scholarly journals RNAase III-Type Enzyme Dicer Regulates Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidative Metabolism in Cardiac Mesenchymal Stem Cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 5554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Su ◽  
Yue Jin ◽  
Yan Shen ◽  
Il-man Kim ◽  
Neal L. Weintraub ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Oxidative Metabolism ◽  
Gene Deletion ◽  
Aerobic Glycolysis ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Metabolic Switch ◽  
Mitochondrial Fatty Acid

Cardiac mesenchymal stem cells (C-MSC) play a key role in maintaining normal cardiac function under physiological and pathological conditions. Glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation predominately account for energy production in C-MSC. Dicer, a ribonuclease III endoribonuclease, plays a critical role in the control of microRNA maturation in C-MSC, but its role in regulating C-MSC energy metabolism is largely unknown. In this study, we found that Dicer knockout led to concurrent increase in both cell proliferation and apoptosis in C-MSC compared to Dicer floxed C-MSC. We analyzed mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by quantifying cellular oxygen consumption rate (OCR), and glycolysis by quantifying the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), in C-MSC with/without Dicer gene deletion. Dicer gene deletion significantly reduced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation while increasing glycolysis in C-MSC. Additionally, Dicer gene deletion selectively reduced the expression of β-oxidation genes without affecting the expression of genes involved in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or electron transport chain (ETC). Finally, Dicer gene deletion reduced the copy number of mitochondrially encoded 1,4-Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH): ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 6 (MT-ND6), a mitochondrial-encoded gene, in C-MSC. In conclusion, Dicer gene deletion induced a metabolic shift from oxidative metabolism to aerobic glycolysis in C-MSC, suggesting that Dicer functions as a metabolic switch in C-MSC, which in turn may regulate proliferation and environmental adaptation.

scholarly journals Mesenchymal Stem Cells Lacking Glucose-6-Phosphatase-β Exhibit Disturbed Energy Homeostasis and Defective Adipogenesis

Blood ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 124 (21) ◽  
pp. 4323-4323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun Sik Jun ◽  
Janice Y Chou
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Adipogenic Differentiation ◽  
Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Respiration Activity ◽  
Neutrophil Dysfunction

