scholarly journals Embryonic Ontogeny of 5-Hydroxyindoles and 5-Methoxyindoles Synthesis Pathways in the Goose Pineal Organ

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (16) ◽  
pp. 3948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Hanuszewska ◽  
Magdalena Prusik ◽  
Bogdan Lewczuk
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Pineal Organ ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Diurnal Rhythms ◽  
Serotonin Synthesis ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Serotonin Content ◽  
Indole Metabolism ◽  
First Time

The aim of this study was to characterize the embryonic ontogeny of 5-hydroxyindoles and 5-methoxyindoles synthesis pathways in the goose pineal organ. The study was performed on embryos aged 14–28 days, which have been incubated under a 12L:12D cycle. The pineal organs were collected for measurements of indole content by HPLC every 6 h on embryonic day (ED) 14, ED 16, ED 18 and ED 22 or every 2 h on ED 24, ED 26 and ED 28. The level of tryptophan showed no significant changes during development and no day-night variations. The content of 5-hydroxytryptophan increased between ED 14 and ED 26. It was significantly higher during scotophase than during photophase starting from ED 14. The serotonin content was low during the early stages of development (ED 14–ED 18) and prominently increased from ED 20. The serotonin levels also showed day-night differences; however, they were less conspicuous than those of 5-hydroxytryptophan. The changes in the level of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid were similar to those of serotonin. 5-Hydroxytryptophol was measurable from ED 18. Levels of N-acetylserotonin, which were detectable for the first time on ED 16, prominently increased between ED 22 and ED 28 and showed significant day–night differences from ED 20. Melatonin was detectable from ED 18. Like N-acetylserotonin, its content increased rapidly between ED 22 and ED 28, and from ED 20 showed diurnal variations. 5-Methoxyindole acetic acid and 5-methoxytryptophol occurred at measurable levels from ED 18 and ED 26, respectively. The obtained results showed that embryonic development of indole metabolism in the goose pineal organ starts with the beginning of serotonin synthesis. The processes of serotonin acetylation and 5-hydroxyindoles methylation were turned on later. Diurnal rhythmicity develops very early in the embryonic pineal organ of the goose when the eggs are incubated under a 12 h light: 12 h dark schedule. Two processes are responsible for generation of the diurnal rhythms of 5-hydroxyindoles and 5-methoxyindoles: (i) hydroxylation of tryptophan and (ii) acetylation of serotonin.

Mitosis in Drosophila

1989 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.M. Glover
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Dynamic Process ◽  
Early Embryogenesis ◽  
Female Sterility ◽  
Protein Protein Interactions ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Cell Cycles

Drosophila is an attractive organism in which to study both the rapid rounds of mitosis typical of embryonic development in many species, and the longer cell cycles of diploid tissues later in development. Mutations in genes essential for mitosis in Drosophila may result in lethality in late embryonic, larval or pupal stages of development. In addition, mutations in many genes required for the nuclear divisions of early embryogenesis have been found in screens for female sterility. The mitotic mutations have phenotypes indicative of lesions at a variety of mitotic stages. A combined molecular and genetic analysis of these genes has the potential to unravel the complex set of protein-protein interactions that occur in this dynamic process.

Cytotoxic constituents of Alocasia macrorrhiza

2017 ◽  
Vol 72 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 21-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwa Elsbaey ◽  
Kadria F.M. Ahmed ◽  
Mahmoud F. Elsebai ◽  
Ahmed Zaghloul ◽  
Mohamed M.A. Amer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Spectroscopic Data ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Indole Alkaloid ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
2D Nmr ◽  
Human Cancer Cell ◽  
Human Cancer Cell Lines ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
First Time

AbstractAn indole alkaloid, 2-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-2-oxo-acetic acid (1) isolated for the first time from nature, in addition to the nine known compounds 5-hydroxy-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester (2), alocasin B (3), hyrtiosin B (4), α-monopalmitin (5), 1-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(2S, 3R, 4E, 8Z)-2-[(2(R)-hydroctadecanoyl) amido]-4,8-octadecadiene-1,3-diol (6), 3-epi-betulinic acid (7), 3-epi-ursolic acid (8),β-sitosterol (9) andβ-sitosterol 3-O-β-D-glucoside (10) were isolated from the rhizomes ofAlocasia macrorrhiza(Araceae). Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data. Of these compounds,6exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity against the four tested human cancer cell lines (IC50of about 10 µM against Hep-2 larynx cancer cells).

scholarly journals 2-(2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-4,9-dimethyl-7-oxo-7H-furo[2,3-f]chromen-3-yl)acetic Acid

