scholarly journals Sphingolipid/Ceramide Pathways and Autophagy in the Onset and Progression of Melanoma: Novel Therapeutic Targets and Opportunities

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 3436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Lai ◽  
Veronica La Rocca ◽  
Rachele Amato ◽  
Giulia Freer ◽  
Mauro Pistello
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Molecular Targets ◽  
Neoplastic Transformation ◽  
Resistance To Therapy ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
Efficient Elimination ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

Melanoma is a malignant tumor deriving from neoplastic transformation of melanocytes. The incidence of melanoma has increased dramatically over the last 50 years. It accounts for most cases of skin cancer deaths. Early diagnosis leads to remission in 90% of cases of melanoma; conversely, for melanoma at more advanced stages, prognosis becomes more unfavorable also because dvanced melanoma is often resistant to pharmacological and radiological therapies due to genetic plasticity, presence of cancer stem cells that regenerate the tumor, and efficient elimination of drugs. This review illustrates the role of autophagy in tumor progression and resistance to therapy, focusing on molecular targets for future drugs.

Novel therapeutic clues in thyroid carcinomas: The role of targeting cancer stem cells

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1299-1317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Antonelli ◽  
Concettina La Motta
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Thyroid Carcinomas ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

scholarly journals The Role of Smoothened in Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 6863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuo-Shyang Jeng ◽  
I-Shyan Sheen ◽  
Chuen-Miin Leu ◽  
Ping-Hui Tseng ◽  
Chiung-Fang Chang
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Colon Cancers ◽  
Stem Cell Activity ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Hh Signaling ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

Smoothened (SMO) belongs to the Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway, which regulates cell growth, migration, invasion and stem cells in cancer. The HH signaling pathway includes both canonical and noncanonical pathways. The canonical HH pathway functions through major HH molecules such as HH ligands, PTCH, SMO and GLI, whereas the noncanonical HH pathway involves the activation of SMO or GLI through other pathways. The role of SMO has been discussed in different types of cancer, including breast, liver, pancreatic and colon cancers. SMO expression correlates with tumor size, invasiveness, metastasis and recurrence. In addition, SMO inhibitors can suppress cancer formation, reduce the proliferation of cancer cells, trigger apoptosis and suppress cancer stem cell activity. A better understanding of the role of SMO in cancer could contribute to the development of novel therapeutic approaches.

scholarly journals The role of adipose stem cells in inflammatory bowel disease: From biology to novel therapeutic strategies

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 889-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco De Francesco ◽  
Maurizio Romano ◽  
Laura Zarantonello ◽  
Cesare Ruffolo ◽  
Daniele Neri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Adipose Stem Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

scholarly journals PS1 - 158 The Role of LIN28A in Neoplastic Transformation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs)

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (S4) ◽  
pp. S10-S10
Author(s):  
R. Kaur ◽  
L. Liang ◽  
T. Werbowetski-Ogilvie
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cells ◽  
Human Embryonic Stem Cells ◽  
Rna Binding ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Neoplastic Transformation ◽  
Differentiation Potential ◽  
Self Renewal ◽  
Human Cancers

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are known for their indefinite self-renewal ability and pluripotent nature. However, during long-term culture, normal hESCs can undergo neoplastic transformation and acquire enhanced self-renewal ability and aberrant differentiation potential. These transformed-hESCs (trans-hESCs) exhibit high expression of the pluripotent gene, LIN28A. LIN28A, an RNA binding protein, is known: for its role in self-renewal of hESCs, as a reprogramming factor for generating induced-pluripotent stem cells and as a potent oncogene in several poorly differentiated, highly malignant human cancers. Despite its multiple functions, how LIN28A contributes to neoplastic transformation of normal hESCs is poorly understood. Our preliminary data demonstrate that following LIN28A knockdown, trans-hESCs display normal hESCs morphology consisting of both pluripotent colony cells surrounded by more differentiated fibroblast-like cells. Neural precursors derived from LIN28A knockdown trans-hESCs also revert back to a state of normal cell morphology and growth. Further analyses revealed that the expression levels of stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA3), OCT3/4 and NANOG decreases and are comparable to that observed in normal hESCs following LIN28A downregulation. Expression of miRNA targets of LIN28A such as let7i and mir125b was increased to levels seen in normal hESCs. These preliminary results indicate that LIN28A is a major contributing factor to neoplastic transformation of hESCs and that this process can be reversed by cellular “reprogramming”. This study will enhance our understanding of role of LIN28A in the transformation process in various human cancers thus, underscoring the value of hESCs and their neoplastic-derivatives as cellular and molecular model for studying tumor progression.