Abstract Glucose-6-phosphatase-β (G6Pase-β or G6PC3) is a ubiquitously expressed glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) hydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of G6P to glucose and phosphate. It is a key enzyme for intracellular glucose production in non-gluconeogenic organs. Mutations in G6Pase-β underlie severe congenital neutropenia syndrome type 4 (SCN4, MIM612541), an autosomal recessive disease characterized by neutropenia and neutrophil dysfunction. A mouse model for G6Pase-β deficiency (G6pc3-/-) established by gene targeting manifests both neutropenia and neutrophil dysfunction, mimicking the human disorder. Recent studies have shown that in G6Pase-β deficiency enhanced neutrophil apoptosis leads to neutropenia while disrupted energy homeostasis underlies neutrophil dysfunction. The patients of G6Pase-β deficiency also present with non-haematological defects, including prominent superficial venous pattern, congenital cardiac anomaly, myopathy, disrupted bone remodeling, and genital anomalies, suggesting that G6Pase-β deficiency leads to a broader cell dysfunction. We now hypothesize that these non-haematological defects may reflect loss of glucose metabolism within mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) that require levels of glucose beyond those supplied by the blood. MSC are multipotent stem cells that are capable of differentiating into all connective tissue types including bone, cartilage, myocytes, and adipocytes. Studies have shown that MSC cultured in reduced glucose concentrations exhibit increased proliferative ability and reduced replicative senescence. Using MSC isolated from the compact bones, we show that G6pc3-/- MSC grow at a significantly faster rate than those of wild type MSC under both normoxia and hypoxia conditions. Consistently, the colony-forming unit-fibroblastic counts in G6pc3-/- MSC are 2-fold higher than those in wild type MSC, suggesting that G6pc3-/- MSC contain higher numbers of progenitors. Differentiation of MSC involves metabolic shifts between glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. An increase in the ratio of lactate to pyruvate correlates with increased glycolysis and an increase in oxygen consumption measures increased mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Adipogenesis and osteogenesis of MSC have been shown to be associated with increased oxygen consumption, while chondrogenesis of MSC is associated with increased glycolysis. We now show that cellular levels of lactate and ATP in G6pc3-/- MSC are 4.5- and 2-fold higher, respectively than those in wide type MSC. Moreover, G6pc3-/- MSC exhibit a 2.5-fold increase in the ratio of lactate to pyruvate but a decrease in oxygen consumption, compared to wild type MSC, suggesting that G6Pase-β-deficient MSC exhibit enhanced glycolysis along with impaired mitochondrial respiration activity. This also suggests that adipogenesis and osteogenesis of MSC may be impaired in G6pc3-/- MSC. Adipogenic differentiation of MSC from mice was then evaluated by morphological alterations and lipid accumulation. MSC from wild type mice, cultured for 3 days in adipogenic differentiation medium, changed from fibroblast-like cells to round-shaped adipocyte-like cells, while G6pc3-/- MSC cultured under the same conditions did not show any morphological changes. Wild type MSC, cultured for 5 days in adipogenic differentiation medium, yielded many adipocytes containing lipid droplets and staining positive by Oil red O, while adipocytes were rarely seen in G6pc3-/- MSC cultured under similar conditions, confirming the impaired adipogenic differentiation of G6pc3-/- MSC. In conclusion, the non-hematological defects associated with G6Pase-β deficiency may result from altered energy homeostasis in G6pc3-/- MSC, leading to enhanced glycolysis along with impaired mitochondrial respiration activity, that impacts MSC differentiation. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Active mitochondria support osteogenic differentiation by stimulating β-catenin acetylation

2018 ◽  
Vol 293 (41) ◽  
pp. 16019-16027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brianna H. Shares ◽  
Melanie Busch ◽  
Noelle White ◽  
Laura Shum ◽  
Roman A. Eliseev
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Krebs Cycle ◽  
Osteogenic Potential ◽  
Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Atp Citrate Lyase ◽  
Acetyl Coa ◽  
Citrate Lyase

Bone marrow stromal (a.k.a. mesenchymal stem) cells (BMSCs) can differentiate into osteoblasts (OBs), adipocytes, or chondrocytes. As BMSCs undergo OB differentiation, they up-regulate mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos). Here, we investigated the mechanism(s) connecting mitochondrial OxPhos to OB differentiation. First, we found that treating BMSC-like C3H10T1/2 cells with an OxPhos inhibitor reduces their osteogenic potential. Interestingly, ATP levels were not reduced, as glycolysis compensated for the decreased OxPhos. Thus, mitochondria support OB differentiation not only by supplying ATP, but also by other mechanisms. To uncover these mechanisms, we stimulated OxPhos in C3H10T1/2 cells by replacing media glucose with galactose and observed that this substitution increases both OxPhos and osteogenesis even in the absence of osteoinducers. β-Catenin, an important signaling pathway in osteogenesis, was found to be responsive to OxPhos stimulation. β-Catenin activity is maintained by acetylation, and mitochondria generate the acetyl donor acetyl-CoA, which upon entering the Krebs cycle is converted to citrate capable of exiting mitochondria. Cytosolic citrate is converted back to acetyl-CoA by ATP citrate lyase (ACLY). We found that inhibiting ACLY with SB204990 (SB) reverses the galactose-induced β-catenin activity and OB differentiation. This suggested that acetylation is involved in β-catenin activation after forced OxPhos stimulation, and using immunoprecipitation, we indeed detected SB-sensitive β-catenin acetylation. Both β-catenin acetylation and activity increased during osteoinduction coincident with OxPhos activation. These findings suggest that active mitochondria support OB differentiation by promoting β-catenin acetylation and thus activity.

