scholarly journals Circularly Permuted Fluorescent Protein-Based Indicators: History, Principles, and Classification

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 4200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander I. Kostyuk ◽  
Aleksandra D. Demidovich ◽  
Daria A. Kotova ◽  
Vsevolod V. Belousov ◽  
Dmitry S. Bilan
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Fluorescent Proteins ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Complete Classification ◽  
Ligand Interaction ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
History Of ◽  
Flexible Region ◽  
Extensive Class

Genetically encoded biosensors based on fluorescent proteins (FPs) are a reliable tool for studying the various biological processes in living systems. The circular permutation of single FPs led to the development of an extensive class of biosensors that allow the monitoring of many intracellular events. In circularly permuted FPs (cpFPs), the original N- and C-termini are fused using a peptide linker, while new termini are formed near the chromophore. Such a structure imparts greater mobility to the FP than that of the native variant, allowing greater lability of the spectral characteristics. One of the common principles of creating genetically encoded biosensors is based on the integration of a cpFP into a flexible region of a sensory domain or between two interacting domains, which are selected according to certain characteristics. Conformational rearrangements of the sensory domain associated with ligand interaction or changes in the cellular parameter are transferred to the cpFP, changing the chromophore environment. In this review, we highlight the basic principles of such sensors, the history of their creation, and a complete classification of the available biosensors.

Some Early South Italian Vase-Painters: With a Brief Indication of the Later history of Italiote Vase-Painting

1929 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 30-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noël Moon
Keyword(s):  
Good Deal ◽  
Complete Classification ◽  
Vase Painting ◽  
Magna Graecia ◽  
Divergence Of Opinion ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Private Collections

The question of the classification of the red-figured vases of Magna Graecia is still highly controversial. So is the question of the foremost seat of the industry, and of the development of the fabric or fabrics. A good deal is being done at the moment in various quarters towards straightening out the problem, but divergence of opinion on essential points is still wide. This article does not attempt to give another complete classification, nor is it intended primarily to resuscitate admiration for works of art wilfully neglected, to cry shame on those who hurry through museum rooms of South Italian exhibits to reach the Attic. It suggests, however, that there might be a pause in these rooms if examples of the best South Italian work were always there. But not infrequently the best have been put among the Attic. Many too are in comparatively inaccessible places and are unpublished. There are several good ones in England that are little known, being in private collections or unexpected museums. Some of these I am publishing, as well as one or two of those that in their museums are thought to be Attic. I am also describing briefly the different groups to which these vases belong, in an attempt to lay down new lines on which the subject may be approached.

scholarly journals METHODICAL ASPECTS OF PRMS-SPE APPLICATION TO THE GEOLOGICALYECONOMICAL ESTIMATION OF OIL AND GAS SUPPLIES IN UKRAINE

2018 ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
G. I. Rudko ◽  
I. R. Mykhailiv
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Geological Structure ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
History Of ◽  
Detailed Characteristic ◽  
Resources Evaluation ◽  
International Systems ◽  
Selection Of

In the article there are discribed history of becoming and detailed characteristic of PRMS-SPE, as one of the leading international systems of hydrocarbons supplies and resources evaluation. Leading principles of this classification system touch liquid, gaseous and hard carbohydrates, oriented to the real projects and used both for traditional and for untraditional resources. Categories and classes of hydrocarbons resources in the system PRMS-SPE are distinguished after the degree of deposit studying (to authenticity), expected economic effect from their explore and real well number, accordingly taken into account not only probability of, that hydrocarbons physically are in a geological structure but also economic efficiency of their supplies exception. It is set that National classification of Ukraine and PRMS-SPE are marked a considerable cognation in basic principles and going near the selection of categories and groups of oil and gas supplies/resources As for the, made by authors, algorithm of comparison it can be used for development and further approbation of normatively-methodical materials from harmonization of classifications.

scholarly journals GAF-CaMP3–sfGFP, An Enhanced Version of the Near-Infrared Genetically Encoded Positive Phytochrome-Based Calcium Indicator for the Visualization of Neuronal Activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 6883
Author(s):  
Oksana M. Subach ◽  
Fedor V. Subach
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Fluorescent Proteins ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Confocal Imaging ◽  
Neuronal Cultures ◽  
Decay Kinetics ◽  
Calcium Indicator