Cancer and stem cells

2021 ◽  
pp. 153537022110053
Author(s):  
Wen Yin ◽  
Jialing Wang ◽  
Linling Jiang ◽  
Y James Kang
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

Being the second leading cause of death globally, cancer has been a long-standing and rapidly evolving focus of biomedical research and practice in the world. A tremendous effort has been made to understand the origin of cancer cells, the formation of cancerous tissues, and the mechanism by which they spread and relapse, but the disease still remains mysterious. Here, we made an attempt to scrutinize evidences that indicate the role of stem cells in tumorigenesis and metastasis, and cancer relapse. We also looked into the influence of cancers on stem cells, which in turn represent a major constituent of tumor microenvironment. Based on current understandings of the properties of (cancer) stem cells and their relation to cancers, we can foresee that novel therapeutic approaches would become the next wave of cancer treatment.

scholarly journals The role of cancer stem cells in tumor heterogeneity and resistance to therapy

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Valbirk Konrad ◽  
Reshma Murali ◽  
Binitha Anu Varghese ◽  
Radhika Nair
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Therapy Resistance ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Resistance To Therapy ◽  
Repair Mechanisms ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Survival Signaling

Cancer is a heterogenous disease displaying marked inter- and intra-tumoral diversity. The existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) has been experimentally demonstrated in a number of cancer types as a subpopulation of tumor cells that drives the tumorigenic and metastatic properties of the entire cancer. Thus, eradication of the CSC population is critical for the complete ablation of a tumor. This is, however, confounded by the inherent resistance of CSCs to standard anticancer therapies, eventually leading to the outgrowth of resistant tumor cells and relapse in patients. The cellular mechanisms of therapy resistance in CSCs are ascribed to several factors including a state of quiescence, an enhanced DNA damage response and active repair mechanisms, up-regulated expression of drug efflux transporters, as well as the activation of pro-survival signaling pathways and inactivation of apoptotic signaling. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the acquisition of resistance to therapy may hold the key to targeting the CSC population.

scholarly journals The miRNAs Role in Melanoma and in Its Resistance to Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Varrone ◽  
Emilia Caputo
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Patient Survival ◽  
Melanoma Metastasis ◽  
Resistance To Therapy ◽  
Malignant Skin ◽  
Melanoma Treatment

Melanoma is the less common but the most malignant skin cancer. Since the survival rate of melanoma metastasis is about 10–15%, many different studies have been carried out in order to find a more effective treatment. Although the development of target-based therapies and immunotherapeutic strategies has improved chances for patient survival, melanoma treatment still remains a big challenge for oncologists. Here, we collect recent data about the emerging role of melanoma-associated microRNAs (miRNAs) currently available treatments, and their involvement in drug resistance. We also reviewed miRNAs as prognostic factors, because of their chemical stability and resistance to RNase activity, in melanoma progression. Moreover, despite miRNAs being considered small conserved regulators with the limitation of target specificity, we outline the dual role of melanoma-associated miRNAs, as oncogenic and/or tumor suppressive factors, compared to other tumors.

scholarly journals A Review of the Potential of Hemoperfusion for the Treatment of Patients with Respiratory Infectious Diseases with COVID-19 Approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammadreza Moshari ◽  
Mehrdad Mesbah Kiaei ◽  
Mohammad Hassani
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Clinical Condition ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Potential Treatment ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
Respiratory Infectious Diseases

Severe infection with COVID-19 disease can be associated with respiratory failure, kidney disorders, and in more advanced stages, organ failure and death. Unfortunately, there is currently no definitive cure for this disease, and damage to the immune system caused by inflammatory storms leads to widespread and varied complications that make an early diagnosis of the disease difficult. Therefore, eliminating or inhibiting the production of factors involved in inflammatory storms can be effective in improving the clinical condition of patients. According to specialized studies on the role of hemoperfusion in inhibiting advanced levels of COVID-19 disease, the present study was performed to investigate the use of hemoperfusion as a potential treatment option for this disease.

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