Overexpression of Pygo2 Increases Differentiation of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Cardiomyocyte-like Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 318-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Yang ◽  
Shuoji Zhu ◽  
Yongqing Li ◽  
Jian Zhuang ◽  
Jimei Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Heart Function ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Human Umbilical Cord ◽  
Stem Cell Markers ◽  
Quantitative Real Time Pcr ◽  
Qrt Pcr

Background: Our previous studies have shown that Pygo (Pygopus) in Drosophila plays a critical role in adult heart function that is likely conserved in mammals. However, its role in the differentiation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) into cardiomyocytes remains unknown. Objective: To investigate the role of pygo2 in the differentiation of hUC-MSCs into cardiomyocytes. Methods: Third passage hUC-MSCs were divided into two groups: a p+ group infected with the GV492-pygo2 virus and a p− group infected with the GV492 virus. After infection and 3 or 21 days of incubation, Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to detect pluripotency markers, including OCT-4 and SOX2. Nkx2.5, Gata-4 and cTnT were detected by immunofluorescence at 7, 14 and 21 days post-infection, respectively. Expression of cardiac-related genes—including Nkx2.5, Gata-4, TNNT2, MEF2c, ISL-1, FOXH1, KDR, αMHC and α-Actin—were analyzed by qRT-PCR following transfection with the virus at one, two and three weeks. Results : After three days of incubation, there were no significant changes in the expression of the pluripotency stem cell markers OCT-4 and SOX2 in the p+ group hUC-MSCs relative to controls (OCT-4: 1.03 ± 0.096 VS 1, P > 0.05, SOX2: 1.071 ± 0.189 VS 1, P > 0.05); however, after 21 days, significant decreases were observed (OCT-4: 0.164 ± 0.098 VS 1, P < 0.01, SOX2: 0.209 ± 0.109 VS 1, P < 0.001). Seven days following incubation, expression of mesoderm specialisation markers, such as Nkx2.5, Gata-4, MEF2c and KDR, were increased; at 14 days following incubation, expression of cardiac genes, such as Nkx2.5, Gata-4, TNNT2, MEF2c, ISL-1, FOXH1, KDR, αMHC and α-Actin, were significantly upregulated in the p+ group relative to the p− group (P < 0.05). Taken together, these findings suggest that overexpression of pygo2 results in more hUCMSCs gradually differentiating into cardiomyocyte-like cells. Conclusion: We are the first to show that overexpression of pygo2 significantly enhances the expression of cardiac-genic genes, including Nkx2.5 and Gata-4, and promotes the differentiation of hUC-MSCs into cardiomyocyte-like cells.

Metabolic Regulation and Related Molecular Mechanisms in Various Stem Cell Functions

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 531-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hwa-Yong Lee ◽  
In-Sun Hong
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Self ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Differentiation Potential ◽  
Self Renewal ◽  
Cell Functions

Recent studies on the mechanisms that link metabolic changes with stem cell fate have deepened our understanding of how specific metabolic pathways can regulate various stem cell functions during the development of an organism. Although it was originally thought to be merely a consequence of the specific cell state, metabolism is currently known to play a critical role in regulating the self-renewal capacity, differentiation potential, and quiescence of stem cells. Many studies in recent years have revealed that metabolic pathways regulate various stem cell behaviors (e.g., selfrenewal, migration, and differentiation) by modulating energy production through glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation and by regulating the generation of metabolites, which can modulate multiple signaling pathways. Therefore, a more comprehensive understanding of stem cell metabolism could allow us to establish optimal culture conditions and differentiation methods that would increase stem cell expansion and function for cell-based therapies. However, little is known about how metabolic pathways regulate various stem cell functions. In this context, we review the current advances in metabolic research that have revealed functional roles for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, anaerobic glycolysis, and oxidative stress during the self-renewal, differentiation and aging of various adult stem cell types. These approaches could provide novel strategies for the development of metabolic or pharmacological therapies to promote the regenerative potential of stem cells and subsequently promote their therapeutic utility.