The first generation of near-infrared, genetically encoded calcium indicators (NIR-GECIs) was developed from bacterial phytochrome-based fluorescent proteins that utilize biliverdin (BV) as the chromophore moiety. However, NIR-GECIs have some main drawbacks such as either an inverted response to calcium ions (in the case of NIR-GECO1) or a limited dynamic range and a lack of data about their application in neurons (in the case of GAF-CaMP2–superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP)). Here, we developed an enhanced version of the GAF-CaMP2–sfGFP indicator, named GAF-CaMP3–sfGFP. The GAF-CaMP3–sfGFP demonstrated spectral characteristics, molecular brightness, and a calcium affinity similar to the respective characteristics for its progenitor, but a 2.9-fold larger DF/F response to calcium ions. As compared to GAF-CaMP2–sfGFP, in cultured HeLa cells, GAF-CaMP3–sfGFP had similar brightness but a 1.9-fold larger DF/F response to the elevation of calcium ions levels. Finally, we successfully utilized the GAF-CaMP3–sfGFP for the monitoring of the spontaneous and stimulated activity of neuronal cultures and compared its performance with the R-GECO1 indicator using two-color confocal imaging. In the cultured neurons, GAF-CaMP3–sfGFP showed a linear DF/F response in the range of 0–20 APs and in this range demonstrated a 1.4-fold larger DF/F response but a 1.3- and 2.4-fold slower rise and decay kinetics, respectively, as compared to the same parameters for the R-GECO1 indicator.

Fluorescent proteins for in vivo imaging, where's the biliverdin?

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 2657-2667
Author(s):  
Felipe Montecinos-Franjola ◽  
John Y. Lin ◽  
Erik A. Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
In Vivo Imaging ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Fluorescent Proteins ◽  
Fluorescent Imaging ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Red Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Color Palette

Noninvasive fluorescent imaging requires far-red and near-infrared fluorescent proteins for deeper imaging. Near-infrared light penetrates biological tissue with blood vessels due to low absorbance, scattering, and reflection of light and has a greater signal-to-noise due to less autofluorescence. Far-red and near-infrared fluorescent proteins absorb light >600 nm to expand the color palette for imaging multiple biosensors and noninvasive in vivo imaging. The ideal fluorescent proteins are bright, photobleach minimally, express well in the desired cells, do not oligomerize, and generate or incorporate exogenous fluorophores efficiently. Coral-derived red fluorescent proteins require oxygen for fluorophore formation and release two hydrogen peroxide molecules. New fluorescent proteins based on phytochrome and phycobiliproteins use biliverdin IXα as fluorophores, do not require oxygen for maturation to image anaerobic organisms and tumor core, and do not generate hydrogen peroxide. The small Ultra-Red Fluorescent Protein (smURFP) was evolved from a cyanobacterial phycobiliprotein to covalently attach biliverdin as an exogenous fluorophore. The small Ultra-Red Fluorescent Protein is biophysically as bright as the enhanced green fluorescent protein, is exceptionally photostable, used for biosensor development, and visible in living mice. Novel applications of smURFP include in vitro protein diagnostics with attomolar (10−18 M) sensitivity, encapsulation in viral particles, and fluorescent protein nanoparticles. However, the availability of biliverdin limits the fluorescence of biliverdin-attaching fluorescent proteins; hence, extra biliverdin is needed to enhance brightness. New methods for improved biliverdin bioavailability are necessary to develop improved bright far-red and near-infrared fluorescent proteins for noninvasive imaging in vivo.

To Understand the Informal (on the Book BY V. L. Tambovtsev “Economics of Informal Institutions”)

2015 ◽  
pp. 151-158
Author(s):  
A. Zaostrovtsev
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Informal Institutions ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
History Of ◽  
Original Classification

The review considers the first attempt in the history of Russian economic thought to give a detailed analysis of informal institutions (IF). It recognizes that in general it was successful: the reader gets acquainted with the original classification of institutions (including informal ones) and their genesis. According to the reviewer the best achievement of the author is his interdisciplinary approach to the study of problems and, moreover, his bias on the achievements of social psychology because the model of human behavior in the economic mainstream is rather primitive. The book makes evident that namely this model limits the ability of economists to analyze IF. The reviewer also shares the author’s position that in the analysis of the IF genesis the economists should highlight the uncertainty and reject economic determinism. Further discussion of IF is hardly possible without referring to this book.