Molbank ◽  
10.3390/m1304 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (4) ◽  
pp. M1304
Author(s):  
Boris V. Lichitsky ◽  
Andrey N. Komogortsev ◽  
Valeriya G. Melekhina
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
13C Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Acid Moiety ◽  
Acidic Media ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Multicomponent Condensation ◽  
Reaction Proceeds ◽  
Initial Interaction ◽  
First Time

For the first time, we describe a new approach towards the synthesis of previously unknown 2-(2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4,9-dimethyl-7-oxo-7H-furo[2,3-f]chromen-3-yl)acetic acid. The presented method is based on the multicomponent condensation of 5-hydroxy-4,7-dimethyl-2H-chromen-2-one, 4-methoxyphenylglyoxal and Meldrum’s acid. It was shown that the studied reaction proceeds in two steps including the initial interaction of starting materials in MeCN and the final formation of furylacetic acid moiety in acidic media. The structures of the obtained compound were established by 1H, 13C-NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry.

Geyer Larkspur Phenology and Response to 2,4-D

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. Hyder ◽  
L. D. Sabatka
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Poisonous Plant ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Late Stages

Mortality rates of Geyer larkspur(Delphinium geyeriGreene), a poisonous plant, were determined after spraying with (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid at various stages of plant development in 1967 to 1969. Sprays of 2,4-D at 2.2 kg/ha were more effective at early than at late stages of development, but seldom exceeded 40% mortality. Uneven-aged stands and early drying (dormancy) of small non-flowering plants often prevented the exposure of all plants to a single application of spray; treated plants contorted but continued growth for 5 to 8 weeks after spraying; residual seed provided a source of new plants; and previously dormant rootstock buds gave rise to new shoot and root growth the year after spraying. These characteristics and escape mechanisms direct attention to possibilities of improving effectiveness by spraying two or three times in a single season.

Form, weight, and indole content of pineal organs of red and grey kangaroos.

1965 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 727 ◽  
Author(s):  
WB Quay ◽  
PC Baker
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Functional Status ◽  
Pineal Organ ◽  
Red Kangaroo ◽  
Grey Kangaroo ◽  
Available Information

The pineal organ of the red kangaroo (Megaleia rufa) is shown to be distinguishable from that of the grey kangaroo (Macropus canguru) by being symmetrically bilobate instead of rounded distally. Pineal weights in the two species were similar. At least in M. rufa pineal size appeared to increase with age - from 6.4-15.6 mg in animals aged about 1 yr to 40.1 mg in a female 6+ years old. In comparison with the nocturnal indole contents of the pineal in rats, those of kangaroos have similar levels of 5- methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine (melatonin) and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid to the nocturnal values recorded in the literature for rats, but a lower level of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Available information on vertebrate pineal weights and indoles does not provide evidence for any obviously distinctive evolutionary or functional status for the marsupial pineal organ as compared with that of some eutherian mammals or of some birds and reptiles.

scholarly journals From a Basic Microalga and an Acetic Acid Bacterium Cellulose Producer to a Living Symbiotic Biofilm

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 2275
Author(s):  
Vítor Nóbrega ◽  
Marisa Faria ◽  
Antera Quintana ◽  
Manfred Kaufmann ◽  
Artur Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Acetic Acid Bacterium ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Media Composition ◽  
Symbiotic Interaction ◽  
Microalgae Biomass ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Living Material ◽  
First Time

Bacterial cellulose (BC) has recently been the subject of a considerable amount of research, not only for its environmentally friendly biosynthesis, but also for its high potential in areas such as biomedicine or biomaterials. A symbiotic relationship between a photosynthetic microalga, Chlamydomonas debaryana, and a cellulose producer bacterium, Komagataeibacter saccharivorans, was established in order to obtain a viable and active biofilm. The effect of the growth media composition ratio on the produced living material was investigated, as well as the microalgae biomass quantity, temperature, and incubation time. The optimal temperature for higher symbiotic biofilm production was 30 °C with an incubation period of 14 days. The high microalgae presence, 0.75% w/v, and 60:40 HS:BG-11 medium (v/v) induced a biofilm microalgae incorporation rate of 85%. The obtained results report, for the first time, a successful symbiotic interaction developed in situ between an alkaline photosynthetic microalga and an acetic acid bacterium. These results are promising and open a new window to BC living biofilm applications in medical fields that have not yet been explored.