scholarly journals Integrin αvβ3 Engagement Regulates Glucose Metabolism and Migration through Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) and Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) in Glioblastoma Cells

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1111
Author(s):  
Pulin Che ◽  
Lei Yu ◽  
Gregory K. Friedman ◽  
Meimei Wang ◽  
Xiaoxue Ke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Focal Adhesion ◽  
Aerobic Glycolysis ◽  
Integrin Αvβ3 ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Migration And Invasion ◽  
Metabolic Shift ◽  
Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Glioblastoma Cells ◽  
Arginine Methyltransferase

Metabolic reprogramming promotes glioblastoma cell migration and invasion. Integrin αvβ3 is one of the major integrin family members in glioblastoma multiforme cell surface mediating interactions with extracellular matrix proteins that are important for glioblastoma progression. The role of αvβ3 integrin in regulating metabolic reprogramming and its mechanism of action have not been determined in glioblastoma cells. Integrin αvβ3 engagement with osteopontin promotes glucose uptake and aerobic glycolysis, while inhibiting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Blocking or downregulation of integrin αvβ3 inhibits glucose uptake and aerobic glycolysis and promotes mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, resulting in decreased migration and growth in glioblastoma cells. Pharmacological inhibition of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) or downregulation of protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) blocks metabolic shift toward glycolysis and inhibits glioblastoma cell migration and invasion. These results support that integrin αvβ3 and osteopontin engagement plays an important role in promoting the metabolic shift toward glycolysis and inhibiting mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation in glioblastoma cells. The metabolic shift in cell energy metabolism is coupled to changes in migration, invasion, and growth, which are mediated by downstream FAK and PRMT5 in glioblastoma cells.

scholarly journals Cyclic Mechanical Strain Regulates Osteoblastic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on TiO2 Nanotubes Through GCN5 and Wnt/β-Catenin

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanchang Liu ◽  
Wendan Cheng ◽  
Yao Zhao ◽  
Liang Gao ◽  
Yongyun Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Osteogenic Differentiation ◽  
Mechanical Stress ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Mechanical Strain ◽  
Biological Behavior ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Mechanical Signals ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase Staining

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) play a critical role in bone formation and are extremely sensitive to external mechanical stimuli. Mechanical signals can regulate the biological behavior of cells on the surface of titanium-related prostheses and inducing osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, which provides the integration of host bone and prosthesis benefits. But the mechanism is still unclear. In this study, BMSCs planted on the surface of TiO2 nanotubes were subjected to cyclic mechanical stress, and the related mechanisms were explored. The results of alkaline phosphatase staining, real-time PCR, and Western blot showed that cyclic mechanical stress can regulate the expression level of osteogenic differentiation markers in BMSCs on the surface of TiO2 nanotubes through Wnt/β-catenin. As an important member of the histone acetyltransferase family, GCN5 exerted regulatory effects on receiving mechanical signals. The results of the ChIP assay indicated that GCN5 could activate the Wnt promoter region. Hence, we concluded that the osteogenic differentiation ability of BMSCs on the surface of TiO2 nanotubes was enhanced under the stimulation of cyclic mechanical stress, and GCN5 mediated this process through Wnt/β-catenin.

scholarly journals Positively Correlated CD47 Activation and Autophagy in Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells during Senescence

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Gee-Hye Kim ◽  
Yun Kyung Bae ◽  
Ji Hye Kwon ◽  
Miyeon Kim ◽  
Soo Jin Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Growth ◽  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Stem Cell Maintenance ◽  
Selection Of

Autophagy plays a critical role in stem cell maintenance and is related to cell growth and cellular senescence. It is important to find a quality-control marker for predicting senescent cells. This study verified that CD47 could be a candidate to select efficient mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to enhance the therapeutic effects of stem cell therapy by analyzing the antibody surface array. CD47 expression was significantly decreased during the expansion of MSCs in vitro ( p < 0.01 ), with decreased CD47 expression correlated with accelerated senescence phenotype, which affected cell growth. UCB-MSCs transfected with CD47 siRNA significantly triggered the downregulation of pRB and upregulation of pp38, which are senescence-related markers. Additionally, autophagy-related markers, ATG5, ATG12, Beclin1, and LC3B, revealed significant downregulation with CD47 siRNA transfection. Furthermore, autophagy flux following treatment with an autophagy inducer, rapamycin, has shown that CD47 is a key player in autophagy and senescence to maintain and regulate the growth of MSCs, suggesting that CD47 may be a critical key marker for the selection of effective stem cells in cell therapy.

