scholarly journals Calcium Mobilization in Endothelial Cell Functions

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 4525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Filippini ◽  
Antonella D’Amore ◽  
Alessio D’Alessio
Keyword(s):  
Vascular System ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Basal Membrane ◽  
Cell Junctions ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Innermost Layer ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Membrane Bound

Endothelial cells (ECs) constitute the innermost layer that lines all blood vessels from the larger arteries and veins to the smallest capillaries, including the lymphatic vessels. Despite the histological classification of endothelium of a simple epithelium and its homogeneous morphological appearance throughout the vascular system, ECs, instead, are extremely heterogeneous both structurally and functionally. The different arrangement of cell junctions between ECs and the local organization of the basal membrane generate different type of endothelium with different permeability features and functions. Continuous, fenestrated and discontinuous endothelia are distributed based on the specific function carried out by the organs. It is thought that a large number ECs functions and their responses to extracellular cues depend on changes in intracellular concentrations of calcium ion ([Ca2+]i). The extremely complex calcium machinery includes plasma membrane bound channels as well as intracellular receptors distributed in distinct cytosolic compartments that act jointly to maintain a physiological [Ca2+]i, which is crucial for triggering many cellular mechanisms. Here, we first survey the overall notions related to intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and later highlight the involvement of this second messenger in crucial ECs functions with the aim at stimulating further investigation that link Ca2+ mobilization to ECs in health and disease.

scholarly journals Mechanisms and cell lineages in lymphatic vascular development

Angiogenesis ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniyal J. Jafree ◽  
David A. Long ◽  
Peter J. Scambler ◽  
Christiana Ruhrberg
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Technologies ◽  
Vascular Development ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Experimental Techniques ◽  
Knowledge Gaps ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Lineages ◽  
Lymphatic Vasculature ◽  
Lymphatic Development ◽  
Health And Disease

AbstractLymphatic vessels have critical roles in both health and disease and their study is a rapidly evolving area of vascular biology. The consensus on how the first lymphatic vessels arise in the developing embryo has recently shifted. Originally, they were thought to solely derive by sprouting from veins. Since then, several studies have uncovered novel cellular mechanisms and a diversity of contributing cell lineages in the formation of organ lymphatic vasculature. Here, we review the key mechanisms and cell lineages contributing to lymphatic development, discuss the advantages and limitations of experimental techniques used for their study and highlight remaining knowledge gaps that require urgent attention. Emerging technologies should accelerate our understanding of how lymphatic vessels develop normally and how they contribute to disease.

scholarly journals Molecular Mechanisms Controlling Lymphatic Endothelial Junction Integrity

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter R. Norden ◽  
Tsutomu Kume
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Lymphatic Endothelial Cell ◽  
Basement Membranes ◽  
Cell Junctions ◽  
Lipid Absorption ◽  
Tissue Fluid

The lymphatic system is essential for lipid absorption/transport from the digestive system, maintenance of tissue fluid and protein homeostasis, and immune surveillance. Despite recent progress toward understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of the lymphatic vascular system, the nature of lymphatic vessel abnormalities and disease in humans is complex and poorly understood. The mature lymphatic vasculature forms a hierarchical network in which lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) are joined by functionally specialized cell-cell junctions to maintain the integrity of lymphatic vessels. Blind-ended and highly permeable lymphatic capillaries drain interstitial fluid via discontinuous, button-like LEC junctions, whereas collecting lymphatic vessels, surrounded by intact basement membranes and lymphatic smooth muscle cells, have continuous, zipper-like LEC junctions to transport lymph to the blood circulatory system without leakage. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which lymphatic button- and zipper-like junctions play critical roles in lymphatic permeability and function in a tissue- and organ-specific manner, including lacteals of the small intestine. We also provide current knowledge related to key pathways and factors such as VEGF and RhoA/ROCK signaling that control lymphatic endothelial cell junctional integrity.

