scholarly journals Membrane Lipid Remodeling in Response to Salinity

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 4264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Guo ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
Bronwyn J. Barkla
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Signaling Molecules ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Plant Salt Tolerance ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Plant Membranes

Salinity is one of the most decisive environmental factors threatening the productivity of crop plants. Understanding the mechanisms of plant salt tolerance is critical to be able to maintain or improve crop yield under these adverse environmental conditions. Plant membranes act as biological barriers, protecting the contents of cells and organelles from biotic and abiotic stress, including salt stress. Alterations in membrane lipids in response to salinity have been observed in a number of plant species including both halophytes and glycophytes. Changes in membrane lipids can directly affect the properties of membrane proteins and activity of signaling molecules, adjusting the fluidity and permeability of membranes, and activating signal transduction pathways. In this review, we compile evidence on the salt stress responses of the major membrane lipids from different plant tissues, varieties, and species. The role of membrane lipids as signaling molecules in response to salinity is also discussed. Advances in mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques have largely expanded our knowledge of salt-induced changes in lipids, however only a handful studies have investigated the underlying mechanisms of membrane lipidome regulation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent works that have been carried out on lipid remodeling of plant membranes under salt treatment. Challenges and future perspectives in understanding the mechanisms of salt-induced changes to lipid metabolisms are proposed.

A Functional Alternative Oxidase Modulates Plant Salt Tolerance in Physcomitrella patens

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1829-1841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guochun Wu ◽  
Sha Li ◽  
Xiaochuan Li ◽  
Yunhong Liu ◽  
Shuangshuang Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Alternative Oxidase ◽  
Physcomitrella Patens ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Respiratory Pathway ◽  
Functional Link ◽  
Salt Stress Condition ◽  
Plant Salt Tolerance

Abstract Alternative oxidase (AOX) has been reported to be involved in mitochondrial function and redox homeostasis, thus playing an essential role in plant growth as well as stress responses. However, its biological functions in nonseed plants have not been well characterized. Here, we report that AOX participates in plant salt tolerance regulation in moss Physcomitrella patens (P. patens). AOX is highly conserved and localizes to mitochondria in P. patens. We observed that PpAOX rescued the impaired cyanide (CN)-resistant alternative (Alt) respiratory pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) aox1a mutant. PpAOX transcription and Alt respiration were induced upon salt stress in P. patens. Using homologous recombination, we generated PpAOX-overexpressing lines (PpAOX OX). PpAOX OX plants exhibited higher Alt respiration and lower total reactive oxygen species accumulation under salt stress condition. Strikingly, we observed that PpAOX OX plants displayed decreased salt tolerance. Overexpression of PpAOX disturbed redox homeostasis in chloroplasts. Meanwhile, chloroplast structure was adversely affected in PpAOX OX plants in contrast to wild-type (WT) P. patens. We found that photosynthetic activity in PpAOX OX plants was also lower compared with that in WT. Together, our work revealed that AOX participates in plant salt tolerance in P. patens and there is a functional link between mitochondria and chloroplast under challenging conditions.

scholarly journals Molecular characterization and expression analysis of pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) HpLRR genes in response to Neoscytalidium dimidiatum infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Xu ◽  
Cheng-Li Liu ◽  
Yu Fu ◽  
Zhi-Wen Liao ◽  
Pan-Yang Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Expression Analysis ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Canker Disease ◽  
Resistance Proteins ◽  
Neoscytalidium Dimidiatum ◽  
Hylocereus Polyrhizus

Abstract Background: Canker disease caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum is a devastating disease resulting in a major loss to the pitaya industry. However, resistance proteins in plants play crucial roles to against pathogen infection. Among resistance proteins, the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) protein is a major family that plays crucial roles in plant growth, development, and biotic and abiotic stress responses, especially in disease defense. Results: In the present study, a transcriptomics analysis identified a total of 272 LRR genes, 233 of which had coding sequences (CDSs), in the plant pitaya ( Hylocereus polyrhizus ) in response to fungal Neoscytalidium dimidiatum infection. These genes were divided into various subgroups based on specific domains and phylogenetic analysis. Molecular characterization, functional annotation of proteins, and an expression analysis of the LRR genes were conducted. Additionally, four LRR genes (CL445.Contig4_All, Unigene28_All, CL28.Contig2_All, and Unigene2712_All, which were selected because they had the four longest CDSs were further assessed using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) at different fungal infection stages in different pitaya species ( Hylocereus polyrhizus and Hylocereus undatus ), in different pitaya tissues, and after treatment with salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and abscisic acid (ABA) hormones. The associated protein functions and roles in signaling pathways were identified. Conclusions: This study provides a comprehensive overview of the Hp LRR family genes at transcriptional level in pitaya in response to N. dimidiatum infection, it will be helpful to understand the molecular mechanism of pitaya canker disease, and lay a strong foundation for further research.