Nitric oxide plays a critical role in suppression of T-cell proliferation by mesenchymal stem cells

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 228-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuya Sato ◽  
Katsutoshi Ozaki ◽  
Iekuni Oh ◽  
Akiko Meguro ◽  
Keiko Hatanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Specific Inhibitor ◽  
T Cell Proliferation

Abstract The molecular mechanisms by which mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) suppress T-cell proliferation are poorly understood, and whether a soluble factor plays a major role remains controversial. Here we demonstrate that the T-cell–receptor complex is not a target for the suppression, suggesting that downstream signals mediate the suppression. We found that Stat5 phosphorylation in T cells is suppressed in the presence of MSCs and that nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the suppression of Stat5 phosphorylation and T-cell proliferation. The induction of inducible NO synthase (NOS) was readily detected in MSCs but not T cells, and a specific inhibitor of NOS reversed the suppression of Stat5 phosphorylation and T-cell proliferation. This production of NO in the presence of MSCs was mediated by CD4 or CD8 T cells but not by CD19 B cells. Furthermore, inhibitors of prostaglandin synthase or NOS restored the proliferation of T cells, whereas an inhibitor of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and a transforming growth factor–β–neutralizing antibody had no effect. Finally, MSCs from inducible NOS−/− mice had a reduced ability to suppress T-cell proliferation. Taken together, these results suggest that NO produced by MSCs is one of the major mediators of T-cell suppression by MSCs.

scholarly journals Serum-mediated Activation of Bone Marrow–derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Ischemic Stroke Patients

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gyeong Joon Moon ◽  
Yeon Hee Cho ◽  
Dong Hee Kim ◽  
Ji Hee Sung ◽  
Jeong Pyo Son ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Trophic Factors ◽  
Human Mscs ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Serum Factors ◽  
Control Serum

Stroke induces complex and dynamic, local and systemic changes including inflammatory reactions, immune responses, and repair and recovery processes. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to enhance neurological recovery after stroke. We hypothesized that serum factors play a critical role in the activation of bone marrow (BM) MSCs after stroke such as by increasing proliferation, paracrine effects, and rejuvenation. Human MSCs (hMSCs) were grown in fetal bovine serum (FBS), normal healthy control serum (NS), or stroke patient serum (SS). MSCs cultured in growth medium with 10% SS or NS exhibited higher proliferation indices than those cultured with FBS ( P < 0.01). FBS-, NS-, and SS-hMSCs showed differences in the expression of trophic factors; vascular endothelial growth factor, glial cell–derived neurotrophic factor, and fibroblast growth factor were densely expressed in samples cultured with SS ( P < 0.01). In addition, SS-MSCs revealed different cell cycle– or aging-associated messenger RNA expression in a later passage, and β-galactosidase staining showed the senescence of MSCs observed during culture expansion was lower in MSCs cultured with SS than those cultured with NS or FBS ( P < 0.01). Several proteins related to the activity of receptors, growth factors, and cytokines were more prevalent in the serum of stroke patients than in that of normal subjects. Neurogenesis and angiogenesis were markedly increased in rats that had received SS-MSCs ( P < 0.05), and these rats showed significant behavioral improvements ( P < 0.01). Our results indicate that stroke induces a process of recovery via the activation of MSCs. Culture methods for MSCs using SS obtained during the acute phase of a stroke could constitute a novel MSC activation method that is feasible and efficient for the neurorestoration of stroke.

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