Basic principles for classification of equipment of energy facilities

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-10
Author(s):  
E. P. Grabchak ◽  
A. I. Vorobyev ◽  
S. V. Mischeryakov
Keyword(s):  
Basic Principles

Assessment criteria for aggregate social welfare

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 2358-2371
Author(s):  
S.A. Moskal'onov
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Mathematical Analysis ◽  
Exchange Economy ◽  
Assessment Criteria ◽  
Impossibility Theorem ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
History Of Development ◽  
Arrow's Impossibility Theorem ◽  
History Of

Subject. The article addresses the history of development and provides the criticism of existing criteria for aggregate social welfare (on the simple exchange economy (the Edgeworth box) case). Objectives. The purpose is to develop a unique classification of criteria to assess the aggregate social welfare. Methods. The study draws on methods of logical and mathematical analysis. Results. The paper considers strong, strict and weak versions of the Pareto, Kaldor, Hicks, Scitovsky, and Samuelson criteria, introduces the notion of equivalence and constructs orderings by Pareto, Kaldor, Hicks, Scitovsky, and Samuelson. The Pareto and Samuelson's criteria are transitive, however, not complete. The Kaldor, Hicks, Scitovsky citeria are not transitive in the general case. Conclusions. The lack of an ideal social welfare criterion is the consequence of the Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem, and of the group of impossibility theorems in economics. It is necessary to develop new approaches to the assessment of aggregate welfare.

On the Publishing Infrastructure of the University and its Construction Principles

2010 ◽  
pp. 121-126
Author(s):  
Tatyana F. Berestova ◽  
Vera R. Abramovskih
Keyword(s):  
Research Library ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
History Of ◽  
Publishing Infrastructure ◽  
Distribution Sector ◽  
The University

The basic principles of publishing activities in universities and their interrelation, all stages of redaction, the problems each of them, and ways to solve them. The activities of the distribution sector of publishing in the structure of the Research Library of Chelyabinsk State Academy of Culture and Arts and the history of its creation are described.

Structural Evidence of Photoisomerization Pathways in Fluorescent Proteins

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Chang ◽  
Matthew Romei ◽  
Steven Boxer
Keyword(s):  
Rational Design ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Fluorescent Proteins ◽  
Super Resolution ◽  
Unit Cell Size ◽  
Chlorine Substituent ◽  
Gfp Chromophore ◽  
The One ◽  
Green Fluorescent ◽  
Super Resolution Microscopy

<p>Double-bond photoisomerization in molecules such as the green fluorescent protein (GFP) chromophore can occur either via a volume-demanding one-bond-flip pathway or via a volume-conserving hula-twist pathway. Understanding the factors that determine the pathway of photoisomerization would inform the rational design of photoswitchable GFPs as improved tools for super-resolution microscopy. In this communication, we reveal the photoisomerization pathway of a photoswitchable GFP, rsEGFP2, by solving crystal structures of <i>cis</i> and <i>trans</i> rsEGFP2 containing a monochlorinated chromophore. The position of the chlorine substituent in the <i>trans</i> state breaks the symmetry of the phenolate ring of the chromophore and allows us to distinguish the two pathways. Surprisingly, we find that the pathway depends on the arrangement of protein monomers within the crystal lattice: in a looser packing, the one-bond-flip occurs, whereas in a tighter packing (7% smaller unit cell size), the hula-twist occurs.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p> <p> </p>

COLLECTING THE PERSONAL ORIGIN DOCUMENTS OF THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR PERIOD

2020 ◽  
pp. 97-114
Author(s):  
Elena M. Burova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Research Literature ◽  
Home Front ◽  
Organization Of Work ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ordinary Citizens

The article covers the issues of initiative acquisition of archives in the documents of personal origin during the Great Patriotic War, the organization of work to identify and collect the wartime documents. Collecting documents of ordinary citizens, in particular letters from the front and to the front is analyzed. Proposals to create the specialized archives of documents on the history of the war were never implemented. Quite a lot of the actions, search operations and expeditions were conducted in the country, for example, the “Chronicle of the Great Patriotic War”, the “Frontline letter”, the “Search”, the “Memory”, etc., during which a significant number of documents of war participants and home front workers were collected and stored. Not so much of the documents of personal origin of the war participants are concentrated in the archives. In general, there prevails the collection type of organization for storing documents from the period of the Great Patriotic War. With reference to the corpus of documents of personal origin of the war period the research literature pays its attention mostly to correspondence and diaries, memoirs. Historians and archivists, analyzing wartime letters, offer different classifications depending on the authors, recipients, subjects, etc. The article provides a generalized classification of letters based on their inherent similarities. The author also analyzes the reasons for a small number of extant diaries and memoirs, and provides examples of their classification. Likewise the article describes current approaches to the collection of personal papers within the frames of the Moscow Glavarkhiv project “Moscow – with care for history” and the Ministry of Defense project “The Memory Road”.

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