scholarly journals Galactolipid and Phospholipid Profile and Proteome Alterations in Soybean Leaves at the Onset of Salt Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ailin Liu ◽  
Zhixia Xiao ◽  
Zhili Wang ◽  
Hon-Ming Lam ◽  
Mee-Len Chye
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Salt Treatment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Lipid Profiling ◽  
Soybean Seedlings ◽  
Proteomic Data ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Soybean Leaves

Salinity is a major environmental factor that constrains soybean yield and grain quality. Given our past observations using the salt-sensitive soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) accession C08 on its early responses to salinity and salt-induced transcriptomic modifications, the aim of this study was to assess the lipid profile changes in this cultivar before and after short-term salt stress, and to explore the adaptive mechanisms underpinning lipid homeostasis. To this end, lipid profiling and proteomic analyses were performed on the leaves of soybean seedlings subjected to salt treatment for 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 h. Our results revealed that short-term salt stress caused dynamic lipid alterations resulting in recycling for both galactolipids and phospholipids. A comprehensive understanding of membrane lipid adaption following salt treatment was achieved by combining time-dependent lipidomic and proteomic data. Proteins involved in phosphoinositide synthesis and turnover were upregulated at the onset of salt treatment. Salinity-induced lipid recycling was shown to enhance jasmonic acid and phosphatidylinositol biosyntheses. Our study demonstrated that salt stress resulted in a remodeling of membrane lipid composition and an alteration in membrane lipids associated with lipid signaling and metabolism in C08 leaves.

scholarly journals Exogenous melatonin improves salt stress adaptation of cotton seedlings by regulating active oxygen metabolism

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10486
Author(s):  
Dan Jiang ◽  
Bin Lu ◽  
Liantao Liu ◽  
Wenjing Duan ◽  
Li Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Lipid Membrane ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Oxygen Metabolism ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Exogenous Melatonin ◽  
Cotton Seedling

Melatonin is a small-molecule indole hormone that plays an important role in participating in biotic and abiotic stress resistance. Melatonin has been confirmed to promote the normal development of plants under adversity stress by mediating physiological regulation mechanisms. However, the mechanisms by which exogenous melatonin mediates salt tolerance via regulation of antioxidant activity and osmosis in cotton seedlings remain largely unknown. In this study, the regulatory effects of melatonin on reactive oxygen species (ROS), the antioxidant system, and osmotic modulators of cotton seedlings were determined under 0–500 µM melatonin treatments with salt stress induced by 150 mM NaCl treatment. Cotton seedlings under salt stress exhibited an inhibition of growth, excessive hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion (O2−), and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulations in leaves, increased activity levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and elevated ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) content in leaves. However, the content of osmotic regulators (i.e., soluble sugars and proteins) in leaves was reduced under salt stress. This indicates high levels of ROS were produced, and the cell membrane was damaged. Additionally, osmotic regulatory substance content was reduced, resulting in osmotic stress, which seriously affected cotton seedling growth under salt stress. However, exogenous melatonin at different concentrations reduced the contents of H2O2, O2−, and MDA in cotton leaves, increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the content of reductive substances (i.e., AsA and GSH), and promoted the accumulation of osmotic regulatory substances in leaves under salt stress. These results suggest that melatonin can inhibit ROS production in cotton seedlings, improve the activity of the antioxidant enzyme system, raise the content of osmotic regulation substances, reduce the level of membrane lipid peroxidation, and protect the integrity of the lipid membrane under salt stress, which reduces damage caused by salt stress to seedlings and effectively enhances inhibition of salt stress on cotton seedling growth. These results indicate that 200 µM melatonin treatment has the best effect on the growth and salt tolerance of cotton seedlings.

scholarly journals Association of transcription factor WRKY56 gene from Populus simonii × P. nigra with salt tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Wang ◽  
Wenjing Yao ◽  
Yao Sun ◽  
Jiying Wang ◽  
Tingbo Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Wrky Transcription Factor ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Populus Simonii ◽  
Reading Frame