Tube-Foot Ultrastructure of an Ophiuroid Echinoderm

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 684-685
Author(s):  
S.L. Hajduk
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Cell Junctions ◽  
Epithelial Layer ◽  
Tubular Structures ◽  
Innermost Layer ◽  
Tube Feet

The tube-feet of asteroids and echinoids, highly extensible tubular structures expanded distally into suckers, are important in gas exchange, locomotion, feeding and sense-reception. Their ultrastructure has been thoroughly examined. The less extensible, suckerless tube feet of ophiuroids have been shown to serve the same functions, but their ultrastructure has not been examined. I report here on ultrastructural features of the tube-feet of the ophiuroid Hemipholis elongata.The wall of the tube-foot is continuous with the water vascular system. The lumen of the tube-foot contains the same spherical hemoglobin-containing cells found elsewhere in the water vascular system. The innermost layer of the wall is composed of flagellated, choanocyte-like cells which form cytoplasmic extensions into the cavity of the tube-foot (Figure 3). Attachment of these cytoplasmic extensions to the hemoglobin-containing cells has been observed. Septate desmosome cell junctions are frequently seen in this inner epithelial layer and less frequently in the surface epithelial layer.

Instructions from the Vascular System - Directing Neural Stem Cell Fate in Health and Disease

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 2190-2207 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Schildge ◽  
C. Bohrer ◽  
S. Pfurr ◽  
K. Mammadzada ◽  
K. Schachtrup ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Neural Stem Cell ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Stem Cell Fate ◽  
Health And Disease

scholarly journals Mitochondrial Protein Network: From Biogenesis to Bioenergetics in Health and Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Alessandra Ferramosca
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Protein Network ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Double Membrane ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Membrane Bound

Mitochondria are double membrane-bound organelles which are essential for the viability of eukaryotic cells, because they play a crucial role in bioenergetics, metabolism and signaling [...]

scholarly journals A Consensus Definitive Classification of Scavenger Receptors and Their Roles in Health and Disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 198 (10) ◽  
pp. 3775-3789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercy R. PrabhuDas ◽  
Cynthia L. Baldwin ◽  
Paul L. Bollyky ◽  
Dawn M. E. Bowdish ◽  
Kurt Drickamer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scavenger Receptors ◽  
Health And Disease

scholarly journals The transcriptional program, functional heterogeneity, and clinical targeting of mast cells

2017 ◽  
Vol 214 (9) ◽  
pp. 2491-2506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gökhan Cildir ◽  
Harshita Pant ◽  
Angel F. Lopez ◽  
Vinay Tergaonkar
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Immunoglobulin E ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Transcriptional Program ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Ige Mediated

Mast cells are unique tissue-resident immune cells that express an array of receptors that can be activated by several extracellular cues, including antigen–immunoglobulin E (IgE) complexes, bacteria, viruses, cytokines, hormones, peptides, and drugs. Mast cells constitute a small population in tissues, but their extraordinary ability to respond rapidly by releasing granule-stored and newly made mediators underpins their importance in health and disease. In this review, we document the biology of mast cells and introduce new concepts and opinions regarding their role in human diseases beyond IgE-mediated allergic responses and antiparasitic functions. We bring to light recent discoveries and developments in mast cell research, including regulation of mast cell functions, differentiation, survival, and novel mouse models. Finally, we highlight the current and future opportunities for therapeutic intervention of mast cell functions in inflammatory diseases.

Increased Tyr phosphorylation of ZO-1 during modification of tight junctions between glomerular foot processes

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (3) ◽  
pp. F514-F524 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Kurihara ◽  
J. M. Anderson ◽  
M. G. Farquhar
Keyword(s):  
Tight Junction ◽  
Tyrosine Phosphorylation ◽  
Tight Junctions ◽  
Mesangial Cells ◽  
Basal Membrane ◽  
Cell Junctions ◽  
Phosphorylated Proteins ◽  
Cell Matrix ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
And Control