The embryonic development of the swimming behavior of Daphnia pulex (Crustacea: Cladocera)

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 969-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Berrill ◽  
Colin Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Daphnia Pulex ◽  
Swimming Behavior ◽  
Egg Membrane ◽  
First Time

The embryo of Daphnia pulex sheds two egg membranes and then molts once before completing its development. The second antennae, used for swimming by the fully developed individual, move for the first time shortly before the shedding of the second egg membrane. These antennal movements occur in bouts which appear to be pseudo-rhythmic in organization. The antennae are not raised to their swimming positions until several hours before the molt which terminates embryonic development, at which time they become increasingly active. The onset and subsequent elaboration of antennal activity is therefore closely correlated with the shedding of embryonic membranes.

scholarly journals α[C-11]Methyl-l-Tryptophan PET Maps Brain Serotonin Synthesis and Kynurenine Pathway Metabolism

2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane C. Chugani ◽  
Otto Muzik
Keyword(s):  
Rank Order ◽  
Kynurenine Pathway ◽  
Tracer Uptake ◽  
Synthesis Rate ◽  
Serotonin Synthesis ◽  
Serotonin Content ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Glucose Metabolic Rate ◽  
Uptake Rate Constant

α[C-11]Methyl-l-tryptophan (AMT) is an analog of tryptophan used with positron emission tomography for the measurement of serotonin synthesis in humans. Several attempts have been made to estimate the serotonin synthesis rate from plasma and brain kinetic data of AMT using the same model as that applied for the measurement of the glucose metabolic rate with 2-deoxyglucose. However, although AMT is similar to 2-deoxyglucose with regard to an irreversible pool of tracer uptake, there are important differences between the two tracers and how the model can be applied. These differences include transport at the blood-brain barrier and the presence of a large unmetabolized pool of AMT, precluding the method from providing the absolute serotonin synthesis rate. Despite this limitation, the unidirectional uptake rate constant (K-complex) values have been found to be stable within an individual, and the rank order of regional brain values for K-complex are consistent with the rank order for serotonin content in human brain. Furthermore, changes in K-complex with age, gender, and disease states are consistent with previously reported biochemical measurements of serotonin in brain tissue. The authors suggest, therefore, that the K-complex is an index of serotonin synthesis which they have termed the “serotonin synthesis capacity.” The authors argue that AMT is a useful tracer for study of serotonergic mechanisms, and under certain pathologic states, of metabolism by means of the kynurenine pathway.

Role of peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) in pig parthenogenetic preimplantation embryonic development

Zygote ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-393
Author(s):  
Manjula Brahmajosyula ◽  
Masashi Miyake
Keyword(s):  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Preimplantation Embryos ◽  
Peptidylarginine Deiminase ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Developmental Arrest ◽  
Slow Development ◽  
Arginine Modification

SummaryArginine modification to citrulline (citrullination) is catalyzed by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) and one of the isomers PAD4 is shown to be involved in the gene regulation. In our previous paper we studied the localization and expression of PAD4 and the target of PAD4 in mammalian gametes and preimplantation embryos. In this study the role of PAD4 was examined in the pig diploid parthenogenetic preimplantation embryonic development. Knockdown of PAD4 by RNAi resulted in delayed development. Inhibition of PAD4 by a potent PAD4 inhibitor Cl-amidine from the time of activation for 24 h resulted in developmental arrest at the first cleavage. Inhibition at the later stages of development resulted in delayed or arrested development. A shorter exposure to Cl-amidine for 6 h at any stage of growth resulted in slow development. Thus, this study suggests that PAD4 activity is essential for the normal development of the embryos.

Changes of Eggshell Characteristics during Embryo Development in Western Capercaillie (Tetrao Urogallus)

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Rosenberger ◽  
Denis Charles Deeming ◽  
Ewa Łukaszewicz ◽  
Artur Kowalczyk
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Shell Thickness ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Tetrao Urogallus ◽  
Minimal Effect ◽  
Eggshell Thickness ◽  
Egg Viability ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Eggshell Thinning

The influence of a developing bird embryo on eggshell thinning is well known, however this phenomenon has been described mainly for poultry, and in wild birds is poorly understood. This study focussed on Capercaillie ( Tetrao urogallus), in which the effect of a developing embryo on the change of eggshell thickness has not been described. However, problems relating to a large number of dead embryos and eggs cracking during incubation are observed in captive breeding centres giving us the opportunity to test how the developing embryo affects the eggshell and thereby its properties, including eggshell strength and thickness. In total, 196 unhatched eggs, including 146 infertile and 50 eggs with embryos which died at various stages of development, were analysed in relation to eggshell shape, thickness and strength. Moreover, 102 posthatched eggshells were also examined. Although the strength of eggshell was affected by egg shape and shell thickness, contrary to expectations, the stage of embryonic development had no significant influence on eggshell strength. As has been demonstrated in other species, etching of eggshells by the developing embryo reduces shell thickness in Capercaillie but it has minimal effect on the strength of the eggshell. Egg viability is not compromised during the later stages of development by contact incubation with the female. The eggshell of infertile eggs or eggs containing early-dead embryos were 10% thicker than posthatched eggshells and eggs with late-dead embryos, confirming that eggshell thinning in Capercaillie is typical for precocial species.

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