The WRKY transcription factor family is one of the largest groups of transcription factor in plants, playing important roles in growth, development, and biotic and abiotic stress responses. Many WRKY genes have been cloned from a variety of plant species and their functions have been analyzed. However, the studies on WRKY transcription factors in tree species under abiotic stress are still not well characterized. To understand the effects of the WRKY gene in response to abiotic stress, mRNA abundances of 102 WRKY genes in Populus simonii × P. nigra were identified by RNA sequencing under normal and salt stress conditions. The expression of 23 WRKY genes varied remarkably, in a tissue-specific manner, under salt stress. Since the WRKY56 was one of the genes significantly induced by NaCl treatment, its cDNA fragment containing an open reading frame from P. simonii × P. nigra was then cloned and transferred into Arabidopsis using the floral dip method. Under salt stress, the transgenic Arabidopsis over-expressed the WRKY56 gene, showing an increase in fresh weight, germination rate, proline content, and peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity, when compared with the wild type. In contrast, transgenic Arabidopsis displayed a decrease in malondialdehyde content under salt stress. Overall, these results indicated that the WRKY56 gene played an important role in regulating salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis.

Salt stress responses in a geographically diverse collection of Eutrema/Thellungiella spp. accessions

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Ping Lee ◽  
Christian Funk ◽  
Alexander Erban ◽  
Joachim Kopka ◽  
Karin I. Köhl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Complex Traits ◽  
Compatible Solutes ◽  
Thellungiella Salsuginea ◽  
Natural Genetic Variation ◽  
Eutrema Salsugineum ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Plant Salt Tolerance

Salinity strongly impairs plant growth and development. Natural genetic variation can be used to dissect complex traits such as plant salt tolerance. We used 16 accessions of the halophytic species Eutrema salsugineum (previously called Thellungiella salsuginea (Pallas) O.E.Schulz, Thellungiella halophila (C.A.Meyer) O.E. Schulz and Thellungiella botschantzevii D.A.German to investigate their natural variation in salinity tolerance. Although all accessions showed survival and growth up to 700 mM NaCl in hydroponic culture, their relative salt tolerance varied considerably. All accessions accumulated the compatible solutes proline, sucrose, glucose and fructose and the polyamines putrescine and spermine. Relative salt tolerance was not correlated with the content of any of the investigated solutes. We compared the metabolomes and transcriptomes of Arabidopsis thaliana (L. Heynh.) Col-0 and E. salsugineum Yukon under control and salt stress conditions. Higher content of several metabolites in Yukon compared with Col-0 under control conditions indicated metabolic pre-adaptation to salinity in the halophyte. Most metabolic salt responses in Yukon took place at 200 mM NaCl, whereas few additional changes were observed between 200 and 500 mM. The opposite trend was observed for the transcriptome, with only little overlap between salt-regulated genes in the two species. In addition, only about half of the salt-regulated Yukon unigenes had orthologues in Col-0.

Identification of novel candidate phosphatidic acid-binding proteins involved in the salt-stress response of Arabidopsis thaliana roots

2013 ◽  
Vol 450 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fionn McLoughlin ◽  
Steven A. Arisz ◽  
Henk L. Dekker ◽  
Gertjan Kramer ◽  
Chris G. de Koster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Phosphatidic Acid ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Affinity Purification ◽  
Lipid Binding ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Salt Stress Response

PA (phosphatidic acid) is a lipid second messenger involved in an array of processes occurring during a plant's life cycle. These include development, metabolism, and both biotic and abiotic stress responses. PA levels increase in response to salt, but little is known about its function in the earliest responses to salt stress. In the present study we have combined an approach to isolate peripheral membrane proteins of Arabidopsis thaliana roots with lipid-affinity purification, to identify putative proteins that interact with PA and are recruited to the membrane in response to salt stress. Of the 42 putative PA-binding proteins identified by MS, a set of eight new candidate PA-binding proteins accumulated at the membrane fraction after 7 min of salt stress. Among these were CHC (clathrin heavy chain) isoforms, ANTH (AP180 N-terminal homology) domain clathrin-assembly proteins, a putative regulator of potassium transport, two ribosomal proteins, GAPDH (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase) and a PI (phosphatidylinositol) 4-kinase. PA binding and salt-induced membrane recruitment of GAPDH and CHC were confirmed by Western blot analysis of the cellular fractions. In conclusion, the approach of the present study is an effective way to isolate biologically relevant lipid-binding proteins and provides new leads in the study of PA-mediated salt-stress responses in roots.

scholarly journals CRK2 enhances salt tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana by regulating endocytosis and callose deposition in connection with PLDα1