The slit diaphragms between the glomerular epithelial foot processes represent a variant of the tight junction that are rapidly replaced by typical tight junctions after perfusion with protamine sulfate (PS). To investigate the mechanism of signaling involved, tyrosine phosphorylation of glomerular proteins was analyzed in newborn, PS-treated, and control rats using antiphosphotyrosine immunoglobulin G. In glomeruli of normal adults, phosphotyrosine (Ptyr) staining was confined largely to mesangial cells by immunofluorescence, whereas in newborn and PS-treated rats, the Ptyr signal was dramatically increased in the glomerular epithelium. By immunogold labeling, it was found that newly phosphorylated proteins were concentrated along the newly formed tight junctions (cell-cell junctions) and the basal membrane of the foot processes (cell-matrix junctions). By immunoblotting, several prominent bands were detected with anti-Ptyr in glomerular lysates of controls; in PS-treated rats, additional bands were detected at 225, 180, and 100 kDa. The 225-kDa protein was identified as ZO-1 by immunoprecipitation with anti-ZO-1 followed by immunoblotting with anti-Ptyr. These findings indicate that ZO-1 is one of the targets for tyrosine phosphorylation after PS treatment. They indicate that phosphorylation of tight junction and other proteins occurs during the formation of tight junctions in glomeruli under circumstances where there are rapid changes in epithelial cell shape.

scholarly journals Spatial and temporal relationships between cadherins and PECAM-1 in cell-cell junctions of human endothelial cells.

1994 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
O Ayalon ◽  
H Sabanai ◽  
M G Lampugnani ◽  
E Dejana ◽  
B Geiger
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Adherens Junctions ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Membrane Receptors ◽  
Temporal Organization ◽  
Cell Junctions ◽  
Short Treatment ◽  
Cell Cell

The integrity of the endothelial layer, which lines the entire cavity of the vascular system, depends on tight adhesion of the cells to the underlying basement membrane as well as to each other. It has been previously shown that such interactions occur via membrane receptors that determine the specificity, topology, and mechanical properties of the surface adhesion. Cell-cell junctions between endothelial cells, in culture and in situ, involve both Ca(2+)-dependent and -independent mechanisms that are mediated by distinct adhesion molecules. Ca(2+)-dependent cell-cell adhesion occurs mostly via members of the cadherin family, which locally anchor the microfilament system to the plasma membrane, in adherens junctions. Ca(2+)-independent adhesions were reported to mainly involve members of the Ig superfamily. In this study, we performed three-dimensional microscopic analysis of the relative subcellular distributions of these two endothelial intercellular adhesion systems. We show that cadherins are located at adjacent (usually more apical), yet clearly distinct domains of the lateral plasma membrane, compared to PECAM-1. Moreover, cadherins were first organized in adherens junctions within 2 h after seeding of endothelial cells, forming multiple lateral patches which developed into an extensive belt-like structure over a period of 24 h. PECAM-1 became associated with surface adhesions significantly later and became progressively associated with the cadherin-containing adhesions. Cadherins and PECAM-1 also differed in their detergent extractability, reflecting differences in their mode of association with the cytoskeleton. Moreover, the two adhesion systems could be differentially modulated since short treatment with the Ca2+ chelator EGTA, disrupted the cadherin junctions leaving PECAM-1 apparently intact. These results confirm that endothelial cells possess distinct intercellular contact mechanisms that differ in their spatial and temporal organization as well as in their functional properties.

Lymphangiogenesis in development and disease

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (08) ◽  
pp. 304-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruediger Liersch ◽  
Michael Detmar
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Cancer Metastasis ◽  
Lymphatic System ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Transplant Rejection ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Lipid Uptake ◽  
Molecular Control

SummaryThe lymphatic vascular system plays an important role in the maintenance of fluid homeostasis, in the afferent immune response, in the intestinal lipid uptake and in the metastatic spread of malignant cells. The recent discovery of specific markers and growth factors for lymphatic endothelium and the establishment of genetic mouse models with impairment of lymphatic function have provided novel insights into the molecular control of the lymphatic system in physiology and in embryonic development. They have also identified molecular pathways whose mutational inactivation leads to human diseases associated with lymphedema. Moreover, the lymphatic system plays a major role in chronic inflammatory diseases and in transplant rejection. Importantly, malignant tumors can directly promote lymphangiogenesis within the primary tumor and in draining lymph nodes, leading to enhanced cancer metastasis to lymph nodes and beyond. Based upon these findings, novel therapeutic strategies are currently being developed that aim at inhibiting or promoting the formation and function of lymphatic vessels in disease.

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