scholarly journals Functional Genomics of the Retina to Elucidate its Construction and Deconstruction

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (19) ◽  
pp. 4922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blond ◽  
Léveillard
Keyword(s):  
Functional Genomics ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Retinal Degenerations ◽  
New Frontier ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Fundamental Biology ◽  
Key Events

The retina is the light sensitive part of the eye and nervous tissue that have been used extensively to characterize the function of the central nervous system. The retina has a central position both in fundamental biology and in the physiopathology of neurodegenerative diseases. We address the contribution of functional genomics to the understanding of retinal biology by reviewing key events in their historical perspective as an introduction to major findings that were obtained through the study of the retina using genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics. We illustrate our purpose by showing that most of the genes of interest for retinal development and those involved in inherited retinal degenerations have a restricted expression to the retina and most particularly to photoreceptors cells. We show that the exponential growth of data generated by functional genomics is a future challenge not only in terms of storage but also in terms of accessibility to the scientific community of retinal biologists in the future. Finally, we emphasize on novel perspectives that emerge from the development of redox-proteomics, the new frontier in retinal biology.

Designs

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijaya Nagarajan
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Symbolic Meanings

This chapter focuses on types of kōlam designs. The basic categories are katta (squares) and pulli (dots). The highly ritualized forms are the navagraha (nine heavenly bodies, including the five planets) and yantras. The symbolic meanings of geometric, figurative, and landscape kōlams, whether they are itheegam (traditional) and nagareegam (modern), are discussed. Kōlam-making tools are explained, such as the traditional personal notebooks and printed pamphlets and more modern stencils and plastic stick-on decals. A discussion of an 1884 kōlam chapbook and other chapbooks from the 20th century gives a historical perspective. The 20th-century Indian choreographer Chandralekha gave kōlam designs a central position in her work.

scholarly journals MODL-21. INTEGRATIVE APPROACHES IN FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS TO IDENTIFY GENETIC DEPENDENCIES IN PEDIATRIC BRAIN CANCER

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. iii415-iii415
Author(s):  
Claire Sun ◽  
Caroline Drinkwater ◽  
Dhanya Sooraj ◽  
Gabrielle Bradshaw ◽  
Claire Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Genomics ◽  
Precision Medicine ◽  
Brain Cancer ◽  
Human Genomes ◽  
Pediatric Cancer Patients ◽  
Crispr Screen ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Molecular Aberrations ◽  
Genetic Profiles ◽  
Pediatric Brain

Abstract The precise decoding of human genomes facilitated by the advancements in next-generation sequencing has led to a better understanding of genetic underpinnings of pediatric brain cancers. Indeed, it is now evident that tumours of the same type harbour distinct driving mutations and molecular aberrations that can result in different prognosis and treatment outcomes. The profounder insight into the the identity, amount and types of molecular aberrations has paved the way for the advent of targeted therapies in precision medicine. Nevertheless, less than 10% of pediatric cancer patients harbour actionable mutations. Strictly limited therapeutic options that are firstly available for brain cancers and secondly acceptable for children’s development further impede the breakthrough in the survival rate in pediatric brain cancers. This underscores a desperate need to delve beyond genomic sequencing to identify biomarker coupled therapies that not only featured with treatment efficacy in the central nervous system but also acceptable side effects for children. The Hudson-Monash Paediatric Precision Medicine (HMPPM) Program focuses on utilising genetic profiles of patients’ tumour models to identify new therapeutic targets and repurpose existing ones using high-throughput functional genomics screens (2220 drugs and CRISPR screen of 300 oncogenic genes). Using a large compendium of over sixty patient derived paediatric brain cancer models, we provide proof-of-concept data that shows an integrative pipeline for functional genomics with multi-omics datasets to perform genotype-phenotype correlations and, therefore, identify genetic dependencies. Herein, using several examples in ATRT, DIPG and HGG, we show how functional interrogations can better define molecular subclassification of tumours and identify unique vulnerabilities.

