  
Madalina Ilie ◽  
Simona Bungau ◽  
Alexandru Laurentiu Chiotoroiu ◽  
Ana Maria Alexandra Stanescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Reliable Methods

The impact of sleep disorders (SDs) on patients with chronic liver diseases (CLD) is tremendous. SDs are frequently encountered among these patients and interfere with their quality of life. This review aims to present the data available so far about the prevalence, phenotypes, and proposed pathophysiological mechanisms of SDs in CLD. Moreover, we proposed to search the literature regarding the most reliable methods to assess SDs and the possible therapeutic options in patients with CLD. The main results of this review show that when it comes to prevalence, the percentages reported vary widely between studies performed among populations from the USA or Europe and those coming from Asian countries. Furthermore, it has been proven that SDs may also be present in the absence of neurocognitive disorders attributable to hepatic encephalopathy (HE), which contradicts traditional suppositions where SDs were considered part of the clinical scenario of HE. Currently, there are no specific recommendations or protocols to assess SDs in CLD patients and data about the therapeutic management are limited. Taking into consideration their impact, a protocol for diagnosing and managing SDs should be developed and included in the daily practice of hepatologists.

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