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerri Hunter ◽  
Sachie Kimura ◽  
Anne Rokka ◽  
Cuong Tran ◽  
Masatsugu Toyota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Subcellular Localization ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Callose Deposition ◽  
Receptor Like Kinase ◽  
Stress Dependent

AbstractHigh salinity has become an increasingly prevalent source of stress to which plants need to adapt. The receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs), including the cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase (CRK) subfamily, are a highly expanded family of transmembrane proteins in plants and are largely responsible for communication between cells and the extracellular environment. Various CRKs have been implicated in biotic and abiotic stress responses, however their functions on a cellular level remain largely uncharacterized. Here we have shown that CRK2 enhances salt tolerance at the germination stage in Arabidopsis thaliana. We identified CRK2 as a negative regulator of endocytosis, under both normal growth conditions and salt stress. We also established that functional CRK2 is required for salt-induced callose deposition. In doing so, we revealed a novel role for callose deposition, in response to increased salinity, and demonstrated its importance for salt tolerance during germination. Using fluorescently tagged proteins we observed specific changes in CRK2’s subcellular localization in response to various stress treatments. Many of CRK2’s cellular functions were dependent on phospholipase D (PLD) activity, as were the subcellular localization changes. Thus we propose that CRK2 acts downstream of PLD during salt stress to regulate endocytosis and promote callose deposition, and that CRK2 adopts specific stress-dependent subcellular localization patterns in order to carry out its functions.One sentence summaryThe receptor-like kinase CRK2 acts in connection with PLDα1 to regulate endocytosis and callose deposition at plasmodesmata, enhancing salt tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana.

scholarly journals Leucine-rich repeat extensin proteins regulate plant salt tolerance in Arabidopsis

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (51) ◽  
pp. 13123-13128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunzhao Zhao ◽  
Omar Zayed ◽  
Zheping Yu ◽  
Wei Jiang ◽  
Peipei Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Leucine Rich Repeat ◽  
Salt Stress Tolerance ◽  
Triple Mutant ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Salt Tolerance ◽  
Rapid Alkalinization Factor

The perception and relay of cell-wall signals are critical for plants to regulate growth and stress responses, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We found that the cell-wall leucine-rich repeat extensins (LRX) 3/4/5 are critical for plant salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. The LRXs physically associate with the RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR (RALF) peptides RALF22/23, which in turn interact with the plasma membrane-localized receptor-like protein kinase FERONIA (FER). The lrx345 triple mutant as well as fer mutant plants display retarded growth and salt hypersensitivity, which are mimicked by overexpression of RALF22/23. Salt stress promotes S1P protease-dependent release of mature RALF22 peptides. Treatment of roots with mature RALF22/23 peptides or salt stress causes the internalization of FER. Our results suggest that the LRXs, RALFs, and FER function as a module to transduce cell-wall signals to regulate plant growth and salt stress tolerance.

scholarly journals Dehydration-Induced WRKY Transcriptional Factor MfWRKY70 of Myrothamnus flabellifolia Enhanced Drought and Salinity Tolerance in Arabidopsis

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 327
Author(s):  
Xiang-Ying Xiang ◽  
Jia Chen ◽  
Wen-Xin Xu ◽  
Jia-Rui Qiu ◽  
Li Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Stress Signaling ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Positive Regulator ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme System

The resurrection plants Myrothamnus flabellifolia can survive long term severe drought and desiccation conditions and soon recover after rewatering. However, few genes related to such excellent drought tolerance and underlying molecular mechanism have been excavated. WRKY transcription factors play critical roles in biotic and abiotic stress signaling, in which WRKY70 functions as a positive regulator in biotic stress response but a negative regulator in abiotic stress signaling in Arabidopsis and some other plant species. In the present study, the functions of a dehydration-induced MfWRKY70 of M. flabellifolia participating was investigated in the model plant Arabidopsis. Our results indicated that MfWRKY70 was localized in the nucleus and could significantly increase tolerance to drought, osmotic, and salinity stresses by promoting root growth and water retention, as well as enhancing the antioxidant enzyme system and maintaining reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and membrane-lipid stability under stressful conditions. Moreover, the expression of stress-associated genes (P5CS, NCED3 and RD29A) was positively regulated in the overexpression of MfWRKY70 Arabidopsis. We proposed that MfWRKY70 may function as a positive regulator for abiotic stress responses and can be considered as a potential gene for improvement of drought and salinity tolerance in plants.

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