scholarly journals Medieval Bulgaria in the Context of Political Imagology

Slovene ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-537
Author(s):  
Irina Yu. Vashcheva ◽  
Dmitry A. Koryakov
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Scientific Level ◽  
Fields Of Study ◽  
Scientific Dialogue ◽  
Long Term Studies

The article is a review of the book written by the famous Bulgarian medievalist P. Angelov. The work under review is a collection of articles published in different years and divided into four thematic blocks: Serbian-Bulgarian relations, medieval Bulgarian diplomacy, Bulgarians as seen by their neighbours, and other nations as seen by the medieval Bulgarians. The authors of this review think highly of the book. A significant part of its articles was published in the last five years, but even the earlier articles have still not lost their relevance. The long-term studies of P. Angelov recreate a fairly clear and bright picture of military and diplomatic contacts of Bulgaria and Serbia, Bulgaria and Byzantium, Bulgaria and other countries of the region in a rather broad historical perspective. Some of the debatable assumptions made by the author do not in the least detract from the significance of the work, but, on the contrary, contribute to a constructive scientific dialogue. In general, the new collection of works by P. Angelov, without a doubt, is scientifically relevant, makes a significant contribution to important fields of study, meets the modern international standards of scientific level and will certainly be in demand in the Russian and European scientific community.

Definition of a Protocol for the Knowledge, the Analysis and the Communication of the Architectural Heritage

2017 ◽  
pp. 94-131
Author(s):  
Marinella Arena
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
Horizon 2020 ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
A Value ◽  
New Frontier ◽  
Definition Of

The communication of architecture is a complex and multidisciplinary process, indispensable for enhancing a monument properly and to allow understanding and knowledge to a large number of users. The European Architectural Heritage, and the Italian one in particular, is enormous; the processes of knowledge, cataloguing and analysis are far from being complete. This fact has prompted the European Union to invest, especially in recent years, in research projects designed to increase the communication strategies and put a value on the present assets in its territory. For example, the programs of the European Commission for Research and Innovation, found in “Horizon 2020”, define the communication based on the new media as the new frontier for the enhancement of architectural heritage (Reflective Cities). The main goal is to develop a better awareness of the Architectural Heritage through increased interaction between the citizen, the monument and the scientific community.

Urea transport in the central nervous system

1962 ◽  
Vol 203 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R. Kleeman ◽  
Hugh Davson ◽  
Emanuel Levin
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Urea Transport ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Rate Of Penetration ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
The Brain ◽  
State Content

The kinetics of urea transport in the central nervous system have been studied in rabbits during sustained intravenous and intracisternal infusions of C12 and C14 urea. The steady state content of urea in the water phase of the white matter and cord was approximately equal to its content in plasma water. However, the water of whole brain and gray matter had levels of urea which exceeded those in plasma by 7 and 18%, respectively, whereas the urea in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was only 78% of the plasma level. Its rate of penetration into nervous tissue was approximately one-tenth as rapid as into muscle. The intravenous infusion of urea caused a significant decrease in water content of the brain and cord. It was estimated that urea infused into the subarachnoid space penetrated the central nervous system (CNS) tissues at four to five times the rate of transport from blood to CNS tissues. These studies suggest that intravenous infusions of urea lower CSF pressure by decreasing the volume of the brain and cord. The major barrier to urea penetration into nervous tissue is at the capillary level, and not the plasma membrane of the glial or neuronal cells.

scholarly journals Martyrs made in the sky: the Zénith balloon tragedy and the construction of the French Third Republic's first scientific heroes

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-386
Author(s):  
Patrick Luiz Sullivan De Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
The Third ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Claude Bernard ◽  
Made In

Following the balloon's invention in 1783, the French greeted the technology with enthusiasm, speculating extensively about its potential scientific and practical applications. However, the lack of progress in navigating against the winds discredited ballooning, and in the following decades it became the domain of spectacular forms of entertainment and of swindlers trying to defraud public subscriptions. All of this changed after the 1870–1871 Franco-Prussian War, during which balloons were used to breach the siege of Paris. This essay explores how the aeronautical community, led by the recently established Société Française de Navigation Aérienne, mobilized the memory of the war to transform the balloon into a symbol of a heroic republican science. Paramount in that process was the Zénith 's 1875 high-altitude ascent that killed two aeronauts—Joseph Crocé-Spinelli and Théodore Sivel. The tragedy reverberated beyond France's scientific community, and through popular acclaim the two aeronauts became the Third Republic's first scientific martyrs, anticipating the eventual apotheoses of figures like Claude Bernard and Louis Pasteur. The ballooning revival in the last third of the century helped strengthen the association between France and aeronautics, thus setting the stage for the country to acquire a central position in the field by the early twentieth century.

scholarly journals Metabolism of acetylcholine in the nervous system of Aplysia californica. I. Source of choline and its uptake by intact nervous tissue.

1975 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
J H Schwartz ◽  
M L Eisenstadt ◽  
H Cedar
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Aplysia Californica ◽  
The Other ◽  
Michaelis Constant ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Although acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter in Aplysia, labeling studies with methionine and serine showed that little choline was synthesized by nervous tissue and indicated that the choline required for the synthesis of acetylcholine must be derived exogenously. Aanglia in the central nervous system (abdominal, cerebral, and pleuropedals) all took up about 0.5 nmol of choline per hour at 9 muM, the concentration of choline we found in hemolymph. This rate was more than two orders of magnitude greater than that of synthesis from the labeled precursors. Ganglia accumulated choline by a process which has two kinetic components, one with a Michaelis constant between 2-8 muM. The other component was not saturated at 420 muM. Presumably the process with the high affinity functions to supply choline for synthesis of transmitter, since the efficiency of conversion to acetylcholine was maximal in the range of external concentrations found in hemolymph.

scholarly journals Signs and Symptoms of Central Nervous System Involvement and Their Pathogenesis in COVID-19 According to The Clinical Data (Review)

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 65-77
Author(s):  
N. V. Tsygan ◽  
A. P. Trashkov ◽  
A. V. Ryabtsev ◽  
V. A. Yakovleva ◽  
A. L. Konevega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Data ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Central Nervous System Involvement ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Altered Level ◽  
System Involvement ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Detailed clinical assessment of the central nervous system involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infection is relevant due to the low specificity of neurological manifestations, the complexity of evaluation of patient complaints, reduced awareness of the existing spectrum of neurological manifestations of COVID-19, as well as low yield of the neurological imaging.The aim. To reveal the patterns of central nervous system involvement in COVID-19 and its pathogenesis based on clinical data.Among more than 200 primary literature sources from various databases (Scopus, Web of Science, RSCI, etc.), 80 sources were selected for evaluation, of them 72 were published in the recent years (2016-2020). The criteria for exclusion of sources were low relevance and outdated information.The clinical manifestations of central nervous system involvement in COVID-19 include smell (5-98% of cases) and taste disorders (6-89%), dysphonia (28%), dysphagia (19%), consciousness disorders (3-53%), headache (0-70%), dizziness (0-20%), and, in less than 3% of cases, visual impairment, hearing impairment, ataxia, seizures, stroke. Analysis of the literature data revealed the following significant mechanisms of the effects of highly contagious coronaviruses (including SARS-CoV-2) on the central nervous system: neurodegeneration (including cytokine- induced); cerebral thrombosis and thromboembolism; damage to the neurovascular unit; immune-mediated damage of nervous tissue, resulting in infection and allergy-induced demyelination.The neurological signs and symptoms seen in COVID-19 such as headache, dizziness, impaired smell and taste, altered level of consciousness, bulbar disorders (dysphagia, dysphonia) have been examined. Accordingly, we discussed the possible routes of SARS-CoV-2 entry into the central nervous system and the mechanisms of nervous tissue damage.Based on the literature analysis, a high frequency and variability of central nervous system manifestations of COVID-19 were revealed, and an important role of vascular brain damage and neurodegeneration in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 was highlighted.

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